Subject Index. Bearing damage, in bolted, composite-metal
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1 STP927-EB/Nov Subject Index A Adhesive binding, use in structural steel joints, Adhesives creep strength, 76, 93 Versilok 204, 76 Aircraft crack failure in, 9-12, 37-38, 63-64, 95,118,222 crack repair of, 63-64, damage, extent of, design of, 5, 118 durability of, 118 structural failure in, 95 Aluminum alloys types of, 2024-T3, T4, T31, T4, T73, T7451, 53, 55 table, T561, table, T6, 173, T73, T7E69, T7351, 95, table, 96 IN902l, 172 nickel-bronze, 43 table, 45 Ti-6AI-4V, 227 table, 226 uses of bushings, extrusions, 173 fastener hole specimens, 54, 120 fasteners, 10, 261 lugs, 42 pins, 153 plates, 95, 131, 173, 192, ,227,253 rivets, 19-24, 173 ASTM Standards A :76 E :60 E :58 E : 58, 133 B Bearing damage, in bolted, composite-metal joints, 27%286 diagram, 281 Bearings, new design concept, Bearing stress, in bolted laminates, Beryllium-copper alloy, used in bushings, Boeing and Douglas formulas, load transfer calculations, 236 Bolted joints joints, multiple-row metallic joints, Copyrighr ~ 1986 by ASTM International
2 292 FATIGUE IN MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS Bolted joints {cont.) straight-sleeve bolt fasteners, using fiber sheet molding compound, using laminates, Bolt pattern, 287 Bolts for structural steel joints, ASTM Standard A : 76 Hi-Lok, 22-24, 194, 227 NAS, 227 shear head,12-14, 261 straight sleeve, Bowie function, 159 stress intensity factor calculation, 159 Bushing interference, definition of, 40 Bushings new design concept, ForceMate installation method, applications of, 49 technique, illustration, 41 shrink-fit installation method, Butt joints, Cadmium plating, in bushings, 24, 42 Clamping torque, 277, ,285 graph, 280 Cold expansion bushing installation, 40, 42 effect on fatigue life, 60 fastener holes in aluminum, Cold working fastener holes, 37-38, in aluminum, 53-71, stop-drill holes, Composite-metal joints, 19, , , Compressive loading {see Loading, compressive) Compressive stress {see Stress, compressive) Computer programs {see also Finite element analysis) Calac-NASTRAN Rigid Format No. 4, for differential stiffness analysis, 182 for fatigue life analysis of joint specimens, Constant amplitude loading {see Loading, constant amplitude) Corrosion {see Fretting corrosion; Galvanic corrosion; Saltspray corrosion; Stress, corrosion) Cover plates, adhesive bonded, 75, Crack exceedance probability, 119, 136, 139 Crack growth {see Crack propagation) Crack initiation joints, 78-80, 85, 88 photograph, 79 bolted composite-metal joints, 279, , 286 cold-worked fastener holes, in aluminum, 62, 65 photograph, 66 table, 68 fastener holes in aluminum, , graph, 106 riveted aluminum joints, 178 stop-drilled fatigue cracks, 197, Crack propagation joints, 78-80, 85, 88
3 SUBJECT INDEX 293 Crack propagation (cont.) bolted composite-metal joints, 281 photograph, 282 cold-worked fastener holes, in aluminum, fastener holes in aluminum, , interference fasteners, 8-10 pin-loaded hole in rounded-end attachment lug, precracked aluminum, riveted aluminum joints, graph, 180 table, 178 stop-drilled fatigue crack, 197, Crack size distribution, ,134, Crack types in aircraft, graph, 11 part-through, 163 single corner, 150, 159, graph, 163 through-the-thickness, diagram, 150 table, 157 transitioning, 150, , 164 graph, 165 D Damage, aircraft, Damage tolerance, requirements of U.S. Air Force, 151 Deburring process, 67 Deformation measurement, fasteners in multiple-row joints, Dogbone joints, Double lap tests, 253, 256 graph, 261 Double-shear joints, 73 fastener flexibility graph,239 table, 228 Durability analysis methodology, Eccentricity effect, 253 Eddy current hole scanner, 102 Elastic-plastic deformation, of metallic/nonmetallic joints, Elastic-plastic finite element analysis, stress analysis of cold expanded holes, Environmental effects, on tensile response of laminates, 264 Epoxy models, , , Equivalent initial flaw size, 118, Failure modes, of fastener holes, drawings of, 258 Falstaff sequence, 227 Fasteners, advanced technology (see also Bolts; Bolted joints; Lugs; Rivets; Riveted joints), 5-39 Fastener torque, 262 Fatigue analysis (see Fatigue testing) Fatigue, joints, state of the art, 1 Fatigue life joints, bearings, bolted fiber sheet molding composite-metal joints, bolted structural steel joints, bushing ForceMate installation, illustration, 41
4 294 FATIGUE IN MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS Fatigue life (cont.) bushings, bushing shrinic-fit installation, clearance hole versus interference fit hole, illustration, 12 cold worked fastener holes, 37-38, crown flush rivet system, 14 dogbone/double lap shear joints in aluminum, prediction methodology, predictions for shear-loaded fasteners in aircraft, 222, for stop-drill fatigue crack repair, riveted aluminum joints, table, 175 sleeve bolt fasteners, 20, table, 23 stop-drilled crack tip, stress-coining, illustration, 34 tetrafluoroethylene-coated fasteners, 12 Fatigue specimens, standardization of, 7-8 illustration, 8 Fatigue strength {see Fatigue life) Fatigue tests bolted composite-metal joints, bolts Hi-Lok, table, 23 straight-sleeve, table, 23 bushings, ForceMate installation, constant amplitude loading, ASTM Standards E : 58 E : 58 bushings, 45, 50, 52 cold-worked holes in aluminum, 58 dogbone/double lap joints in aluminum, fighter and bomber load spectra, fastener holes in aluminum, riveted aluminum joints, table, 175 specimen configuration, 7-8 spectrum loading of bushings, 43, 50,52 static tests on bolted compositemetal joints, stress-coining effects on fastener holes, stress corrosion test blocks, 8-10 Faying surface sealants polysulfide, 173 PR 1436 seahng compound, 227 tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), Federal Aviation Administration (FAA), 14 Fiber sheet molding compound, Finite element analysis, , Flexibility of fasteners, and load transfer, graph, 225 formula for, ForceMate installation, illustration, 41 Fractographic analysis, 62, Fracture mechanics, , Fracture problems of joints, 1 three-dimensional molding of, Fracture surface markings, photographs of, 176 Fracture toughness, of metallic materials, ASTM Standard E : 60
5 SUBJECT INDEX 295 Fretting corrosion in aircraft joints, illustration, 11 in bearings, 27 in bushings, 24 Fretting fatigue in bolted composite-metal joints, 280 photographs, 282 on faying surface, 173, illustration, 287 Frictional force, effect on notch root strains, 244 Frozen-stress photoelasticity technique, Galvanic corrosion, in aircraft joints, Graphite/epoxy joints, 19, , H Highway bridges, 72 Hole elongation, Holes bushed, cold worked, 37-38, 40-42, 53-71, Hoop stress, in cold worked holes, Hysteresis curves bolted laminates, 269 flight by flight loading of joints, 230 stop-drilled slotted holes, 211 I Initial fatigue quality (IFQ), 119,120, 131 Interference fit fastener systems, 5, 39-52, 53, 57, 65-67, 192 Joining methods, 5-38, Joints {see Bolted joints; Butt joints; Composite-metal joints; Dogbone joints; Doubleshear joints; Graphiteepoxy joints; Lap joints; Mechanical joints; Metalhe joints; Multiple-row joints; Riveted joints; Shear joints; Single-lap joints; Single-shear joints; Spliced joints) Laminates, table, 252 Lap joints, , Life improvement factor, 61 Linear elastic fracture mechanics (LEFM), calculations for open/pin-loaded holes, Loading compressive, bolted laminates, constant amplitude joints, 77 ASTM Standards E : 58, 133 E : 133 bolted laminates, cold worked holes in aluminum, 54,58 double joints in aluminum, flight-by-flight, ForceMate bushing installation, stop-drilled fatigue cracks, Falstaff, 227
6 296 FATIGUE IN MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS Loading (cont.) spectrum riveted lap andflushjoints, stop-drilled fatigue cracks, 212, 215 tension bolted laminates, open hole in plate, diagram, 152 Load spectra, fighter and bomber, Load transfer and fastener flexibility, composite-to-aluminum joints, dogbone joints in aluminum, , 108 double-shear joints, graph, 243 multiple-row joints, , Lugs for ForceMate bushings, rounded-end straight attachment, M Magnaflux HT-100 eddy current hole scanner, 102 Materials Testing System, closedloop, servohydrauuc machine, 97 Mechanical joints, pin-loaded holes, Mechanically fastened composite joints (see Composite-metal joints) Mechanically fastened metallic joints (see Metallic joints) Metallic joints adhesive bonded/bolted structural steel, advanced fastener technology in, 5-38 cold working fastener holes, fastener flexibiuty effect, load transfer in, , riveted, stop-drill repair of, Microscopes optical, 62 projection type, 154 scanning electron, 62 Moisture conditioning, 262 Multiple-row joints, N Nacelle strut, loading of, 45 table, 47 Notch root strain, 245, 248 Nuts, 14, 275 Photoelastic technique, for evaluation of crack problems, Pin-loaded holes, Pip flaws, 67 Plane-strain fracture toughness, ASTM Standard E : 60 Plane stress, 155 Poly methyl methacrylate (PMMA), 164 Polysulfide sealant, 173 Power metallurgy aluminum alloys, Precracking, cold-worked fastener holes, 58, graph, 64 Probabilistic fracture mechanics, Profile projector, 153
7 SUBJECT INDEX 297 Reaming, 54-55, 57, 61-62, 64,194 graph, 61 Repair, stop-drill, Riveted joints, 19-22, , Rivet force (see Load transfer) Rivets conventional flush, crown-flush, graph, 14 protruding head, 172 sleeved aluminum, Rotation of fasteners, Salt-spray corrosion, Sealants polysulfide, 173 PR 1436 seahng compounds, 227 tetrafluoroethylene (Teflon), Servohydraulic Material Testing System, 97 Shearing plane, adhesive bonded/ bolted steel joints, 80 Shear joints, Shear strength, sleeved bolts, table, 23 Shims, tetrafluoroethylene-coated, 12 Shrink-fit installation, Single-lap joints, 253 Single-shear joints, , 238, 256 graphs, 240, 261 table, 229 Small crack size, 119, 141 S-N curves, 285 Sonntag fatigue testing machine, 275, 279 Specimen edge distance, tensile response of bolted joints, 253 graphs, 259 Specimen width, fatigue life bolted joints, 253, graphs, 257 Spliced joints, SpUces, beam, test specimens for adhesive bonded/bolted joints, illustration, 75 Splices, tension, test specimens for adhesive bonded/bolted joints, illustration, 74 Split-sleeve cold hole expansion, Standards (see also ASTM Standards) for fatigue test specimens, 7-8 MIL-STD 1312, 14 Static strength, adhesive bonded/ bolted steel joints, Static tests, bolted composite-metal joints, Steel alloys, bushings, 24, bolts, 21, 194, 261, 269 bridge, 73 fasteners, 226, 261 joints, lugs, 42 plates, 275 sleeved rivets, Stochastic crack growth analysis, illustration, 128 model, Stop-drill repair, Strain-gage equipped extensometer, 227 Stress compressive cold worked holes, 55-57, 68-69,
8 298 FATIGUE IN MECHANICALLY FASTENED JOINTS Stress (cont.) ForceMate installed bushings, 42 corrosion, 8-10 illustration, 11 residual, 42, Stress-coining, 10, methods and tooling, photograph, 36 Stress distribution, cold worked holes, , Stress intensity factor dogbone joints in aluminum, 104, open and pin-loaded joints, slotted hole (stop-drill repair), Stress-life model, bolted compositemetal joint, 285 Stress ratio, 97 Teflon (see Tetrafluoroethylene) Temperature, elevated, effect on fatigue tests of bolted composite-metal joints, 262 graph, 264 Tensile response bolted composite-metal, , 277 shear head bous, Tension-tension cyclic tests, Tetrafluoroethylene on faying surface, on shanks of fasteners, Three-dimensional fracture problems, Thumb-nail flaw shape cracks, 155, 156 Titanium in fasteners, 57, 261, 272 in lugs, 42 in rivets, 15, W Weight reduction of fasteners, illustration, 13 Welding of cover plates, Width, specimen, 253,
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