FURNITURE CLASSIFICATION

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Kenneth Booth
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1 FURNITURE Well let us imagine a condition suppose you have returned home after a long and tedious day at work. Though we are very ignorant of the role, furniture plays in our lives and day to day fu tio i g. Fur iture s are a o gst the ost u der-rated yet an essential component of every aspects of life. Furniture may be defined as the movable article that make a room suitable for living or working, though with the advent at built-in furniture, the ter o a le may no longer be strictly applied to the definition. CLASSIFICATION Storage * Armoire * Bookcase * Cabinet * Chest * China cabinet * Credenza * Cupboard * Curio * Dresser * Filing cabinet * Coat Stands * Hat stand * Knoll sofa * Sideboard * Wardrobe * Storage wall Seating * Bean bag * Bench (furniture) * Chair * Couch * Fauteuil * Footstool * Ottoman * Recliner * Settee * Sofa * Stool * Buffet * Watchman's chair Surfaces * Coffee table * Desk * End table * Folding table * Gate leg table * Table Spaces * Bedroom set * Living * Dining set * Bathroom Furniture * Study Furniture

ADDING DÉCOR Achieving latest design in addition to cost incurred.

Built-in Fitted-in FREE STANDING FURNITURE- This type of furniture can be

behind, above & beneath them CANTILEVERED FURNITURE- These fur iture s are

2 ADDING DÉCOR Achieving latest design in addition to cost incurred. Huge comfort provides aesthetic value creates a great ambience at work place. There are generally four types of furniture: Free standing Cantilevered Built-in Fitted-in FREE STANDING FURNITURE- This type of furniture can be re arranged anywhere but the disadvantage is that they accumulate dust behind, above & beneath them CANTILEVERED FURNITURE- These fur iture s are fitted to the ra ket fitted on the wall hence there are no legs to get in the way of cleaning. BUILT-IN FURNITURE S- These pie es of fur iture s are fitted a d fi ed i to architectural spaces set aside from them in the construction of the building. Usually their cost is incorporated into the building cost.

3 FITTED FURNITURE S- Though the term built in and fitted are often used interchangeably, there is a slight difference. Fitted furniture is made to fit into existing alcoves and niches, there-by saving space but is essentially a standalone items with its own sides, base and top apart from the room walls ceiling and floors. TYPES OF MATERIAL THAT CAN BE USED TO MAKE FURNITURE- Woden furniture Metal furniture - Upholstered furniture Glass furniture- Cane and wicker furniture- Care and cleaning of Wicker or Cane Furniture:- 1. Examine the broken and protruding pieces of wicker and cane and treat them accordingly. 2. Clean them regularly. 3. For Wickerwork periodically wash. TYPES OF FURNITURE JOINT- DOVETAIL JOINT Found generally at drawer corners Fits together smoothly.

Dovetail joints are very strong and neat joints used primarily to make drawers and boxes. It needs a lot of practice to make a good dovetail joint.

Marking is the same as for open dovetails but the cutting out between the pins needs a fair amount of chiseling.

BUTT JOINT- Pieces are joined together end to end Weak joint Butt joints are the easiest of all to make.

Strength can be added by gluing the joining faces.

4 Dovetail joints are very strong and neat joints used primarily to make drawers and boxes. It needs a lot of practice to make a good dovetail joint. Lapped dovetails are mostly used for drawer fronts as they give a very neat, strong joint with only one side showing end wood. Marking is the same as for open dovetails but the cutting out between the pins needs a fair amount of chiseling. Special dovetailing bits are available for routers, which are ideal for this job. DOUBLE DOWEL JOINTS- Two dowels are used to peg the joint together. BUTT JOINT- Pieces are joined together end to end Weak joint Butt joints are the easiest of all to make. Wood is butted face to edge or end to edge and nailed, screwed or dowelled together. End to edge joints can be joined with corrugated fasteners. Strength can be added by gluing the joining faces. These joints are not recommended for hardwood unless pilot holes and screws or dowels are used to hold them together. When nailing or screwing butt joints use corner or mitre clamps to hold the two pieces in place. MITRE JOINT Used at corner of tables Two surfaces meet to form a right angle Mitre joints are always cut to 45 in a mitre box so that they will form a 90

corner when joined. As no end wood is ever seen these are very neat joints but they are weak. Normally used for picture frames where they are nailed with panel pins.

LAP JOINT- Made by overlapping two ends & joining them Two types Full lap & half lap Halved joints or lap joints are mostly used to assemble light frames which are going to be covered with hardboard

Halved lap joints are also used to join long lengths of timber as for fencing. MORTISE & TENON JOINT- Mortise is a round rectangular cavity It accommodates a Tenon inside it.

5 corner when joined. As no end wood is ever seen these are very neat joints but they are weak. Normally used for picture frames where they are nailed with panel pins. When used for other purposes they must be strengthened with glue blocks, angle braces or loose tongues. Mitre joints should always be glued. LAP JOINT- Made by overlapping two ends & joining them Two types Full lap & half lap Halved joints or lap joints are mostly used to assemble light frames which are going to be covered with hardboard or plywood. Half the thickness of each piece of wood to be joined is cut away with a tenon saw and the joint is glued and screwed or nailed. Halved lap joints are also used to join long lengths of timber as for fencing. MORTISE & TENON JOINT- Mortise is a round rectangular cavity It accommodates a Tenon inside it. Tenon and mortise joints are very strong joints mostly used in furniture making and for heavy doors and gates. They are not easy joints to make. The secret in making a good tenon joint lies in careful and accurate marking. The te o s idth should ot be less than a third of the thickness of the wood especially if wood of the same thickness is joined. The shoulders may be of any width and may also be offset when the mortise is made in rebated wood. Make the mortise before rebating the wood. If the top of the mortised wood is to be in line with the edge of the tenoned wood a hunched tenon can be made with the haunch cut back to be in line with the shoulders TONGUE & GROOVE JOIN Loose tongued joints are used to join planks edge to edge to form a larger board like a table top in which case they are always glued only.

Bare faced tongue and groove or loose tongue and groove joints can be used to join chair rails to chair legs. Note the glue blocks for extra strength.

Entrance: these areas should have a furniture arrangements that express warmth, cheer and pleasantness.these are ideal places to use cane, wicker or painted wrought furniture.

Tall pieces of furniture should be placed a parallel to wall, either parallel or right angles.

6 Bare faced tongue and groove or loose tongue and groove joints can be used to join chair rails to chair legs. Note the glue blocks for extra strength. FURNITURE ARRANGEMENT IN GUEST ROOM AREAS- Some points relating to the placement of furniture are given below, area by area. Entrance: these areas should have a furniture arrangements that express warmth, cheer and pleasantness.these are ideal places to use cane, wicker or painted wrought furniture. Living room: it usually contains upholstered furniture to seat the maximum number of people who may occupy the room. Tables and chairs should harmonize in weight, size and style. Tall pieces of furniture should be placed a parallel to wall, either parallel or right angles. Dining area: in these rooms, a large coffee table and a few chairs suffice for any meal served in the guest rooms. Bed room: the usual set of furniture in a guest bed room is two bed side tables, a dressing table, a chest of drawers,a coffee table, a chairs, a luggage rack and a writing table. Most economy guest rooms are primarily bed regard to their function. Kitchen: some hotels guest rooms have a small kitchen, where usually modular cabinets are utilized as furniture.

7 AND ALSO - SELECTION CRITERIA OF FURNITURE S- Comfort- the shape and size of the piece of furniture in relation to the human body is paramount consideration for comfort and this science is also called ergonomic. For e.g. height, width and angle of chair seat, back rest and arms matters to attain comfort. Practicality in design & size- practical design features not only save money and space but make the piece of furniture easy to use. Serviceability- the service aspect depends mainly on the design of the furniture with relation to its use. For e.g. built-in furniture can save on space, labor, and wall covering. Durability- hotel furniture must be sturdy enough to withstand considerable wear and tear, as it will be handled by large number of guests. The durability of furniture depends directly on its construction, the material used, and the amount of wear it is subjected to. Construction- o e ust e sure all fur iture s are ade ith or er lo ks to withstand hard and abusive use. They should be well finished and be possible to refinish. It should not have rough and unfinished edges. Doors should have efficient hinges and locks and handles should be sturdy and conveniently placed. Ease of maintenance-this factor is especially important when there is quick turnaround of rooms. The design of furniture should be simple with no dust traps for ease of cleaning. Sofas with removable covers are preferred etc. Style- the choice should be modern or as per the theme of room. Cost- the cost of furniture is an important consideration. Quality need not be compromised for low cost, however. Housekeeper should be aware of the sources and must conduct a good survey before making the decision. Mobility & flexibility-housekeeping work becomes easier when furniture can be moved easily. For this reason castors are fitted on heavier pieces of furniture. Check whether the furniture- is free from coarse, unfinished edges

8 Is sturdy and stands firm on the floor Is free from surplus adhesive Is reinforced with suitable well fitted joints Is well balanced, whether empty or full(especially for case woods) T pe of guest e pe ted a d sta dard of a o odatio, guest le gth of sta. Atmosphere to be achieved, e.g. Modern /old degree of comfort. Shape and size of article with relation to human body. Versatility and mobility. Ease of cleaning Standardization so that items can move to room to room, as required. TYPES OF WOOD USED IN MAKING FURNITURE- Hardwood Hardwood is taken from deciduous trees. The deciduous trees have broad leaves, produce a fruit or nut and generally go dormant in the winter. They grow well in temperate climates include oak, ash, cherry, maple and much more. Certain hardwood species are not hard enough to withstand heavy wear and tear and thus, are not recommended for flooring. Mahogany This variety of hardwood is finely grained and has a reddish brown color. Being highly durable, mahogany resists swelling, shrinking and warping. It is extensively used for quality furniture such as cabinets, boat construction, wood facings and veneers. Walnut Walnut is a very strong and finely textured hardwood. The lumber resists shrinking and warping and is very easy to work with. It is used for making gunstocks, solid and veneered furniture, novelties, cabinetry and wall paneling. Oakan exclusive variety of hardwood, Oak possesses good bending qualities in addition to its durability. It finishes well and resists moisture absorption. The hardwood is good for furniture, trimming, boat framing, desks and flooring.

9 Rosewood Rosewood is very hard wood variety with a dark reddish brown color. The wood type possesses exclusive fragrance and is close grained. It is hard to work and takes high polish. It is good for use in making musical instruments, piano cases, tool handles, art projects, veneers and furniture. Teak Teak is a hard and moisture- resistant wood variety. It resists warping, cracking and decay and is best used in fine furniture, paneling, shipbuilding, doors, window framing, flooring and general construction Shesham Shesham is a rich medium brown wood with deep grains. It is a part of the rosewood family. The wood variety is highly is durable, easily carved and is exclusively used for making furniture, almirahs and cabinets. Maple Maple is a finely textured wood variety with immense strength and hardness. With moderate shrinkage, this lumber machines well and is best used in flooring, fine furniture and woodenware such as bowling alleys. Softwood Softwood is a general term used for needle-leaved coniferous tree species and for the wood produced from such trees. Coniferous trees are evergreen cone-bearing trees. They include cedar, fir, hemlock, pine, redwood and spruce. They are often used as structural lumber with limited decorative applications. Pine Pine possesses a uniform texture and is very easy to work with. It finishes well and resists shrinkage, swelling and warping. The wood variety is widely used in house construction, paneling, furniture, molding and for making boxes Fir Fir is a wood variety with uniform texture and low resistance to decay. It is non resinous, works easy and finishes well. Fir is food for use in furniture, doors, frames, windows, plywood, veneer, general millwork and interior trim. Redwood Being light in weight, Redwood is durable and easy to work with. It has a natural resistance to decay and is good for making outdoor furniture, fencing, house siding, interior finishing, veneering and paneling

10 PLACEMENT The distribution of groups should approximately be equal throughout the space so that no area is overwhelmed with weight and mass while another is uncomfortably blank. Small places should be furnished with small pieces of furniture, for the eye will immediately regard a large object as ungraceful in an intimate space. It is highly recommended that the housekeeper gets a floor plan of the room and plots the furniture according to the scale. The next step is to create a centre of interest. Some guest rooms have a natural focal point, such as fireplace or a window with a picturesque view. The ones which do not have a point of interest housekeeper should create one. One of the most practical solutions is to create a picture wall or paintings hung in symmetrical or asymmetrical arrangement. Making allowance for traffic pattern is must which can easily be achieved by studying the floor plan. While placing furniture arrange the larger pieces first then set the smaller ones. Certain points to consider furniture arrangement- Keeping accessories in proportion to the furniture. Keep furniture in proportion to the space. Use a blend of symmetrical and asymmetrical arrangements. Place furniture ith due regard for keepi g traffi spa es free. Co sider pla i g larger pieces against a wall rather than in the middle. One can also place furniture around a focal point of interest for e.g. fireplace.

PiXL Independence. Technology Answer Booklet KS4. Wood. Contents: I. Multiple Choice Questions 10 credits in total

PiXL Independence. Technology Answer Booklet KS4. Wood. Contents: I. Multiple Choice Questions 10 credits in total PiXL Independence Technology Answer Booklet KS4 Wood Contents: I. Multiple Choice Questions 10 credits in total II. III. Shorter Answer Questions 10 credits each Exam Style Questions 100 credits each 1