INSTRUCTIONAL OUTLINE

Transcription

1 INSTRUCTIONAL OUTLINE AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION AGRICULTURAL EDUCATION 6832 SUMMER 2005

2 INSTRUCTIONAL OUTLINE FOR 6832 AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS UNIT A: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: AM01.00 Demonstrate the major components of leadership involved in successful employment. OBJECTIVE: AM01.01 Identify leadership qualities desired by the agricultural mechanics industry. Leadership Qualities Cooper, Elmer L. (2004). Agriscience Fundamentals and Applications (3 rd Edition). Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, pp A. Integrity - honesty B. Courage willing to go forward under difficult conditions C. Management using, people, resources and processes to reach a goal D. Unselfishness placing the desires and welfare of others above yourself E. Loyalty reliable support for an individual, group or cause F. Enthusiasm energy to do a job and the inspiration to encourage others G. Plan think through, determine procedures H. Knowledge awareness, understanding I. Tact saying or doing the right think without offending Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

3 UNIT A: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: AM01.00 Demonstrate the major components of leadership involved in successful employment OBJECTIVE: AM01.02 Develop leadership qualities through participation in the agricultural mechanics instructional program. Components of Instruction Program Agriscience Fundamentals and Applications, 3 rd Edition (2004), pp A. Supervised Agricultural Experience (SAE) provides opportunities to explore interests, to gain work experiences, and to keep records. B. Classroom instruction studying and learning subject matter in the classroom. C. Laboratory instruction learning by demonstrations and practice in shops, greenhouses, and nurseries, and other settings. D. FFA the club or organization that develops leadership and citizenship skills, and student abilities in Parliamentary Law. 1. Includes career development events for students. E. Communication skills are developed through speaking a career development events such as public speaking, creed, parliamentary procedure, extemporaneous speaking, agricultural sales and poultry, dairy and livestock oral reasons. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

4 UNIT A: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: AM02.00 Adapt public speaking techniques to the audience and purpose of the communication. OBJECTIVE: AM02.01 Describe the major types of speeches and the variables to be considered when presenting speeches. A. Types of Speeches 1. To inform gives knowledge or information to audience 2. To persuade convinces people to believe or do something 3. To integrate pep talks, welcome speeches, introduction 4. Prepared speech is written and learned 5. Extemporaneous speech with little or no preparation Rickets, Cliff (1997) Leadership Personal Development and Career Success. Albany, NY: Delmar Publishers, pp B. Variables to Consider 1. Purpose of the speech Why are you giving the speech? 2. Audience What group is hearing the speech? 3. Occasion What is the event? 4. Content What is the speech? 5. Composition How is the speech written and organized? 6. Oral delivery variables a. voice pitch, quality, articulation, pronunciation, force b. stage presence appearance, poise, attitude, confidence, ease before audience, personality, posture c. power of expression fluency, sincerity, emphasis, directness, communicative ability, conveyance of thought and meaning d. response to questions accurate, ability to think quickly e. general effect interesting, understandable, convincing, pleasing, holds attention Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

5 UNIT A: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: AM02.00 Adapt public speaking techniques to the audience and purpose of the communication.. OBJECTIVE: AM02.02 Use principles of public speaking to deliver a speech on an agricultural mechanics topic. Delivering a speech Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success, (1997), pp A. Outline introduction, body and conclusion B. Apply the information learned from Objective AM02.01 including types of speeches and variables to consider especially the audience and the occasion. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

6 UNIT A: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: AM03.00 Apply Robert s Rules of Order to conduct business meetings of agricultural mechanics. OBJECTIVE: AM03.01 Analyze the role of Robert s Rules of Order in the orderly conduct of business. Parliamentary Law FFA Student Handbook, ( ). National FFA Organization, Alexandria, VA pp A. Robert s Rules of Order is the book of authority B. Assures that all sides of an issue are treated fairly and that everyone has an opportunity to discuss and vote. C. Main objectives 1. focus on one item at a time 2. extend courtesy to everyone 3. observe the rule of the majority 4. ensure the rights of the minority D. Methods of voting 1. voice aye (pronounced I ) for yes, or no 2. rising standing or show of hands 3. secret ballot written vote 4. roll call secretary asks each member to state vote E. Single majority one vote more than 50% or ½ of votes cast F. Two-thirds majority 2/3 of members voting must vote for motion, usually used when motion will limit rights of member G. Quorum number of members required to conduct business H. Gavel symbol of authority I. Meaning of taps of gavel: 1. 1 tap means be seated, the meeting is adjourned or the result of a vote has been announced taps mean that the meeting is called to order taps mean that the members should stand on the third tap. 4. series of taps mean be quiet and orderly. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

7 J. Table of Motions should know for each motion: 1. privileged 2. incidental 3. subsidiary 4. unclassified 5. ranking top is highest ranking and takes precedence over those below 6. debatable or can be discussed yes or no 7. amendable yes or no 8. vote required majority, 2/3 majority or none 9. second required yes or no 10. can it be reconsidered yes, no, or special requirements Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

8 UNIT A: LEADERSHIP DEVELOPMENT COMPETENCY: AM03.00 Apply Robert s Rules of Order to conduct business meetings of horticulture organizations. OBJECTIVE: AM03.02 Use principles of parliamentary procedure to conduct an orderly transaction of business utilizing Robert s Rules of Order. FFA Student Handbook, ( ), pp Conducting Business Meeting Use the information learned from Objective AM03.01 Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

9 TABLE OF PARLIAMENTARY ABILITIES Privilege, subsidiary, and main motions are listed in order of precedence. Second Required? Debatable? Amendable? Can it be Reconsidered? Vote Motion Required Purpose Privileged motions Highest Ranking and generally take precedence over all other motions. Do not relate to pending business but are important Adjourn Yes No No No Majority End the meeting Recess Yes No Yes No Majority Take a break from the meeting Question of privilege* No No No No None Handle matters of comfort Subsidiary motions Applied to other motions to assist in handling business in an orderly manner. Lay on the table Yes No No No Majority Lay aside an item of business to handle more important business Previous question Yes No No Yes, before 2/3 Stop all debate on a motion or series of pending questions the vote Refer to a committee Yes Yes Yes Yes Majority Place business into the hands of a small group to report, recommend, and/or act. Amend Yes Yes Yes Yes Majority Change a motion by adding, striking out, or substituting words Main motion Introduces new business, but take precedence over nothing. Main motions are the lowest ranking motions and may only be made when no other motion is pending. Main motion Yes Yes Yes Yes Majority Introduce new business Incidental motions Usually accompany or arise out of other parliamentary abilities and needs. Incidental motions have no ranking and cannot be assigned an order of precedence other than the order of precedence of the motion they arise out of. Appeal* Yes Yes No Yes Majority Insure a majority agrees with the ruling of the chair Point of Order* No No No No None Enforce the rules and correct parliamentary error. Suspend the rules Yes No No No 2/3 Do something ordinarily against the rules of the organization Withdraw a motion* No No No No Usually none Save time on an unpopular or unneeded motion Division of the House* No No No No None Secure a standing vote on a voice vote or vote by show of hands Unclassified motions Applied to motions that have already been dealt with by the assembly; Bring a motion back before the assembly Take from the table Yes No No No Majority Bring an item from the table that has been Reconsider Yes No/Yes No Negative vote only Rescind Yes Yes Yes Negative vote only Majority set aside To bring a motion back to the floor for more debate and consideration in the same session; must be made by a member on the prevailing side 2/3 Undo something that has been voted on prior to actions taking place * Denote motions in order while another person is assigned the floor and that may interrupt a person speaking in debate. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

10 UNIT B: SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAM COMPETENCY: AM04.00 Use career objectives to design a school-to-work employment plan. OBJECTIVE: AM04.01 Describe the procedures to follow in planning and implementing a school-to-work employment plan. A. Factors to Consider when Selecting a Career 1. Standard of living Pay, location 2. Personal contact working more with people or with things 3. Educational requirements 4. Practice experiences or skills required 5. Location of employment 6. Your interests, likes and dislikes 7. Working conditions 8. Working hours and time for leisure activities 9. Retirement benefits 10. Your health and happiness Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success, (1997), pp B. Steps in choosing a career 1. Consider your interests, abilities, and other characteristics should be the first step 2. Narrow the field of jobs 3. Study the requirements of the job get good information 4. Plan for alternative occupations the first choice may not work out 5. Prepare a plan for career preparation early career planning can help you take the right courses in high school. 6. Be willing to pay the price for success education, dedication 7. Get work experience SAE, coop., part-time job C. For a school-to-work written plan to be effective, it must be implemented. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

11 UNIT B: SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAM COMPETENCY: AM04.00 Use career objectives to design a school-to-work employment plan. OBJECTIVE: AM04.02 Use career objectives to create an individual written school-to-work employment plan based upon career objectives. Leadership: Personal Development and Career Success, (1997), pp Use the information from Objective AM04.01 to create a career development plan (CDP) based upon career objectives. Consider high school academic courses, agricultural mechanics and other agricultural education courses, supporting electives, work experiences and education after high school.. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

12 UNIT B: SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAM COMPETENCY: AM05.00 Develop a financial record system for use in the agricultural mechanics industry. OBJECTIVE: AM05.01 Identify the elements in a financial statement. Net Worth Statement Moore, Dr. Gary ( ) Supervised Agricultural Experience Program Record Book. Raleigh, NC 27695: Agricultural and Extension Education, Box 7607, NC State University A. Total assets = current assets + non-current assets 1. Current assets items that can quickly be converted to cash or that will be sold within 12 months cash on hand, checking and savings accounts, stocks, bonds and cash in value of life insurance, money others owe you, current non depreciable inventory 2. Non-current assets - assets that have a useful life of more than one year and are used in the business non-current, non-depreciable inventory, land B. Total liabilities = current liabilities (debts) + non-current liabilities (debts) 1. Current liabilities accounts and notes payable, this year s part of non-current liabilities 2. Non-current liabilities mortgages and other debts not due this year C. Net worth or owner s equity = total assets minus total liabilities D. Debt-to-Equity Ratio = total liabilities/net worth Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

13 UNIT B: SUPERVISED AGRICULTURAL EXPERIENCE PROGRAM COMPETENCY: AM05.00 Develop a financial record system for use in the agricultural mechanics industry. OBJECTIVE: AM05.02 Use principles of financial literacy to compose a financial statement. Supervised Agricultural Experience Program Record Book, ( ). Use the information from Objective AM05.01 to determine which items should go in each category of the Financial Balance Sheet and Net Worth Statement in the SAE Record Book or on the computer disk or CD. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

14 UNIT C: SAFE WORK PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMPETENCY: AM06.00 Investigate safety practices that apply to agricultural mechanics. OBJECTIVE: AM06.01 Explain safety rules related to agricultural mechanics. Safety Rules Related to Agricultural Mechanics Herren, Ray V. and Cooper, Elmer L. (2002). Agricultural Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications (4 th Edition). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson-- Delmar Learning, pp A. Safety should be the number one priority. Jeffus, Larry (2004). Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). Clifton Park, NY: Thomson Delmar Learning, pp B. Safety glasses, goggles, or welding helmets should be worn to protect the eyes. C. The shade lens in a welding helmet depends upon the type welding being done. D. Leather welding gloves should be worn when welding to prevent burns to the hands. E. Pants with cuffs should not be worn when welding because sparks can cause the pants to catch fire. F. Adequate ventilation is the best way to prevent problems caused from inhaling welding fumes. G. Reading and following manufacturer s recommendations for use of tools and equipment will help prevent accidents. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

15 UNIT C: SAFE WORK PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMPETENCY: AM06.00 Investigate safety practices that apply to agricultural mechanics. OBJECTIVE: AM06.02 Describe fire prevention as it relates to agricultural mechanics. Fire Prevention in Agricultural Mechanics Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004) pp Agricultural Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications (4 th Edition). (2002), p.334 Instructional Materials Services Modules 8791-B and 8780-B A. Fire triangle states that heat, fuel, and oxygen must be combined to make a fire. B. Cleaning combustible materials such as paper, wood, rags, and gasoline from the welding area will help prevent fires by eliminating the fuel. C. Paints, gasoline, and other flammable materials should be stored in a flammable materials cabinet. D. Oxygen and acetylene cylinders should be separated by a wall that is at least 5 feet tall and is flame proof OR they should be stored at least 20 feet from each other. E. These safety color codes are used in agricultural mechanics shops: 1. Red shows location of fire fighting equipment such as fire extinguishers. 2. Green shows location of first aid kits. 3. Other colors are used to indicate other things, but red and green are the ones related to fire safety. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

16 UNIT C: SAFE WORK PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMPETENCY: AM07.00 Demonstrate the proper use of agricultural mechanics tools, equipment, and facilities. OBJECTIVE: AM07.01 Describe tools and equipment used in agricultural mechanics. Tools and Equipment Used in Agricultural Instructional Materials Services Mechanics 8791-A, 8412, and 8780-A A. A ball peen hammer is used to hit metal for bending, to tap one metal object into another, or to hit metal punches or chisels. B. A cold chisel is used to cut metal. C. A center punch is used to make a dent in metal before a hole is drilled. D. A thickness gauge is used to measure clearance between two flat pieces of metal. E. A wire gauge is used to set the gap on a spark plug. F. The size of a portable electric drill is determined by the largest straight-shank twist drill (bit) that will fit into the chuck. G. Tools should be used for the purposes they were designed. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

17 UNIT C: SAFE WORK PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMPETENCY: AM07.00 Demonstrate the proper use of agricultural mechanics tools, equipment, and facilities. OBJECTIVE: AM07.02 Explain procedures for using tools, equipment, and facilities. Reference: Instructional Materials Services Modules 8791-A, 8412, and 8780-A; Agriscience Fundamentals and Applications, 3 rd Edition (2004), pp , Procedures for Using Tools, Equipment, and Facilities A. Files should have a handle attached to prevent hand injuries. Pressure should be applied to forward stroke only and released on back stroke. B. At least three hack saw teeth should be cutting the metal at the same time. Pressure should be applied on the forward stroke only. C. Combination wrenches are popular because they can be used to turn both square and hex nuts. D. Several tools are designed to take precise measurements of metal objects: 1. Thickness gauge is used to check clearance between parts such as piston ring gaps and valve gaps. 2. Wire gauge is used to check the gap of spark plugs. 3. Micrometers are used to measure depth, inside, and outside measurements of metal objects. a. depth micrometers are used to measure to the bottom of holes or slots b. inside micrometers are used to measure bushings, cylinder bores, and brake drums c. outside micrometers are used to measure the outside diameter of rods and precise thickness measurements 4. The major parts of an outside micrometer used to read a measurement are the thimble and the barrel. 5. USE PAGES 3 AND 4 IN THE IMS MODULE 8780-A TO LEARN TO READ A MICROMETER. E. To drill the most accurate holes in metal, a drill press should be used rather than a portable drill. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

18 UNIT C: SAFE WORK PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMPETENCY: AM07.00 Demonstrate the proper use of agricultural mechanics tools, equipment, and facilities. OBJECTIVE: AM07.03 Use tools and equipment properly and safely. Using Tools and Equipment Instructional Materials Services Modules 8412 and 8780-A A. An awl should be used to mark metal to make a permanent mark, and soapstone should be used if the mark needs to be removed later. B. Files and hack saws should have the pressure reduced on the back stroke because they only cut on the forward stroke. C. Tools should be used for only the purposes they were designed to prevent injuries and to prevent damage to the tools. D. When cutting tools such as taps, dies, saws, and bits are used, cutting oil is used to lubricate the tools to keep them from overheating and from becoming dull E. Before making any repairs or changing blades on saws, the power supply should be disconnected. F. A drill press vise should be used to hold metal in place on a drill press. G. Pressure should be decreased just before a bit breaks through metal to prevent the bit from binding. H. To get an accurate reading, the handle of a square should be held firmly against the edge o the metal or other object to be squared. I. To end up with the correct length board, sawing should be done on the waste side of the mark. Cutting out the mark will make the board too short. J. If a machine or piece of equipment is jacked up to the desired height, it should be supported with jack stands to prevent it from falling. K. Extension cords should be heavy duty and used for temporary use only, not as permanent wiring. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

19 UNIT C: SAFE WORK PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMPETENCY: AM07.00 Demonstrate the proper use of agricultural mechanics tools, equipment, and facilities. OBJECTIVE: AM07.04 Determine design criteria for safe and effective use and management of agricultural mechanics service centers. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

20 UNIT C: SAFE WORK PRACTICES IN AGRICULTURAL MECHANICS COMPETENCY: AM07.00 Demonstrate the proper use of agricultural mechanics tools, equipment, and facilities. OBJECTIVE: AM07.05 Use design criteria to design plans for an agricultural mechanics service center. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

21 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM08.00 Investigate procedures for fastening metal. OBJECTIVE: AM08.01 Explain the purposes of different metal fasteners. Purposes of Metal Fasteners Instructional Materials Services Module 8414 Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), pp A. Metal fasteners are made to connect or hold two pieces of metal to each other and include bolts, nuts, washers, screws, and rivets. Taps are used to make threads inside a hole, and dies are used to make threads on round rods or on bolts. B. A bolt has a head, shank, and threads. Kinds of bolts include: 1. Machine bolt is strong and requires a threaded hole in one of the two pieces of metal. 2. Plow bolt has a tapered head that countersinks into the metal causing the bolt head to be flush with the surface. 3. Stove bolts are usually small in diameter and may have round or flat heads. 4. Carriage bolts have a round head and square shoulders that will sink into wood when wood is fastened to metal. 5. Hex socket head bolt requires an Allen wrench because it has a recessed hex head. 6. There are other types of specialty bolts for specific purposes. C. A nut is used with a bolt to fasten together metal unless a machine bolt is used with threads in the metal. A slotted or castle nut uses a cotter pin to keep it tight. D. To keep nuts from working loose, a lock washer is used between the nut and the metal. E. Rivets require a special tool. F. Sheet metal screws are self-tapping which means they make their own threads in thin metal. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

22 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM08.00 Investigate procedures for fastening metal. OBJECTIVE: AM08.02 Use proper procedures for fastening with bolts, nuts, washers, screws, rivets, taps, and dies. Procedures for Using Metal Fasteners Instructional Materials Services Module 8414 Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), pp Use the information in Objective AM08.01 to complete this Objective. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

23 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM09.00 Use oxy-fuel welding equipment and materials. OBJECTIVE: AM09.01 Explain procedures for using oxyacetylene equipment and materials. Using Oxyacetylene Equipment and Materials Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), pp Instructional Materials Services Modules A and 8782-A A. The maximum pressure for acetylene should be 15 pounds per square inch. B. The best and safest tool for lighting an oxyacetylene torch is a friction lighter. Matches and cigarette lighters should NOT be used. C. The proper procedure to check for oxyacetylene leaks is to use soapy water, NOT matches and cigarette lighters. D. There are different types of tips used for oxyacetylene welding, but the most common is number 5. E. A neutral flame is best for heating, cutting, and welding. F. High carbon steel should be preheated for oxyacetylene welding until the metal is red. G. The white cone from the oxyacetylene torch should not quite touch the sheet metal when welding. H. The width of the puddle made when welding with oxyacetylene is determined by the penetration and tip movement. I. Proper hand and eye protection should be used for oxyacetylene cutting and welding. J. When transported, oxygen and acetylene tanks should be chained in the upright position. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

24 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM09.00 Use oxy-fuel welding equipment and materials. OBJECTIVE: AM09.02 Demonstrate welding various types of joints and metals. Welding Various Types of Joints and Metals Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), pp Instructional Materials Services Module 8782-A A. Types of weld joints include: 1. Butt is two pieces of metal lying end to end or edge to edge in the same plane such as flat. 2. Lap is two pieces of metal overlapping each other. 3. Corner is two pieces of metal that make a 90 degree corner. 4. Edge is two pieces of metal placed parallel to each other or stacked on top of each other. 5. Tee or T is two pieces of metal placed together to form a T or an upside down T or a T lying on its side. A fillet weld is made in the corner when two pieces of metal are 90 degrees to each other. B. The filler rod should be the same diameter as the thickness of the metal being welded. C. Butt welds on metal thicker than 1/8 inch should be beveled. D. Pipe welds should start with tacking to hold the two pieces in place. The two methods of pipe welding are roll and fixed. E. Out of position welds are more difficult than flat position because the puddle metal has a tendency to fall from the puddle making control of the molten metal more difficult. F. A vertical weld should start from the bottom up. G. Different types of filler rods are used depending on the type metal being welded. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

25 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM09.00 Use oxy-fuel welding equipment and materials. OBJECTIVE: AM09.03 Demonstrate safe assembly of an oxyacetylene rig. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

26 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM09.00 Use oxy-fuel welding equipment and materials. OBJECTIVE: AM09.04 Demonstrate cutting low carbon steel. Cutting Low Carbon Steel Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), pp Instructional Materials Services Module 8609-A A. A metal container should be used to catch the molten metal to prevent fire hazards and to keep the concrete floor from chipping. B. The proper distance to hold the flame s inner core from the metal is about 1/8 inch. C. The oxygen lever on the oxyacetylene cutting torch assembly is used to blow the metal from the cut after it is heated to a melting temperature. D. Metal cut correctly with an oxyacetylene torch will have the top edge square and the drag lines showing a slight curve. E. Leather gloves and welding goggles should be used to protect hands and eyes. F. Cuffs on pants will collect sparks and cause pants to catch fire. G. When starting a cut in the center of a piece of thick steel, drill a ¼ inch hole in the metal beforehand. H. When cutting carbon steel, one should hold the cutting tip 90º to the metal. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

27 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM09.00 Use oxy-fuel welding equipment and materials. OBJECTIVE: AM09.05 Use proper procedures to solder and braze various metals. Soldering and Brazing Metals Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), pp , 487 Instructional Materials Services Modules 8782-A and 8154-E A. Soldering and brazing melt only the rod or the solder, NOT the metals being joined. The metal is heated hot enough to melt the rod or the solder. B. Brazing uses a nonferrous filler rod such as bronze and a neutral flame that is above 800 degrees Fahrenheit, but it is below the melting point of the base metal. C. Soldering uses solder, and metal is cleaned with flux to remove sulfides, oxides, and nitrates. D. Soldering a copper pipe into a copper pipe fitting is called sweating a joint. E. Oxyacetylene or propane torches or soldering irons or soldering guns may be used to heat the metal and melt the solder. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

28 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM09.00 Use oxy-fuel welding equipment and materials. OBJECTIVE: AM09.06 Heat, bend, harden, temper, and anneal metal. Heating, Bending, Hardening, Tempering, and Annealing Metal Instructional Materials Services Module 8782-B A. Heating is done to bend metal thicker than 3/8 inch, and to begin the processes of hardening, tempering, and annealing. B. Metal should be heated to a cherry red heat on the area to be bent before bending. C. Hardening is done by heating to a cherry red heat and plunging the metal in water or oil if high carbon steel. Hardening gives more tensile strength, makes it more brittle, and makes it less ductile. D. Tempering is done to reduce brittleness of hardened steel. 1. Uniformly heat the part to be tempered until it is a light cherry red color. 2. Place ONLY the part to be tempered into water and move metal in a circular motion. 3. Take from water and quickly polish the hardened surface with an abrasive cloth. 4. When the proper tempering color reaches the end of the piece being tempered, quench the metal. 5. Tools quenched too soon may shatter and crack because they will be brittle. 6. Tools quenched too late will be too soft for use. E. Annealing is heating metal to the proper temperature and then slowly cooling it to soften and toughen hardened or tempered steel. (Annealing reverses the process of hardening or tempering.) To cool slowly, the metal is placed in a container of sand or vermiculite. F. When metal is heated and/or cooled, the characteristics of the metal change. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

29 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM10.00 Use arc welding equipment and materials. OBJECTIVE: AM10.01 Explain procedures for using arc welding equipment. Using Arc Welding Equipment Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), pp , 404 Instructional Materials Services Modules 8609-B and 8609-D A. AC welders are usually less expensive than DC or AC/DC welders. B. If an arc welder is used for hard surfacing, a carbon arc torch should be attached to it. C. If only one type of electrode is used for all arc welding, the E6011 is the best choice. D. Different types and sizes of electrodes are available for different metals and positions. The size of electrodes is determined by the diameter of the electrode on the bare end (metal diameter not including flux). E. A person making a horizontal or vertical weld should use the position that is most comfortable. F. Safety equipment including a welding helmet with correct lens and leather welding gloves should be worn. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

30 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM10.00 Use arc welding equipment and materials. OBJECTIVE: AM10.02 Weld using SMAW, GMAW, and GTAW procedures. SMAW, GMAW, and GTAW Procedures Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), pp Agricultural Mechanics Fundamentals and Applications (4 th Edition). (2002), p Instructional Materials Services Modules 8609B, 8783, and 8154-C A. If a bead has slag, the slag should be removed between each pass if a multiple pass weld is used. B. TIG welders have no slag. C. Tacking the ends and center of a weld will help reduce or prevent warping. D. Lens should be # 12 or # 14 rather than # 10 for TIG and MIG because the light is brighter than regular arc welding. E. A MIG welder concentrates the heat in a small area. If a person changes from welding aluminum to welding mild steel, the wire and the gas should be changed. F. To determine MIG wire feed in inches per minute, the trigger should be squeezed for 15 seconds, the wire measured, and multiply the measurement by 4 because there are four 15 second periods in a minute. G. The person should watch the molten metal pool when welding to improve skills (with helmet and proper lens, of course). H. To make a uniform weld on a tee joint, most of the heat should be directed toward the base plate. I. Welding pipe is difficult because the welding position keeps changing. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

31 J. Welding too slowly will make a bead wider, and welding too fast will make it too narrow. K. The way to increase or decrease the size of the gas shield and the rate of gas flow for a TIG welder is to change the ceramic cup. L. Carbon dioxide used in GMAW often causes excessive spattering. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

32 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM11.00 Demonstrate plasma arc cutting and welding. OBJECTIVE: AM11.01 Examine procedures of plasma arc cutting and plasma arc cutting. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

33 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM11.00 Demonstrate plasma arc cutting and welding. OBJECTIVE: AM11.02 Cut and weld using plasma arc. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

34 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM12.00 Weld cast iron. OBJECTIVE: AM12.01 Recognize the characteristics and proper welding techniques of cast iron. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

35 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM12.00 Weld cast iron. OBJECTIVE: AM12.02 Explain procedures for welding cast iron. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

36 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM12.00 Weld cast iron. OBJECTIVE: AM12.03 Weld cast iron in agricultural metal fabrication This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

37 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM13.00 Construct a metal fabrication project. OBJECTIVE: AM13.01 Identify common symbols, abbreviations, and numbering systems used for various metals in metal fabrication. Identifying Symbols, Abbreviations, and Numbering Systems Used for Various Metals Instructional Materials Services Module 8786-A A. Use diagram on page 1 of IMS 8786-A to learn symbols. B. Abbreviations are on page 2 of IMS 8786-A. C. More symbols are on the other pages, also. D. AWS means American Welding Society. E. 1/2RD means half-round. F. A slot or plug weld is indicated by a rectangle, and a fillet weld is indicated by a triangle. G. Symbols, abbreviations, and numbers are used to save space on drawings. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

38 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM13.00 Construct a metal fabrication project. OBJECTIVE: AM13.02 Explain procedures to design a metal fabrication project. Designing a Metal Fabrication Project Instructional Materials Services Module 8786-B A. The first procedure in metal fabrication design is to prepare sketches. B. The second step is to review laws and regulations. C. Third step is to determine dimensions and tolerances. Instructional Materials Services Module 8786-B D. After checking dimensions, the next step is to prepare drawings, plans, and views. E. The fifth step is to modify plans as needed. F. Base designs on engineered plans that have been tested and proven reliable. G. After the finished design or plan is made, the next step is to select and purchase materials. H. Careful planning at the beginning will save time and money later. I. CAD programs make changing a plan much easier than hand drawing. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

39 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM13.00 Construct a metal fabrication project. OBJECTIVE: AM13.03 Use correct procedures to design a metal fabrication project. Using Correct Procedures to Design a Metal Fabrication Project Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), p. 412 Metal Fabrication Technology for Agriculture (1 st Edition). (2004), p. 425 A. It takes a complete set of drawings to have enough information to construct a metal project. B. The scale indicates the size of the drawing compared to the real object. Full scale means that one inch on the project is one inch on the drawing. One inch to 12 inches means that one inch on the drawing is 12 inches on the project. Other scales work the same way. C. Even a simple plan must have dimensions to be of any value. D. CAD, computer assisted drawing, uses a computer, software program, and a plotter to make drawings. E. A good example of drawings should be followed to make usable plans for constructing a metal fabrication project. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

40 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM13.00 Construct a metal fabrication project. OBJECTIVE: AM13.04 Use proper procedures to construct a metal fabrication project. Construct a Metal Fabrication Project (ALL METAL REFERENCES WILL BE USED FOR THIS OBJECTIVE.) A. Before beginning construction, a person needs a plan. B. If a design error is found during construction, a design modification is made. C. Welding is the fastest method of metal fabrication. If welding is not the method used, bolting together is the next most popular method. D. A machinist s vise is used to hold flat metal for filing, sawing, bending, drilling, etc. A pipe vise is used for round metal and pipe. E. The frame of a metal project should be made first. The sides should be made after the frame. F. Safety should be the first concern for all jobs to be observed during metal fabrication. G. A pilot hole is needed if the hole to be drilled is larger than ¼ inch. H. Threads used when making a metal trailer should be bolt threads, NOT pipe threads. A bolt tap is used to thread inside a hole, and a bolt die is used to thread on the outside of a rod. I. When construction of a metal trailer is finished, the trailer should be painted to prevent rust. J. The two diagonal measurements of a trailer should be equal if the trailer corners are square and if the two sides are equal and the two ends are equal. K. Careful planning, measuring, marking, cutting, drilling, and assembly are required to make a metal fabrication project. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

41 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM14.00 Examine techniques for welding plastics. OBJECTIVE: AM14.01 Research the types of equipment and supplies needed to weld plastics. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

42 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM14.00 Examine techniques for welding plastics. OBJECTIVE: AM14.02 Use proper techniques to weld plastics. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

43 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM15.00 Investigate techniques for repairing synthetic materials. OBJECTIVE: AM15.01 Research common types of fiberglass repairs and the materials needed. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

44 UNIT D: METAL FABRICATION COMPETENCY: AM15.00 Investigate techniques for repairing synthetic materials. OBJECTIVE: AM15.02 Repair synthetic materials. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

45 UNIIT E: AGRICULTURAL POWER COMPETENCY: AM16.00 Research types of agricultural tractors and their safe uses. OBJECTIVE: AM16.01 Describe types of agricultural tractors and their use. Types of Agricultural Tractors and Their Uses Instructional Materials Services Module 8794-A A. Two major types are wheel and crawler tractors. B. Different types and sizes are made for specific types of jobs. C. Standard types are: 1. Lawn and garden tractors are usually small and used for mowing and light cultivation jobs around the home, on golf courses, and in parks. 2. Row crop tractors are designed for planting and cultivating row crops such as corn and soybeans. 3. Standard wheel tractors are large and suited for open field work. 4. Utility tractors are used for a large variety of row crop jobs and for mowing and barnyard work. 5. Orchard and grove tractors are for use in fruit orchards and vineyards. 6. Four wheel drive tractors have increased power and traction because both front and rear wheels have power. 7. High or low clearance tractors are either high off the ground to go over tall plants or low to the ground for working in low areas. 8. Tracklayer is a heavy duty tractor that is a crawler with tracks rather than wheels. D. The type and size tractor selected should be determined by what it will be used to do. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

46 UNIIT E: AGRICULTURAL POWER COMPETENCY: AM16.00 Research types of agricultural tractors and their safe uses. OBJECTIVE: AM16.02 Explain principles and procedures for safe operation of tractors. Principles of Tractor Safety Instructional Materials Services Modules 8794-A and 8201-A A. The operator s manual should be read and obeyed for safe operation of tractors. B. Tractors are designed for only one person to ride on them the operator. C. A slow moving vehicle emblem should be attached to the rear of tractors and other farm machinery if they usually go less than 25 miles per hour. D. The best way to prevent power takeoff (PTO) accidents is to keep the shield guard in place. E. Since tractors have a low center of gravity, using a front-end loader too high may cause the tractor to tilt forward. Driving too fast especially around curves or on uneven ground may cause the tractor to turn over. F. Following safety rules and using caution and common sense will prevent most accidents involving tractors. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

47 UNIIT E: AGRICULTURAL POWER COMPETENCY: AM16.00 Research types of agricultural tractors and their safe uses. OBJECTIVE: AM16.03 Demonstrate the safe operation of tractors. This objective is Supplementary. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

48 UNIIT E: AGRICULTURAL POWER COMPETENCY: AM17.00 Research preventive maintenance procedures for tractors, equipment, and small engines. OBJECTIVE: AM17.01 Explain preventive maintenance procedures for tractors, equipment, and small engines. Preventive Maintenance Procedures Instructional Materials Services Modules A, 8201-B and 8793-B A. Preventive maintenance is performed on tractors, equipment, and small engines to help prevent or reduce repairs and down time and to maintain or increase performance. B. Before four cycle engines are started, the oil should be checked and clean fuel added in the fuel tank. C. Since small engines do not have oil filters, it is very important to keep out dust and dirt. D. The most important maintenance of the cooling system of a small engine is to clean the outer parts of the engine. E. Checking the water level and cleaning the radiator are the main preventive maintenance for the cooling system of tractors and other equipment. F. Air filters should be cleaned and/or replaced on the schedule recommended in the operator s manual. G. Water level in the battery should be checked frequently. H. Read and follow maintenance schedules in the operator s manual. I. If operating conditions are extremely dirty or dusty, extra precautions should be taken to keep radiator clean, air filters checked, and oil and oil filters checked and changed. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

49 UNIIT E: AGRICULTURAL POWER COMPETENCY: AM17.00 Research preventive maintenance procedures for tractors, equipment, and small engines. OBJECTIVE: AM17.02 Discuss how to service tractors, equipment, and small engines. Servicing Tractors, Equipment, and Small Engines Instructional Materials Services Modules 8201-A, 8201-B and 8793-B A. Read and follow the operator s manual for servicing schedule and procedures. B. Each system such as lubrication, cooling, electrical, etc. needs to be serviced. C. Since spark plugs are relatively inexpensive, the recommended service is to replace rather than clean or repair. D. Most newer small engines do NOT have points and condenser because they have electronic ignition systems. E. Adding water as needed and cleaning and tightening cables are the services usually needed for batteries. F. A dry type air filter is serviced by replacing the filter. An oil type air filter is serviced by washing it to remove dirt and then squeezing oil into the filter which is usually foam rubber. G. Since two cycle engines have the fuel and oil mixed together, there is no oil in the crankcase to be checked. It is very important to use the correct fuel to oil ratio when mixing fuel and oil. H. Before a small engine is stored for the season whether it be for the winter or for the summer, the fuel tank should be empty to prevent gumming up. I. The main service done to the lubrication system of a four cycle engine is to change the oil and oil filter each time the oil is changed. J. Checking coolant level and antifreeze level and replacing leaking water hoses are services needed for the cooling system when the engine has a radiator. K. Used oil, fuel, and antifreeze should be disposed of properly. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

50 UNIIT E: AGRICULTURAL POWER COMPETENCY: AM17.00 Research preventive maintenance procedures for tractors, equipment, and small engines. OBJECTIVE: AM17.03 Use owner s manuals to troubleshoot agricultural tractors, equipment, and small engines. Troubleshooting Tractors, Equipment, and Small Engines Instructional Materials Services Modules 8203-B and 8793-B A. Read and follow the operator s manual for simple troubleshooting procedures. B. It is important that a person know that an engine must have fuel, ignition, and compression to start and to run. C. If an engine will not start, the first thing to do is to check the fuel supply in the tank. D. If there is fuel in the tank and the engine will not start, then the fuel supply at the carburetor should be checked. E. If the engine turns over and has fuel, then the spark should be checked. F. If the engine will not turn over, the battery should be checked. G. If the engine turns over, has fuel, and has spark, then the compression should be checked. The service manual should be used to find compression specifications before compression is checked. H. Since two cycle engines have a fuel and oil mixture at a certain ratio, the first thing that should be checked if the engine is missing is the fuel and oil mixture ratio. I. A logical sequence should be followed when troubleshooting so that the problem can be located and corrected. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

51 UNIIT F: AGRICULTURAL CONSTRUCTION COMPETENCY: AM18.00 Use blueprints to plan layout and framing. OBJECTIVE: AM18.01 Identify blueprint terms and symbols. Identifying Blueprint Terms and Symbols Instructional Materials Services Module 8605-B A. Different types of lines are used to indicate different things on a drawing. B. A dark solid line is used for the border, and a thinner solid line is used as an object line. C. A series of dashes is used to show a hidden line. D. A leader line is a solid line with an arrow that has words such as vinyl siding or metal siding in front of the line and arrow. E. Dimension lines have a line with an arrow, a measurement number such as 5'-10" between, and another line with an arrow on the right side of the dimension. F. Scale shows how much actual building dimension is represented by what measurement on the drawing. Example: ¼"=1'-0" Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

52 UNIIT F: AGRICULTURAL CONSTRUCTION COMPETENCY: AM18.00 Use blueprints to plan layout and framing. OBJECTIVE: AM18.02 Read blueprints to plan layout and framing. Reading Blueprints to Plan Layout and Framing Instructional Materials Services Module 8605-B A. A blueprint has a legend that shows the meaning of different symbols. B. Two-dimensional drawings are usually used and may have one or all of the following views: 1. Site plan is like an aerial view of the location and what is on it. 2. Plan view is the same as the floor plan. 3. Elevation views show the front, back, left side, and right side of a building. 4. Sectional view shows what would be seen if the building were cut in two to show a cross section of the wall. 5. Detail view shows special features on a larger scale so that it can be seen easier. 6. Auxiliary drawings show such things as plumbing, electrical, framing, foundation, and doors and windows. C. If each side of a building is different, four views (one for each side) are needed by a builder. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II

53 UNIIT F: AGRICULTURAL CONSTRUCTION COMPETENCY: AM19.00 Demonstrate safe use of layout tools and equipment. OBJECTIVE: AM19.01 Use builder s level, tripod, and laser level. Using a Builder s Level, Tripod, and Laser Level Instructional Materials Services Module 8147-D A. The three basic types of leveling instruments used in agriculture are: 1. Builder s level is used to sight level lines and to lay out or measure angles only in the horizontal plane. 2. Level-transit can be used to lay out vertical lines as well as horizontal lines. 3. Laser beam level uses an electronic laser level transmitter unit. B. When a tripod is set up, it should be set up so that it looks level and is steady, not shaky. C. The leveling rod should be held straight up to get an accurate measurement. D. To set up a tripod and builder s level, these steps should be followed: 1. Loosen the wing nuts and spread tripod legs 3 feet to 4 feet apart. 2. Push tripod legs firmly into the ground. 3. Adjust tripod legs so that tripod head looks level. 4. Tighten all wing nuts. 5. Remove level from case and handle by the base. 6. Attach instrument to tripod. 7. Adjust leveling screws so that bubble is centered between centering marks of leveling vial. 8. Rotate telescope 90 degrees and repeat step 7 above. 9. Rotate telescope 90 degrees back to original position, recheck, and adjust screws as needed to level. 10. Rotate telescope to any position to check for level. E. When the signal is seen or heard from the middle sensor on the rod, the instrument person knows that the laser receiver unit is on the same grade. F. For accuracy, the leveling vial of a level should be checked before and after each reading. G. To lay out square corners, the telescope is turned so that the angle of each corner is 90 degrees. Summer Agricultural Mechanics II