AR-7975 MODEL ANSWER B.Sc. II nd Semester (Forensic Science) Examination 2013 Paper-II Questioned Document and Hand Writing

Transcription

1 AR-7975 MODEL ANSWER B.Sc. II nd Semester (Forensic Science) Examination 2013 Paper-II Questioned Document and Hand Writing Date: Time: 8:00 am-11:00 am Section A: Q1.Select one of the most appropriate answers from the following objective questions: 1x10=10 I. Which of these technique should not be preferred for primary examination of the documents: a)uv Radiation b) IR Radiation c) TLC d) Microscopy c) TLC II. Tracking effect along with outer edges is found in: a) Roller ball pens b) Gel pens c) Fountain pen d) Porous tip pen b) Gel pens III. One s handwriting is a a) Neurological activity b) Neuromuscular activity c) Stupor activity d) None b) Neuromuscular activity IV. Tremor in handwriting is a sign of a) Nervousness b) illness c) disguise d) All of these d) All of these V. Pica consists of: a) 12 letters/inch b) 10 letters/inch c) 212mm/100character d) None b) 10 letters/inch VI. Grid method is used for examination of a) Carbon copy b) Charred documents c) Guilloche d) Latent Image a) Carbon copy VII. BR SC 300 PC is a type of a) Flat die stamp b) Hand stamp c) Self-inking stamp d) Pre-inked stamp a) Flat die stamp VIII. microscopy is best suitable for the examination of tonners in photocopies? a) Comparison b) Stereoscopic c) SEM d) None of these c) SEM IX. Nature of questioned documents examination is a) Preliminary b) Destructive c) Non-destructive d) Both b & c d) Both b & c X. Collection of standards includes a) Admitted b) Specimen c) References d) All of these d) All of these

2 Section B: Write long answers of the following questions (Attempt Any Four) 4x5=20 Q2.What is a questioned document? Explain the significance of its forensic examination. Document with unknown or questionable identity and doubtful authenticity is known as questioned document. Types of Questioned Documents : Documents are attacked on many grounds and for Various reasons, but the great majority Questioned Documents are included in the following classes: o o o o Documents with questioned signatures. Documents containing alleged fraudulent alterations. Holograph documents questioned or disputed. Documents attacked on the question of their age or date. Documents attacked on the question of materials used in their production. Documents investigated on the question of typewriting With a view to ascertaining their source. With a view to determining their date. Documents or writings investigated because they identify some person through handwriting Anonymous and disputed letters. Superscriptions, registrations and miscellaneous writings. Significance of forensic examination: Forensic examinations prove the identity and authenticity also detect and decipher the forgeries in all types of questioned documents. e.g. Handwriting examination & signature examination Forgeries in bank documents. Forgeries in Judicial papers. Forgeries in non judicial paper. Examinations of Forged Currency Notes. Examination of charred and matted documents. Forgeries in National IDs. etc.

3 Q3. Write the methods of laboratory examination of ink. Also mention its significance. Inks differ from each other on the basis of: Basic nature ( Aqueous and non aqueous) Colour Structural appearance Chemical composition Application (Writing, Print) Examination of Ink Non-Destructive Primary Examination Writing characteristics colour Techniques omagnifying Glass omicroscopes: Compound Microscope Stereoscopic Microscope Secondary Examination Physical properties: Absorption, Emission and Fluorescent characteristics Techniques o Radiation Sources: UV Radiation IR Radiation UV Luminescence IR Luminescence o Photography Confirmatory Examination Number of chemical components Types of Chemical components Instruments o VSC o RSC o SEM o ESDA Destructive Primary Examination Number of chemical components Types of Chemical components Technique otlc ohptlc Confirmatory Examination Confirmation of primary examination Techniques ohplc oftir ogcms Comparative Comparison of results obtained for questioned ink with standard and references Forensic Significance: It is sometimes necessary to show whether a particular pen was used to write certain material. More often, it is necessary to show whether two inks on one document are the same. The addition of extra writing can greatly change the meaning of the wording or the amount of money. Additions range from long passages to a single digit as simple as a figure which can increase the apparent value of a document many times. So to prove the authenticity of the writing instrument and signatures examination of ink is very important.

4 Q.4. Give classification of rubber stamps on the basis of mechanism of stamping ink with their characteristics. There are four main types of conventional stamps encountered in examinations of questioned documents: I. The hand stamp II. The self-inking stamp III. The pre-inked stamp IV. The flat-die stamp This classification is not based on the type of die material but rather the location of the ink source. Characteristics of hand stamp and self-inking stamp Vulcanized rubber and photopolymer are the most common materials used for hand and self-inking stamp dies that s why they share the common characteristics: Even ink coverage. Ring of darker ink outlining the individual letter. Known as the squeegee effect, this ring occurs as a result of the relief of the printing area squeezing the ink out to the edge of the ink line. This characteristic is difficult to observe if the entire character is heavily inked. Absence of an indentation in the ink line. Rounded beginning and ending of letters. If water-based ink is used, the bleeding of ink through the paper is minimal. Ink filling in sharp angles and intersection points of two lines. Some patchy areas within the inked impression may be observed. Uneven outline of the letter. Characteristics of pre-inked stamp The materials commonly used for pre-inked dies include pre-mixed gel, salt-leached rubber, and foam and powder. Dies made of foam and powder can contain water- or oil-based ink. Clean and concise detail Even ink saturation throughout the individual characters Absence of a heavier ink line on the inside or outside of the letterform Feathering or bleeding of ink on the edges of the letter Rounded beginnings and endings of letters Absence of an indentation in the ink line Blurring or distortion in small typed text Oil-based ink bleeding through the paper Characteristics of flat-die stamp Flat-die stamps are divided into two categories: a) Light-burst b) thermal printer technology. Light-burst technology uses a Xenon flash to seal the non-print area of the die. Heat is used in the thermal printer technology to seal the microspores in the non-print area of the flat die. The characteristics of an impression from either flat-die category closely mirror the characteristics found in the pre-inked stamp impressions. But generally the impression made from a flat-die stamp reflects a dot matrix pattern within the printed text. The dot matrix pattern varies in relation to the type size of the text. As the type size becomes smaller, the matrix evolves into a saw tooth pattern conversely, the larger the stamp, the more dots in the printed text. Aside from the unique pattern, the remaining characteristics of the impression mimic those observed in other pre-inked stamp impressions. Brother SC 300 PC flat-die stamp was one of the first flat-die machines marketed to the general public.

5 Q.5 Write short notes: a) Disguised writing b) Natural variation in handwriting a) Disguised writing Disguise is the deliberate attempt to remove or modify all or some of one s normal writing habits. Disguised writing usually contains a distinctive element that distinguishes it from normal writing. It often contains evidence of a conflict a struggle between the natural tendency to maintain persistent habits and the conscious effort to suppress them. As a result, disguised writing tends to be less skillfully executed than normal writing by an individual. Irregularities and inconsistencies often appear throughout a passage of extended disguised writing, including hesitations, variations in slant, grotesque letterforms, patched or overwritten letters, and slowly drawn strokes. Prominent features, such as the shape of capital letters and the slant of the writing, generally experience the most marked changes, while less prominent though equally important identifying factors often retain their usual character. The identification of disguised writing is only possible if unnatural portions are recognized and properly evaluated, leaving the undisguised segments to form the basis of a handwriting comparison. Disguise may be accomplished by writing with the hand opposite to that which is habitually used. This can be a very effective disguise as long as standards of wrong-handed writing are not available. Oppositehand writing can sometimes be inferred from its relatively low degree of writing skill. b) Natural variation in handwriting Natural variation is an integral part of natural handwriting; no two samples of writing prepared by one person are identical in every detail. The extent of variation differs among writers and, consequently, natural variation forms an important element in the identification of handwriting. In some cases, variation is slight and occurs only in minor details of the writing; in other instances, the formation of letters and words will vary widely about a master pattern. Variation is due principally to the lack of machinelike precision in the human body, but it is also accentuated by external factors, such as writing position, the type of writing instrument used, and the amount of care given to the act of writing. Writing variation also can be influenced by the physical and mental condition of the writer. This is why fatigue, intoxication, drug use, illness, and nervousness are often accompanied by deterioration in the quality of writing commensurable in degree with the intensity of the cause. Declining health, advanced age, and the quantity of writing prepared during a period may introduce greater variation in documents written at widely separated dates.

6 Q6.Describe the characteristics of typed questioned documents. Typewriters have been used in the production of everything from travel documents to wills to threatening letters. Even though improved printer technology exists today, the inexpensive nature and portability of typewriters can still make them the instrument of choice for perpetrators of fraud. A typed document may have few or all of the following characteristics: Typeface For many years, a general style of typeface was adopted by typewriter manufacturers, but within this style were differences in size and design. Spacing: Space between letters/words/lines. e.g. Pica : 10 letters/inch Elite: 12 letters/inch Margins: Margins in left, right sides and paragraphs. Type Script: Physical and pictorial appearance of the imprinted text. e.g. Alphabets/Numerals/Allographs Type Faults: Wear and tear defects of: Type ball defects Type balls are associated with two sides of ribbons; damage to type ball elements is infrequent. Type bars The typebar strikes an inked ribbon and transfers the impression to the paper. Another component of the typebar machine is its moveable carriage. Type wheel The type wheel, often referred to as a daisy wheel, is a hub surrounded by a series of spokes or arms, each of which contains a single typeface at the end. Q.7. Explain the characteristics of computer generated documents. Give a brief description of its laboratory examination. Computer generated documents undergoes forensic examination for the following characteristics: Method of Printing Letter press: Uneven inking Squash with indentation Printed allograph Lithography: No indentation Even ink distribution Sharp and clear edges Gravure: No indentation Raised printing portions Matrix: Jagged edges Dots making up images Laser: No dot making up images Continuous edges No. of printing technologies used on single document Altered portions on the document Colour/colours on the documents Printing faults

7 Examination of computer generated document: Examination of computer generated documents Non destructive Destructive Comparative Primary examination -Physical appearance Techniques Microscopy Confirmatory examination -Physical and chemical characteristics of the components -No. of printing methods -Types of printing methods Techniques: Radiation Sources -UV,IR -UV, IR, luminescence GRID Comparator Projector Photography VSC RSC SEM Primary examination -Type of printing -No. of printing methods -Types of printing methods Technique: TLC HPTLC Confirmatory Examination -Confirmation of primary examination Techniques: HPLC GCMS FTIR Comparison of results obtained for the questioned computer generated document with the standard Forensic significance: To prove the authenticity of the document To track the source of origin of forged computer generated document

8 Q8. Write short notes: a)history of the Questioned Document examination. b) Nature of questioned document examination. a)history of the Questioned Document examination. The crime of forgery in documents had been practiced since ancient times and laws against it can be traced to 80 BC. In 1800 century the most and remarkable case in the history of questioned document was Deryfus case, questioned document presented first time in the court as an evidence, by a police photographer Alphonse Bertillon though he couldn t prove the evidence correct, but this case brought the revolution in the history of examination of questioned documents. In 1904, John H. Wigmore,a professor of Law published a book The Law of evidence in U.S. This book revolutionized the legal profession of expert testimony. This book is still considered a primary reference for document examiners. In 1910, Albert S.Osborn authored the first significant text in this field named Questioned Documents. And in the year 1930 Questioned document mentioned as scientific evidence, in act 1731 of USA. And John H. Wigmore and Albert S. Osborn achieved the honorable victory for their efforts. a)nature of questioned document examination. Nature of document examination is non-destructive as well as destructive. We cannot define its nature because all the document examinations are case specific. It may vary according to the types of examinations performed this division (QDE): Examinations of Forged Currency Notes. Examination of charred and matted documents. Forgeries in National IDs. Forgeries in non judicial paper. Handwriting examination & signature examination Forgeries in bank documents. Forgeries in Judicial papers. etc.