Context: Collecting money for charities.

Transcription

1 Section A (Design Task 35 marks) Preliminary Material The context for Section A of the question paper is given below. You have the opportunity to research the context prior to the exam. You must not take Preliminary Material or any associated material into the examination room. Context: Collecting money for charities.

2 Section A (Design Task 35 marks) Preliminary Material Context: Collecting money for charities. The following would be beneficial for preparation for Section A: Research into existing products that allow money collection Knowledge of the different materials used for money collection containers and their properties Knowledge of printing and finishing processes that could be used Understanding of possible nets for various shapes of collection containers Awareness of information given on money collection containers

3 Section A (Design Task 35 marks) Preliminary Material Section A will require you to produce and annotate designs according to a given brief and specification. You must: Ensure each design is different you won t get marks if they are similar Add annotation that explains: Colours (and why used eg: bright colours to attract the eye) Style of text (and why used eg: sans serif typeface so easy to read) Materials (and why chosen eg: PET so can be recycled. rpet preferably as this is made from 100% recycled PET products. Carton board as it has a good quality printing surface and can be recycled etc) Manufacturing processes that would be used Construction information H&S and environmental based information The question and guidance will give you clear and specific information to follow so ensure you read each question correctly.

4 Section B Section B of this exam will focus on: Paper and board Printing processes, finishes and quality control Branding/corporate identity Typography Colour Scaling CAM You may also wish to revise and practise different types of three dimensional drawing (isometric, one and two point perspective etc)

5 Paper, card and boards: Paper is sold by weight in grams per square metre (gsm), up to 220 gsm. Board is sold using thickness in microns, represented with the symbol μm, 1000 microns = 1mm. Paper and board are made from wood pulp. If it comes from well managed forests, it is a fairly sustainable material. Most paper and boards are recyclable. A lot is now made from recycled material, making it more environmentally friendly, Paper can also be made from other materials such as corn, hemp, straw and cotton. Paper and board are biodegradable- they will rot away naturally. The main factors taken into account when choosing paper of board are: Cost Finish Strength Brightness (Whiteness) Thickness

6 Paper, card and boards: Virgin paper is made just from new wood pulp with no recycled paper added. It tends to be stronger and easier to make whiter. Virgin paper is generally used for food containers as it reduces the contamination risk to food products. Advantages of recycled paper Kinder to the environment 34% of trees cut down are for paper manufacture Saves energy needed to pulp new wood - due to less raw material being produced Companies like to be seen to be greener easily understood message for consumer Disadvantages of recycled paper Harmful/toxic chemicals such as bleach are sometimes used to achieve a whiter paper. Therefore recycled paper and board are not suitable for food packaging. Not as strong as virgin paper More expensive to make than virgin paper

7 Types and properties of paper, card and boards: There are lots of different types of paper and board. You should learn the names, properties and uses of each of them. Cartridge paper textured surface used for sketching with pencils, crayons, pastels, inks and watercolours. Bleed-proof paper used by designers when drawing with felt tips and marker pens. The ink doesn t spread out (bleed). Duplex board Is a foam based board that has a different colour and texture on each side. It is usually used where only once surface is seen- so only one side needs to be smooth for printing. It is unbleached so is ideal for food packaging eg take-away pizza boxes. Different finishes can be applied including metallic and hologramatic effects. Grey board Is rigid and easy to cover with paper so graphics can be printed onto it. It s often found in game boards, hardback books and ringbinders. Corriflute board: A fluted polypropylene board that is light and weather-resistant. Can be printed on using flexography or vinyl stickers can be used.

8 Type Weight or thickness Advantages Uses Newsprint 50gsm Cheap, lightweight, uncoated Newspapers Layout paper 60sm Thin, slightly translucent Designers often use for sketches and tracing Tracing paper 70gsm Transparent Used for tracing a design onto another sheet Sugar paper 90gsm Cheap, uncoated, variety of colours Cheap mounting of work. Fades in the sun. Inkjet/laser photo paper gsm Board (card) microns Cartonboard microns Mount board microns Corrugated card microns Foam boards microns Spiral wound tubing microns Special high gloss or matt coating with a quick drying surface for ink A more rigid surface than can be easily printed on Boards often made from many different layers and materials. Eg: aluminium foil is used to keep drinks cool. Many types available with specific packaging uses. High quality print surface. Thick coloured rigid board Strong and lightweight Composite board consisting of 2 outer layers of high quality card and central layer of foam High strength and 3D printable surface Photos, presentations Model-making Packaging Model-making and high quality picture mounting Packaging protection Point of sale stands POS stands Presentation boards Packaging

9 Paper, card and boards: Spiral wound tubes Made from paper wound in a spiral and held together with glue. Lightweight but mechanically strong. Often given a nice finish as the tube is covered in a single sheet of paper that is smooth and easy to print on. Come in various sizes for various purposesfireworks, snacks, toilet rolls, storage etc.

10 Paper, card and boards: What is Cartonboard? Very mechanically strong Very good at protecting products. If card is used for an external package it is likely to be some form of cartonboard. Can be easily cut, creased, folded and glued giving the designer huge scope to produce functional and creative packaging. Multi-layered or laminated material with three or more layers (plies). It usually has a white coating on one or both surfaces to make it easier to print on. Can be embossed and hot-foil stamped. Material Characteristics Uses Solid Bleached Board (SBB) Highest quality white top printable surface. Preservation of aroma, flavour, hygiene. Solid unbleached board (SUB) Brown, very strong Folding boxboard (FBB) White lined chipboard (WLC) White top layer with cream bottom Can be laminated with foil or greaseproof paper Recycled board with a white top surface Luxury products: perfumes, chocolates, cigarettes Drinks, drink carriers Frozen/chilled food Toys, games, cosmetics, chocolate and confectionery, medical and healthcare, toiletries, dry foods, frozen and chilled foods, tea and coffee, biscuits, baked goods, clothing, and photographic products. Detergent powders, shoe boxes, display outers, shoes, toys and nonfood products.

11 Types of cartonboard

12 Paper, card and boards: The properties of paper and board can be improved by lamination. Paper can be laminated by adding a layer of a different material on top. This creates a composite. Different composites have different qualities. ALUMINIUM: A combination of paper and aluminium foil is used to package food. This keeps flavours in and air out. Graphics can be printed onto the paper. POLYTHENE: Paper can be coated with polythene to make it waterproof. This is common for things like paper cups that would quickly go soggy otherwise. POLYSTYRENE: Foam board is made by laminating polystyrene between card. It is stiff but lightweight and often used for point of sale stands, models and mounting posters. Laminated paper can be hard to recycle because it s difficult to separate the paper from the other materials.

13 Printing processes: Colour printers use 4 main colours: CMYK Cyan Magenta Yellow Black Black is shortened to K as it is the key colour, giving the image overall depth. Colour separation- The colours must be separated before printing takes place as they are printed over each other in dots and in different densities to create the range of colours you see in most images. The better quality the images, the smaller the dots are. So an image of 800dpi will be better quality than one of 200dpi.

14 Printing: There are 3 stages to printing.. 1) Pre-press (the stages needed before actual printing takes place): Check artwork (the name given to the hand drawn or CAD designs created by the designer.) Colour separation (the process through which the original images is separated into the four process coloured by a computer program) Add quality control measures (colour bar, crop marks, registration marks) Plate or screen production 2) Print (the process of actually printing the design): Quality of paper/card considered Paper/card sheet or web fed Quality control checks during process 3) Finishing (any additional processes required after the main four process colours (*CMYK) are printed: Special effects (embossing, varnishing, laminating) Die cutting Binding a magazine/book

15 Printing: Printer quality control To achieve highest quality when printing a product, special marks are put in the corner to check different aspects of quality of print. These are: Registration marks Colour Bar Crop marks Registration marks: Most printers use a printing plate for each of the four colours. These have to align with each other or the printed image will be fuzzy. To quality control this, the printer adds a registration mark to each plate in exactly the same place. Then the printer can regularly check the alignment of each plate by its colour. The registration mark should always be the colour of the last ink used on the printing machine. This is normally black.

16 Printing: Printer quality control Colour bars: The printer also has to be certain that the colours are perfect. To do this, a colour bar (small strip of the 4 colours) is added to the side of an image to show the density or tints of the individual colours. The printer looks at the colour bar with a tool called a densitometer and adjustments can be made if necessary. Crop Marks: Crop marks are located at the four corners of the printed sheet. These show where the outline of the finished image should be and guide the printer exactly where to cut or guillotine when trimming to the final size. The printed image is always larger than necessary to allow for a tolerance of error. It is usually 3mm and this extra printed area is known as the bleed area.

17 Printing: summary of printing process Pre-press Stage 1 Artwork scanned into computer and sent to printer via e- mail or CD Stage 2 Stage 3 Stage 4 Stage 5 Printer colour separates image into CMYK Printer adds registration marks and colour bar for quality control checks. Crop marks added to show where to guillotine the print. Printer makes 4 printing plates, one for each colour Plates carefully aligned on machine, normally around a cylinder. Print Stage 6 Job is printed with regular quality control checks on plate alignment and colour density using registration marks, colour bar and densitometer. Finishing Stage 7 Any print special effects are now added eg: varnishing, laminating, embossing, heat foil blocking, die-cutting, book binding. These are expensive!! Stage 8 Stage 9 Print is guillotined to size. Print is packed and sent to distribution centre from where it will go on to the shop to be sold.

18 Printing: Types of printing Print process Common use Advantages Disadvantages Cost (10= high) Offset lithography Flexography Screen printing Gravure Newspapers Magazines Books Packaging Corrugated boxes Shopping bags 3D surfaces like bottles Short print runs T-shirts Big Posters Expensive high quality magazines Most common method High quality Fast run Prints onto paper extremely well Expensive set up costs Very fast Expensive set up costs Good for short print runs Can print on absorbent surfaces Best quality print Very fast Not as good quality as other processes Slow Very expensive set up costs Print quality (10=high) Stamps Laser/Digital printing One-off items Immediate No set-up costs Very expensive individual print 10 7

19 Printing: Offset Lithography / CMYK Process Offset Lithography is used for about 70% of all printing. It s nearly always used for printing onto paper and thin card. It produces high quality prints in large volumes. Lithography machines can print on both sides of paper/card and they rely on four basic colours; yellow, cyan (type of blue), magenta (type of red) and black. This is also known as the CYMK process. Used for print runs of 1000 copies or more books, magazines, newspapers, packaging etc

20 Printing: Offset Lithography / CMYK Process Offset means that the actual printing plate never touches the paper because it is offset onto another cylinder The 4 printing plates are made by photomechanical transfer (PMT). The image area gets coated with a chemical that attracts the oily ink. The printing plates are made form aluminium because they are Flexible Durable (last up to 30,000 prints) Paper and card can be sheet fed or web fed (like huge toilet rolls but with about a mile worth of paper!)

21 Printing: Inks Oil based: Traditionally printing inks were oil based and not environmentally friendly. Now a different oil based ink has been developed that use vegetable oils. They are far better for the environment as they are biodegradable and come from a renewable material. Water based: These are even better for the environment. They are based on water which makes them easy to break down or degrade. They are used by most printers.

22 Printing: Flexography The basic principles are the same as lithography, using the 4 process colours but as the name implies the printing plate is made out of rubber. The image sticks out a little. In offset lithography it is flat. Flexography is a high speed, high volume process that can print onto nearly all surfaces including plastic and metal. It is faster then lithography and printing plates last about twice as long. Used for print runs of 5000 copies or more packaging, carrier bags, plastic bottles, aluminium cans, wallpaper etc.

23 Printing: Digital & Gravure Digital Printing: The type we have used in the classroom small batches using an inkjet or laser printer Used for batches of up to 3000 commercially Advantage no set up costs as printing plates don t have to be made Disadvantage Unit cost higher than other commercial print methods Example: 1000 A4 programmes for local football team/ local theatre company etc. + posters, flyers, digital photos etc Gravure Printing: Most expensive but highest quality print process Image sticks out on printing plate engraved into brass Mostly used for print runs of 1,000,000 or more as plates very expensive to make. Highest set up costs of all processes. Stamps, photos in books, high end magazines etc

24 Printing: Screen Printing This process is different to all the others. This is the lowest quality print process but allows you to print on many surfaces such as paper, card and fabrics. Useful for short print runs as it has low set up costs. The image is made into a stencil through which ink is forced through onto the product. The stencil is usually made by PMT. Simple and cheap to set up Good for short runs Can print onto nearly all surfaces

25 Printing: Printing finishes Varnishing (makes things shiny)- Varnish is passed under a UV light and sets immediately. Spot varnishing is where only a certain part of the printed surface is highlighted. The 3 main finishes a varnish can give are: matt, satin and gloss. Foil Blocking- Makes a product look expensive! It works by stamping pre glued metallic foil onto the printed surface by using heat and pressure. Laminating (sandwiching in plastic)- This provides a greater protection than varnish, it creates a wipe-off surface. The process of laminating involves heat sealing a thin layer of a clear polymer (such as PET) to the printed surface, using heat and pressure from big steel rollers. Varnishing & foil blocking improve the aesthetics of a printed product. Lamination improves the aesthetics but also adds strength and durability. Printing finishes:

26 Printing finishes: Embossing and diecutting: Embossing (creates a raised impression) The embossing process raises part of the surface by applying about five tonnes of pressure to a steel die or stamp onto the printed surface. That gives a really effective subtle visual and textural addition to the product but it greatly increases the cost of printing because it is so expensive to set up. Die cutting There are loads of graphic products that use all sorts of complicated curves and creases. Think about the shapes involved when making a pop-up card or a net for a package. Die cutting is used to cut out these nets. It uses a system similar to that you would use in cutting pastry with a pastry cutter. The outline of an object to be cut out will be made by inserting sharp blades called press knives into a sheet of thick plywood ( called a press forme). This is then placed on top of the card and it is pressed down to cut the shape out. Round or serrated edge blades can be used to create a crease line or perforated line. The net can then be moved to a folding table to be creased.

27 Printing finishes: Die Cutting Crease lines can be folded on a folding table or by hand. Most products are nets, so glue is then added to the tabs only to make the finished product. Cutting knife Creasing rule Perforating knife

28 Corporate Identity A corporate identity or brand is the image the public has of a company through it s publicity material, slogans, conduct etc. A logo helps the public recognise the company but the corporate identity forms the basis for the company s ideas and how it wishes to be seen. Many successful examples of corporate identities are organisations like McDonalds, Nike and Adidas they produce a large number of products and all of them are easily identifiable. The identity will be associated with the company whether the products are sold to customers or not. Companies can improve their corporate identity by being seen as morally and socially responsible. Eg: McDonalds- fruit and reduced salt intake in Happy Meals, reusable boxes, pop out book tokens etc.

29 Corporate Identity: Logos Logos are used to ensure consumers can recognise a product or brand. They are often applied to all printed material (business cards, letter heads etc, as well as products, packaging, uniforms and transport. There are three main types of logo: Logogram: The initial letters of an organisation, such as Symbol: A simplified image such as Apple s logo Logotype: Text with a certain typeface to be distinctive, like Background images are also used to communicate information about the product. This is a method used by Cadbury in which there are glasses of milk. A logo must: Be clear and eye-catching Be easily transferrable to other types of material for the organisation to use Tell you enough information for it to become a trademark of the organisation

30 Influential designers Wally Olins Wally Olins is a brand consultant. Olins has worked with companies such as P&O and BT where the corporate image is included on every advertising campaign that they run. Olins now works with charities, governments and even countries and regions, helping them not only to have a corporate image, but also to develop a corporate identity. He said: It seemed sensible to present the idea of the company as a a whole, through it s products, environment and behaviour rather than just through advertising.

31 Typography Typography is a vital part of promotional material and advertising. Designers often use typography to set a theme, mood and to target an audience. Typography is the art form of letter style and design. Typeface: The style of text used. Changing from Comic Sans to Times New Roman is changing the typeface. Font: A specific letter type consisting of upper and lowercase letters. This can be regular or changed to bold or italic or bold and italic. There are then 4 different fonts, but only one typeface. Kerning: Changing the space between letters to achieve the best visual result. Sizing: The size is changed in points, one point is 1/72nd of an inch (0.25mm) so for example a size of 72 points would be one inch or 25mm. Type can also be made narrower or wider, or finer or darker.

32 Typography Serif: Short lines added to ends of letters conveys quality, seriousness, tradition. Serifs come from the use of brushes and chisels in the past. Sans Serif: Conveys better value for money, fun, modern values. Sans serif fonts don t have the extra strokes seen in a serif font. Script: Looks handwritten so seems more trustworthy and friendly. Can be hard to read. They are usually used as decorative fonts and are designed to attract attention.

33 Typography

34 Typography Kerning Letter spacing (kerning) is the space between letters, and it has a big impact on the presentation of your work. It can make the text harder to read if the letters are too far apart or too close together. Line spacing Line spacing is the space between two consecutive lines, or rows of letters. The amount of space needed will depend on the typeface used. Line spacing is the gap here between the two rows.

35 Colour & Mood Colours can be organised into different groups. Primary colours are RED, BLUE AND YELLOW. They can be mixed together to produce many other colours. Secondary colours are ORANGE, PURPLE and GREEN. These colours are made by mixing together two primary colours. Orange = red + yellow. Green = blue + yellow. Purple = red + blue.

36 Colour & Mood Complementary colours. Complementary colours are found opposite each other on the colour wheel. Green and red. Purple and yellow. Orange and blue. The colours are contrasting. They stand out against each other and can seem more intense than on their own. By using CAD you can select and change the colours really easily.

37 Colour & Mood Hues and Tones. Hue is just another word for colour. It is the actual colour. Eg. red, green, orange. The tone of the colour is how dark or light it is. This creates different tones of colour eg. light blue, royal blue or navy blue. They way you perceive a colour can be affected by its surroundings. The red stands out against black and green backgrounds. However, red looks a bit duller against the orange and white. It is best to avoid using red and green together the most common type of colour blindness is red/green!

38 Colours are also associated with different meanings. Knowing the different meanings can help you when making design decisions. Colour & Mood Colours can be used to represent mood. To create a heavy mood, you might use a dark solid colour. For a light mood you would use a paler colour. Blue is Cold Calming Hygienic Road Signs Associated with intelligence and unity Yellow is Sunshine Happiness/ joy Warmth Cheerful Caution Orange is Red is Anger Danger Conflict Fire/ sun Warmth Green is Growth Environment Renewal Harmony Nature Health Safety Vibrant Warm Sun Citrus Good health Purple is Royalty Expensive Luxury Creativity

39 Scaling Designers will often produce scaled models of their designs as in many instances making life size models or drawings is difficult and a waste of resources. For example, someone designing a nightclub or shop would not produce a to scale model. You must always note the scale you are working to when producing a scaled drawing. Scale 2:1 (twice full size) 1:1 (full size) 1:2 (half size) Use A small intricate item (eg earring) A hand held object (eg mobile phone, CD case, toothbrush) A small electronic device (eg laptop) 1:10 A piece of furniture 1:100 A house or garden 1:500 A very large building (eg sports stadium)

40 CAM: Laser Cutter (CAM/CNC) Laser cutters/etching machines are capable of very accurate work as a laser is used to etch or cut material precisely. They can be used in the cutting/ shaping of precise parts for prototype architectural models and etching a range of materials such as glass, marble, woods, plastic and even stainless steel. The laser cutter / engraver uses a laser beam to etch the shapes to precisely the correct depth. The laser machine takes a fraction of the time to manufacture a piece of work of this type compared to traditional methods. A typical Laser Cutter / Etching Machine is shown below. The example shown is no larger than a typical photocopier. A vacuum bed holds the work to cut/ engraved securely and the lens system directs the laser as it cuts / etches the material.

41 Laser Cutter (CAM/CNC) A close up of a typical lens system can be seen below. The lens system slides up and down the motorised slide control system. The microprocessor controlled height guide ensures that the laser cuts to the correct depth. The laser is deflected from it source within the machine through a series of precision lenses/mirrors and focussed accurately on the area to be cut/etched. The laser removes small dots of material, up to 1200 dots per inch. This means that it is able to cut extremely accurate shapes and produce astonishingly detailed etchings. The laser cutter is similar to an ink jet printer. The printer sprays ink onto the paper in a series of dots that make up a picture or text. The laser cutter removes material in a series of dots producing pictures / etchings and shapes cut away from the surface of the material.

42 Laser Cutter (CAM/CNC) If a circular or curved product such as a glass container is to be etched then a motorised roller system is used. The rollers are controlled by the microprocessor, rotating the glass at exactly the right speed and direction. This allows etching to be produced accurately on the surface. The height guide ensures that the laser is set to the correctly at all times. This system allows uneven surfaces to be etched as well as surfaces that are uniform.

43 Laser Cutter (CAM/CNC) Design to manufacture Laser cutters / etching machines will cut, etch and shape a range of materials with great precision. The process starts with the designer using a vector or bitmap drawing package such as Corel Draw or Corel Paint. A design is produced and saved in the normal way. When the drawing is ready to be etched or cut and shaped on a laser machine, the file menu is selected and from this the print menu and sent to the laser cutter in the same way as sent to a printer. The computer is normally connected to the laser cutter via a USB connector. The file is transferred from the computer to the laser cutter. The laser cutter converts the design into coordinates and it is these that are used to move the laser lens system to the correct positions when cutting takes place.

44 Laser Cutter (CAM/CNC) Design to manufacture Laptop connected to laser cutter with USB cable

45 Vinyl cutter (CAM/CNC) In a typical school graphics room, a vinyl cutter can manufacture sticky symbols and text for labelling packaging and displays. In industry vinyl is often used for signage on a wide variety of surfaces. When in use, the cutter moves along two axis X & Y.

46 Vinyl cutter (CAM/CNC) Stage 1: Design letters and direction sign using Computer-Aided Design (CAD) software Stage 2: Cut letters and direction sign using Computer-Aided Manufacturing (CAM) A vinyl cutter is used to cut the shapes and letters in the design

47 Vinyl cutter (CAM/CNC) Stage 3: Weeding (removing unwanted vinyl) Stage 4: Use low tack film/tape is used to lift the vinyl letters and direction sign from the backing film.

48 Vinyl cutter (CAM/CNC) Stage 5: Position the lettering and arrow before removing the low tack film to reveal the final sign