Revista de Psihologie: 2011, t. 57, nr. 3

Size: px
Start display at page:

Download "Revista de Psihologie: 2011, t. 57, nr. 3"

Transcription

1 Revista de Psihologie: 2011, t. 57, nr. 3 - Revista de Psihologie 1 of :30 Revista de Psihologie: 2011, t. 57, nr. 3 (Journal of Psychology) Vol. 57, Nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011 STUDII ŞI CERCETĂRI ŞTEFAN VLĂDUŢESCU Subliminal perception and subliminal communication Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011 ŞTEFAN C. LIŢĂ The impact of theoretical construct validity on cauzal structure model within baking industry a study of applied multivariate data analysis Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011 BRÎNDUŞA ORĂŞEANU Memories and triangulation in interpretative psychoanalytical work. I Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011 DOINA-ŞTEFANA SĂUCAN, MIHAI IOAN MICLE Un subiect neglijat în psihologia organizaţională: emoţia Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011 VIRGINIA ROTĂRESCU Profilul familiei cu un părinte cu SNC afectat acut. II. Studiu experimental Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011 LORETA MAGDALENA POPA Implicaţiile stării depresive asupra patologiei somatice CRITICĂ ŞI BIBLIOGRAFIE MIHAI IOAN MICLE, DOINA-ŞTEFANA SĂUCAN, Motivarea personalului Ghid pentru manageri, Bucureşti, Editura Tribuna Economică, 2010, 309 p. (Anca Mădălina Dogar) LAURA GRÜNBERG (coord.), Introducere în sociologia corpului. Teme, perspective şi experienţe întrupate, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 2010, 308 p. (Constantin-Ovidiu Craiu) IN MEMORIAM TATIANA SLAMA-CAZACU TATIANA SLAMA-CAZACU TATIANA SLAMA-CAZACU (25 ianuarie aprilie 2011) (C. Voicu, Maria Moţescu, Grigore Nicola)

2 2 of :30 Revista de Psihologie: 2011, t. 57, nr. 3 - Revista de Psihologie Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie REZUMATE SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION AND SUBLIMINAL COMMUNICATION ŞTEFAN VLĂDUŢESCU Abstract The study joins to general psychology. It refers to the elucidation of the status of "subliminal perception" concept, on the epistemological side, and to the delimitation of the content of the perceptive phenomenon which this appoints to, on the pragmatic side. The existence of the subliminal human "consumption" is tested by using logical, psycho- logical, and "of law" arguments and thus the phenomenon is taken out from the shape of any doubt. Subliminal perception does exist. It is not a perceptive act (intentional act), but a perceptive fact (it happens with no implication of the preceptor subject's volition, but sometimes against his will). If the reality of the subliminal perceptive experience, as a whole, in the psychological sphere of the "common sense", was theoretically long refused as a whole, forms of which, such as: the semantic non-conscious primarity (Marcel, 1983), the subliminal sensibilization (Colin Cherry), the non-conscious affective preferences (Bornstein, Leone, Galley, 1987), the semantic processing (Miclea, 1999), were easily assimilated among the gains of the applied psychology. It was necessary only one step in order to reach from "forms" to "type". As a realization of this thinking and above it, as a delimitation (with a separate justification) subliminal perception is chosen to be characterized as being a "type of perception" (Ciofu, 1994) and not a "special form" (Zlate, 1999). It is shown that this type of perception is a communication chanel. On the other hand, after analysing the factors of the subliminal perception (the perceptor subject, the context and the perceptive object), some effects of the subliminal processing of some messages upon behavior are presented. Thus it is concluded that the changes, the alterations that may occur by subliminal perception way are superficial and of short duration but they could become cognitive schedules by consolidating them in other ways. The human behavior cannot be controlled using subliminal messages, but it can accept directing influences. We can talk about general classes, but not specific behaviors (Miclea, 1999). Keywords: subliminal perception, subliminal communication, subliminal channel. REZUMAT Studiul se înscrie în domeniul psihologiei generale. El vizează, pe linie epistemologică, clarificarea statutului conceptului de percepţie subliminală" în structura aparatului conceptual al psihologiei, iar pe linie pragmatică, delimitarea conţinutului fenomenului perceptiv pe care acesta îl desemnează. Prin argumente logice, psihologice şi de autoritate" se probează existenţa unui consum" uman subliminal şi se scoate fenomenul în afara câmpului oricărei îndoieli. Percepţia subliminală există. Ea nu este un act perceptiv (act intenţional), ci un fapt perceptiv (se produce fără implicarea voinţei subiectului perceptor, uneori chiar împotriva voinţei acestuia). Dacă realitatea experienţei perceptive subliminale, ca atare, în cadrul psihologic al bunului simţ", a fost ca întreg din punct de vedere teoretic îndelung refuzată, forme ale acesteia precum: primaritatea semantică non-conştientă (A. Marcel), sensibilizarea subliminală (Colin Cherry), pre- ferinţele afective non-conştiente (R.F. Bornstein, D.R. Leone, D.J. Galley), procesarea semantică (M. Miclea), au fost cu uşurinţă înglobate între câştigurile psihologiei aplicate. De la forme" la tip" nu era de făcut decât un pas. Ca un câştig al acestui raţionament şi în plus, ca o delimitare (cu o justificare separată) se optează pentru caracterizarea percepţiei subliminale ca tip de percepţie" (I. Ciofu) şi nu ca formă specială" (M. Zlate). Acest tip de percepţie, se arată, constituie un canal de comunicare. Pe de altă parte, după ce se analizează factorii percepţiei subliminale (subiectul perceptor, contextul şi obiectul perceptiv), se evocă unele efecte ale procesării subliminale a unor mesaje asupra comportamentului. Se concluzionează, în acest sens, că schimbările, modificările ce se pot produce pe calea percepţiei subliminale sunt de suprafaţă şi de scurtă durată şi că întărite, consolidate pe alte căi, ele se pot instala ca scheme cognitive. Comportamentul uman nu poate fi controlat pe calea mesajelor subliminale, dar el poate primi influenţe de direcţionare. Se pot induce clase generale şi nu comportamente specifice (M. Miclea). Cuvinte-cheie: percepţie subliminală, comunicare subliminală, canal subliminal. Text integral in format PDF (/images/revista_de_psihologie/2011_03/art 01 Vladutescu.pdf) Inapoi la Cuprins THE IMPACT OF THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT VALIDITY ON CAUSAL STRUCTURE MODEL WITHIN BANKING INDUSTRY a study of applied multivariate data analysis ŞTEFAN C. LIŢĂ Abstract The current analysis is based on Hopkins' data (1997) used to investigated the causal relations between strategic planning and financial performance within banking industry. The correlation matrix for the seven items developed to capture the construct of strategic planning intensity was used to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis and then, a structural model was fitted to data in order to replicate the model used in the original paper. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that: (a) the 7 original items do not measure the specified latent variable, but two separated factors that explain 49% of the variance, (b) the latent variable "strategic planning intensity" might be regarded as one-factor structure measured by 5 items (V1 determining banks' mission, V2 developing major long term objectives, V5 evaluating strategic options, V6

3 3 of :30 Revista de Psihologie: 2011, t. 57, nr. 3 - Revista de Psihologie implementing strategic options, V7 controlling the implemented strategic option). Although the results of structural equation modelling were not very clear, the general impression was that strategic planning intensity could be indeed regarded as a mediator between institutional factors (managerial and organisational) and financial performance, because: (a) managerial factors have a strong direct effect (0,82) on strategic planning intensity, and also an indirect effect (0,41) on financial performance, mediated by planning intensity, (b) organisational factors have a direct effect on financial performance (0,77) and also an indirect effect (0,086) mediated by planning intensity. The paper ends with few recommendations regarding alternative strategies that might be used to improve the structural model. Keywords: confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling, strategic planning, managerial and organisational factors, financial performance. REZUMAT Analiza realizată se bazează pe datele obţinute din studiul lui Hopkins (1997) în care s-au investigat relaţiile cauzale dintre planificarea strategică şi performanţa financiară în domeniul bancar. Matricea corelaţiilor pentru cei 7 itemi dezvoltaţi să măsoare conceptul de intensitate a planificării strategice" a fost utilizată pentru a realiza o analiză factorială confirmatorie şi apoi un model structural a fost testat cu scopul de a replica analiza din articolul original. Rezultatele analizei factoriale confir- matorii au arătat că: (a) cei 7 itemi originali nu măsoară variabila latentă specificată, ci doi factori separaţi care explică 49% din varianţă, (b) variabila intensitatea planificării strategice" poate fi privită ca un factor măsurat de 5 itemi (V1 determinarea misiunii băncii, V2 dezvoltarea obiectivelor pe termen lung, V5 evaluarea opţiunilor strategice, V6 implementarea opţiunilor strategice, V7 controlul implementării). Deşi rezultatele modelării cu ajutorul ecuaţiilor structurale nu au fost foarte clare, impresia generală a fost totuşi aceea că intensitatea planificării poate fi considerată un factor care mediază relaţia dintre factorii instituţionali şi performanţa financiară, deoarece: (a) factorii manageriali au un efect direct (0,82) asupra planificării şi un efect indirect (0,41) asupra performanţei financiare, mediat de planificare; (b) factorii organizaţionali au un efect direct (0,77) asupra performanţei financiare şi un efect indirect (0,086), mediat de planificare. Lucrarea se încheie cu câteva recomandări referitoare la strategii alternative care ar putea fi utilizate pentru a optimiza modelul structural. Cuvinte-cheie: analiză factorială confirmatorie, modelare prin ecuaţii structurale, planificare strategică, factori manageriali şi organizaţionali, performanţa financiară. Text integral in format PDF (/images/revista_de_psihologie/2011_03/art 02 Lita.pdf) Inapoi la Cuprins MEMORIES AND TRIANGULATION IN INTERPRETIVE PSYCHOANALYTICAL WORK. I BRÎNDUŞA ORĂŞANU Abstract This paper discusses the relation between procedural memory and declarative memory, from the perspective of the triangulation in psychoanalysis. The patient's explicit reference to his past, even when it procedurally is a defence, it is also, declaratively, a step towards assuming the origin of a certain psychic content. This step would correspond to a witness": within the framework of the judiciary metaphor, the side in the patient which declares" the reconstruction of his past gives witness" about something which can only belong to himself. The author underlines the importance of the active contribution by the patient to the birth of interpretation in the here and now. The patient's explicit discourse upon his past may constitute itself as a necessary "third" in the differentiation between transference and countertransference, valid for both protagonists of the analytical session. This hypothesis is discusses and illustrated by a clinical fragment. Keywords: explicit memory, differentiation, triangulation, witness. REZUMAT Lucrarea discută raportul dintre memoria procedurală şi memoria declarativă, din perspectiva operaţiei de triangulare în psihanaliză. Referinţa explicită a pacientului la trecutul său, chiar dacă este o apărare din punct de vedere procedural, constituie, în mod declarativ, şi un pas spre asumarea originii unui anumit conţinut psihic. Acest pas ar corespunde cu un martor": dacă utilizăm metafora judiciară, partea din pacient care declară" reconstrucţia trecutului lui stă drept mărturie" că un anumit lucru nu poate să-i aparţină decât lui. Autoarea pune în evidenţă importanţa contribuţiei active a pacientului la formarea interpretării în aici-şi-acum. Discursul explicit al pacientului asupra trecutului său poate constitui, în sine, un terţ" necesar în diferenţierea dintre transfer şi contra- transfer, valid pentru ambii protagonişti ai şedinţei de analiză. Această ipoteză este ilustrată cu un fragment clinic. Cuvinte-cheie: memorie explicită, diferenţiere, triangulare, martor. Text integral in format PDF (/images/revista_de_psihologie/2011_03/art 03 Orasanu.pdf) Inapoi la Cuprins UN SUBIECT NEGLIJAT ÎN PSIHOLOGIA ORGANIZAŢIONALĂ: EMOŢIA DOINA-ŞTEFANA SĂUCAN, MIHAI IOAN MICLE Abstract This paper aims to answer the question "What is emotional intelligence and which is its role in the organization, at work?" It points out that emotional intelligence helps to promote a better performance at work. Emotional intelligence includes skills involving emotions self control, perception and recognition of others' emotions, which are predictive for a superior performance. The past 25 years, research has revealed also a consistent set of skills, self-confidence, initiative and teamwork which assure performance in organization.keywords: emotional intelligence,

4 Revista de Psihologie: 2011, t. 57, nr. 3 - Revista de Psihologie organization, group, social skills, relationships managing. REZUMAT Articolul de faţă îşi propune să răspundă la întrebarea ce este inteligenţa emoţională şi care ar fi rolul ei în organizaţii, la locul de muncă?" Se subliniază faptul că inteligenţa emoţională ajută la promovarea unei performanţe superioare în muncă. Inteligenţa emoţională înglobează abilităţi care implică controlul propriilor emoţii dar şi perceperea, recunoaşterea emoţiilor altora, fiind predictivă pentru o performanţă superioară la locul de muncă. Cercetarea ultimilor 25 de ani a reliefat consecvent un set de competenţe, precum încrederea în sine, iniţiativa şi lucrul în echipă care pot asigura perfor- manţa în organizaţii. Cuvinte-cheie: inteligenţă emoţională, organizaţie, grup, abilitate socială, managerizarea relaţiilor. Text integral in format PDF (/images/revista_de_psihologie/2011_03/art 04 Saucan.pdf) Inapoi la Cuprins PROFILUL FAMILIEI CU UN PĂRINTE CU SNC AFECTAT ACUT. II. STUDIU EXPERIMENTAL VIRGINIA ROTĂRESCU Abstract The study aims theoretically the special needs of families with a spinal cord/traumatic brain injured parent through the identification of the post-traumatic changes in the family system. The practical objective describes the pilot degree of functioning of the precocious prevention on psycho- pathology as a long term effect for the children in these families. Unlike the normal families, the injured patient families express the suffering of a troubled system. The children in these families have a psychiatric risk through a grown tendency towards internalization/externalization and total problems. The effects of the stressing event can decrease through psychological counseling, the coping strategies become more efficient and the family's functionality and health get better. Keywords: CNS injury, family functioning, children, long term health, precocious prevention. REZUMAT Studiul îşi propune, la nivel teoretic, să surprindă nevoile specifice apărute în familiile cu un părinte traumatizat vertebro-medular/craniocerebral prin identificarea modificărilor survenite în sistemul familial după intervenţia evenimentului traumatic. Obiectivul practic descrie stadiul pilot de funcţionare a intervenţiei de prevenţie precoce asupra psihopatologiei, ca efect pe termen lung, la care sunt expuşi copiii acestor familii. Familiile pacienţilor traumatizaţi exprimă suferinţele unui sistem tulburat cu tendinţa către redresare. Copiii acestor familii prezintă un risc psihiatric printr-o psihopatologie. Prin consilierea psihologică se diminuează efectele evenimentului stresant, strategiile de coping devin mai eficiente, funcţionalitatea şi sănătatea familiilor sunt îmbunătăţite iar evoluţia pacientului este către diminuarea solicitării în exces a serviciilor medicale. Cuvinte-cheie: traumatism al sistemului nervos central, funcţionarea familiei, copii, sănătate pe termen lung, prevenţie precoce. Text integral in format PDF (/images/revista_de_psihologie/2011_03/art 05 Rotarescu.pdf) Inapoi la Cuprins IMPLICAŢIILE STĂRILOR DEPRESIVE ASUPRA PATOLOGIEI SOMATICE LORETA MAGDALENA POPA Abstract Depressive disorder is prevalent in pacients with somatical diseases as cancer. In fact, any chronic disease or long-drawn recuperation can develop depressive disorders, just as some medication or treatments. Studies has shown that when depressive disorder is treated in an efficient way on pacients with serious somatical disease, this impoves the prognostic of the others diseases and the pacient adaptation to the treatment. Somatical diseases could predispose to the appearance of depression and vice versa, also common causes, genetics or of environment, could predispose the individual to both of them. Pacients with serious somatical diseases have additional risc factors for the appearance of depression which comes from the period of necessary treatment of the somatical disease, the severity of this being directly proportional to the intensity of depression. Consequences of cancer and medical treatment could appear in time on medical side, psychological, social, occupational and sexual. After the initial adaptation to diagnosis and treatment, women psychosocialy shake down to new conditions better in the first or second year after the finish of the medical cure. Still, there are cases of anxiety and depression generated of fear or disease supposed to be awful, or about the prevalent fear of the appearance of a new tumor or reappearance of one. Keywords: depression, cancer, stress, therapy, treatment (cure). REZUMAT Tulburarea depresivă este prevalentă la pacienţii cu boli somatice de tipul cancerului. De fapt, orice boală cronică sau recuperare prelungită poate precipita tulburări depresive, la fel ca şi unele medicamente sau tratamente. Studiile au arătat că atunci când tulburarea depresivă e tratată eficient la pacienţii cu boală somatică gravă, acest lucru îmbunătăţeste pronosticul celorlalte boli şi complianţa pacientului la tratament. Bolile somatice pot predispune la apariţia depresiei şi viceversa iar cauze comune, genetice ori de mediu, pot predispune individul la amândouă. Pacienţii cu boli somatice grave au factori de risc suplimentari pentru apariţia depresiei ce derivă din timpul de tratament necesar bolii somatice, severitatea acesteia fiind direct proporţională cu intensitatea depresiei. Consecinţele cancerului şi tratamentului pot să apară în timp pe latura medicală, dar şi psihologică, socială, ocupaţională, sexuală. După adaptarea iniţială la diagnostic şi tratament, femeile se adaptează psihosocial în general bine, în primul sau al doilea an după terminarea tratamentului. Sunt totuşi cazuri de anxietate şi depresie generate de frica de boală socotită înspăimântătoare sau de teama predominantă de apariţie a unei noi tumori sau recidive. Cuvinte-cheie: depresie, cancer, stres, terapie, tratament. 4 of :30

5 5 of :30 Revista de Psihologie: 2011, t. 57, nr. 3 - Revista de Psihologie Text integral in format PDF (/images/revista_de_psihologie/2011_03/art 06 Popa.pdf) Inapoi la Cuprins CRITICĂ ŞI BIBLIOGRAFIE MIHAI IOAN MICLE, DOINA-ŞTEFANA SĂUCAN, Motivarea personalului Ghid pentru manageri, Bucureşti, Editura Tribuna Economică, 2010, 309 p. Text integral in format PDF (/images/revista_de_psihologie/2011_03/art 07 critica.pdf) Inapoi la Cuprins IN MEMORIAM TATIANA SLAMA-CAZACU (25 ianuarie aprilie 2011) Text integral in format PDF (/images/revista_de_psihologie/2011_03/art 08 in memoriam.pdf) Inapoi la Cuprins Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011 Details Category: Numere publicate (/index.php/arhiva) C Last Updated: 16 July 2013 < Hits: 920

6 STUDII ŞI CERCETĂRI SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION AND SUBLIMINAL COMMUNICATION ŞTEFAN VLĂDUŢESCU Abstract The study joins to general psychology. It refers to the elucidation of the status of subliminal perception concept, on the epistemological side, and to the delimitation of the content of the perceptive phenomenon which this appoints to, on the pragmatic side. The existence of the subliminal human consumption is tested by using logical, psychological, and of law arguments and thus the phenomenon is taken out from the shape of any doubt. Subliminal perception does exist. It is not a perceptive act (intentional act), but a perceptive fact (it happens with no implication of the preceptor subject s volition, but sometimes against his will). If the reality of the subliminal perceptive experience, as a whole, in the psychological sphere of the common sense, was theoretically long refused as a whole, forms of which, such as: the semantic non-conscious primarity (Marcel, 1983), the subliminal sensibilization (Colin Cherry), the non-conscious affective preferences (Bornstein, Leone, Galley, 1987), the semantic processing (Miclea, 1999), were easily assimilated among the gains of the applied psychology. It was necessary only one step in order to reach from forms to type. As a realization of this thinking and above it, as a delimitation (with a separate justification) subliminal perception is chosen to be characterized as being a type of perception (Ciofu, 1994) and not a special form (Zlate, 1999). It is shown that this type of perception is a communication chanel. On the other hand, after analysing the factors of the subliminal perception (the perceptor subject, the context and the perceptive object), some effects of the subliminal processing of some messages upon behavior are presented. Thus it is concluded that the changes, the alterations that may occur by subliminal perception way are superficial and of short duration but they could become cognitive schedules by consolidating them in other ways. The human behavior cannot be controlled using subliminal messages, but it can accept directing influences. We can talk about general classes, but not specific behaviors (Miclea, 1999). Cuvinte-cheie: percepţie subliminală, comunicare subliminală, canal subliminal. Keywords: subliminal perception, subliminal communication, subliminal channel. 1. INTRODUCTION The concept of subliminal perception is among the few concepts that have a history relatively well established. Universitatea din Craiova, Facultatea de Litere. Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011

7 202 Ştefan Vlăduţescu 2 Emerged at the middle of the century, it has been imposed especially by the resonance of the double targetted experiments: the phycho-teoretical one and the commercial-practical one, the latter being prevalent. Subliminal is a neologism which exceeds, relatively unusual, a well trained man s lexical horizon. Maybe because of that, as an astonishment, the subliminal perception remains a perceptive approach amenable to doubt. In Latin, sub-liminal means under-threshold. A stimulus (perceptive object) is subliminal when its action period upon the analizors is smaller than the action necessary for its conscious recognition or when its intensity is so feeble that it can t become consciously consistent. Its adaptive consciouly-intentional features (element of the perceptor subject) and of the threshold ones (element of the perceptive object) are the main factors of any perceptive activity. Therefore, even when it comes to subliminal perception, they must be cleared first. 2. THE SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTIVE FACT The perception process is formed by one or more perception facts, in general acceptance. The man perceives whether he wants it or not. Sometimes he does it on purpose, sometimes not on purpose. These activities are facts of perception. When he intentionally perceives, his manifestation is a perceptive act, for example when he wants to hear something and he can hear (for this situation the language has a clearer articulation: hears ), he wants to see something and he can see, he wants to feel by touching something and he can feel etc. When perception takes place with the conscience of perception, then we re dealing with a perceptive act. The act performed with conscience is an intentional act, because, as A. Camus shows, the conscience is characterized by intention (Camus, 1994, p. 132). But when perception takes place involuntary, subconsciously (as in the case of subliminal perception) or unconsciously, we assist to a perceptive fact, in restricted acceptance. The perceptive act is an intentional reception, unlike the perceptive fact, when the perception takes place with no will, sometimes against an eventual conscious will of the aimed preceptor subject: I don t want to hear does not merely mean I can t hear. The perceptive act involves intention and other practical derivatives of the conscience: motivations, attention, mechanisms, rules and strategies, feed-back etc. In the perceptive act, the intention develops not only by its initiation, but also by interrupting the perceptive technology before going through all the necessary operations for attaining a percept. Anyway, the intention produces perceptive effects.

8 3 Subliminal perception and subliminal communication 203 The perceptive act and the perceptive fact have as elements: a preceptor subject, a perceptive object and a percept, the result of the perceptive process. The concepts of perceptive act and of perceptive fact are not new. They have been used by the specialists of the general psychology, but with no imputable rigor, because it comes to the maturity the science itself has got to, to its critical stage. The object appears and its perception takes place, when the material signal it produces fits the receptor s sensibility range. The sensation is determined by an objective excitation which overcomes the receptor s noise, the absolute inferior threshold. If this limit is overstepped, the excitation will not be consciously recorded, as an act. Our contact with the external sources of information, as M. Golu shows (Golu, 1975, p. 131), may be established in two ways: passively, when the information issued by source falls itself within our reception field, and actively, when we intentionally look ourselves or purposely come across a certain source s action. In both cases a conformation of the corresponding communication channels develops: the oriented mobilization of one and the relative disconnection of the others. In our opinion, the passive contact represents a fact of perception in a restricted acceptance, and the active one, an act of perception. The concept of fact, meaning the reality which asserts itself, has appeared rather late in the history of psychology. Even so, it s defining idea, as a gesture of the mind s coherence, preceded it by the connotative articulation, the conscience of the difference between act and fact existed before it: the acquired operational characteristics make the man not only to see, but to notice, not only to hear, but to listen, not only to feel the touch of the objects, but to touch those exploratory etc. (Rubinstein, 1960, p. 39). In the category of the perceptive facts are included not only those operations and involuntary perceptive actions, but more accurate, those which happen right outside the conscience space. Among the latter are the facts of subliminal perception which develop in the process of subliminal perception. It may be emphasized that the subliminal perception is not an act, but a perceptive fact, and by procedure rather an automatic mechanism than an algorithmic or heuristic strategy. The acquired operational characteristics make the men not only to see (perceptive fact), but to notice (perceptive act), not only to hear (fact), but also to listen (act), not only to feel the touch of the objects (fact), but to touch them exploratory (act) etc. 3. THE SUBLIMINAL THRESHOLD The subliminal perception designates the perception fact of some stimuli of which parameters register under the threshold of the conscience human perception.

9 204 Ştefan Vlăduţescu 4 In fact, the stimulus duration is often shorter than the awareness duration, and because of that the phenomenon is called subception. M. Reuchlin uses the term to designate the sensorial processes of the stimulus recognition, which take place before the proper perception. The subliminal perception is the result of the capacity of human reception devices to record, process and respond to the stimuli that can t reach the minimal absolute limit. When it comes to this special type of perception, as I. Ciofu (Ciofu, 1994, p. 8 9) qualifies it, the second element that must be considered as defining, after the character of fact, is the character of threshold. It is necessary to make the difference, the same well-known psychologist asserts, between the perceptive threshold and the physiological threshold, situated beneath the first, in order to go beyond it, the stimulus needs less energy. Between the two thresholds there is an active reception area that provides more information than we are aware of. In this case the phenomenon of subliminal dynamic activation happens: sensorial physiological received information tend to be transformed in conscience psychical acts. They don t become conscious; they only remain to the stage of psychical facts (unconscious). The words, the visual or auditory presented images can trigger the phenomenon, the subliminal perceptive fact. The difference between the physiological limit (the limit beginning which the stimulus intensity awakens the sensorial analyzers and produces a brain processing that goes beyond the conscious control) and the perceptive limit (the limit beginning which the subject consciously perceives) has been integrated to the conceptual device of psychology by R. Plotnik and S. Mollenauer. On the other hand, it must be said that between the physiological threshold and the perceptive one there is another threshold: the affective one. Before rationally responding (cognitively, conceptually), M. Golu asserted (Golu, 1975, p. 251), to some external influence or another, the subject responds affectively, the affective perception limit being significantly lower than of the cognitive one. Both the physiological threshold and the affective one is under the perceptive threshold, namely in the subliminal perception area. The subliminal limit is variable, depending on the stimulus (perceptive object), preceptor and context. 4. SPECIAL FORM OF PERCEPTION OR SPECIAL TYPE OF PERCEPTION In essence, if in any perception case, of any type of perception, there is a perceptive limit and physiological one, then for any type of perception we will have (for the sensorial channels) a conscious perception and another one, unconscious. So that the doubt must be removed on this special type of perception: the presence of the subconscious phase in perception may be separated and always highlighted (Ciofu, 1994, p. 9).

10 5 Subliminal perception and subliminal communication 205 The subliminal perception would be a reaction of the organism to an unconscious received excitation, because the excitants which produce it are under the sensorial threshold, as intensity or exposure duration (Cosmovici, 1994, p. 113). Accepting the existing of the phenomenon as unchallengeable, M. Zlate asserts that for the situation in which it happens, the term of perception would be improper. He doesn t doubt any further, but he remains in the perception area, qualifying the phenomenon as a special form of perception (Zlate, 1999, p ). Consequently we have to choose between a special type of perception and a special form of perception. The choice will be conducted by the epistemology decision to make a difference between the type (model) and occurrence. Because in the perception perimeter, based on the criterion of the processing awareness, two types of perception are defined (subliminal and supraliminal), we will prefer another special type of perception, which, in his turn, has different forms as occurrences. 5. FORMS OF SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION (EXPERIENCES AND EXPERIMENTS) 5.1. EXPERIENCES The problem of subliminal perception has been raised, for the first time practically, in relation to a marketing study, conducted by James Vicary on September-October 1956 (Moldoveanu, Marin, 1995, p. 111), who, in a cinema situated in New Jersey, integrated into the full-length film ( Picnic ) subliminal imperative advertisement messages: Drink Coca-Cola! and Eat Pop Corn!. The duration of each was of 1/3000 of a second, namely more under the human threshold of visual perception, subsequently stated at seconds (Ibidem, p. 113). The messages would repeat every 5 seconds. Obviously, the spectators have not been warned, they haven t seen them and they have never suspected they were on the screen. They weren t able to perceive those messages on the conscience level; they have received them in the subconscious. In six weeks, spectators were exposed to the messages. In this time, the sales increased at the shops situated at the cinema exit: 58% at pop-corn and 18% at coca-cola EXPERIMENTS After they evoke (already became a model) the fact of subliminal perception, of the pop-corn and the coca-cola consumption, J.G. Seamon and D.T. Kenrick (Seamon, Kenrick, 1992, p. 139), considering the phenomenon as an unconcealed reality, they argue: The effects of subliminal perception have been noticed in studies of priority, semantic primarity and in research on the affective preferences.

11 206 Ştefan Vlăduţescu 6 To be mentioned as well is the N.F. Dixon s (1981) ascertainment that psychologists have reached contradictory mixed results in examining the phenomenon The semantic processing A revealing experiment for the subliminal semantic processing level, mentioned by Şt. Prutianu (Prutianu, 1998, p. 229), was R. Fowler s (1981). At first, he has exposed the subjects to a subliminal stimulus, formed by the word Shelter. Then, he has displayed on a screen the words Hotel and Book. The subjects have been required to say what they believe the word with a similar significance to the subliminal stimulus is. 96% of the experimental groups members have answered HOTEL. The conclusion was that the subliminal message is processed, including semantically, but the processing is incomplete, imprecise and it refers only to the semantic range of the stimulus. It has been argued that the subjects aspirations and expectations, as well as their innate dispositions can be stimulated by the subliminal perception. Speaking of the same experiment, M. Miclea (Miclea, 1999, p. 126) asserts that the subliminal messages are processed including semantically, by an analyzing mechanism which obviously, being automatic, can t be processed. The semantic processing which happens is placed not at the level of individual significance, but at the one of categorial significance The non-conscious semantic primarity The emergence of the audio-subliminal perception phenomenon has been tested within the procedures of the semantic primarity, consisting of the influence of a word to the perception of the next word. The semantic primarity is in our opinion a procedure that belongs to the system of expectations and presences. The influence is inertial; the cognitive scheme of the semantic framing remains mobilized in the next word processing. It makes the perceptive subject to tend to give the following word an adjacent significance or belonging to the semantic range of the previous one. And hasn t C.S. Peirce indeed clearly said: Any previous thought suggests something to the next thought, namely is the sign for something to the latter? (apud Eco, 1980, p. 218). Remarkable confirmative studies on the subject the British psychologist Anthony Marcel (Marcel, 1983, p ) has undertaken. Let s take the following example: if we read in a text the word explosive, we will processed more rapidly the significance of the next enunciation: The bomb exploded when passing nearby, than if it would have been preceded by the word beach. We are dealing with a coincidental primarity, or, more exactly, processed post-factum. A. Marcel was interested in how a semantic primarity can be achieved when the previous stimulus is subliminally presented (so fast that it can be perceived unconsciously). He showed to the subjects, supraliminal, two items on a screen.

12 7 Subliminal perception and subliminal communication 207 Their task was to decide whether the second item was a word ( child ) or a nonword ( glayer ). They had to say yes, if the second word had been a non-word. A. Marcel noticed that when the first stimulus was connected to the second, the semantic primarity phenomenon would occur; the subjects were faster answering child was the word, if it would have been preceded by a connected word teenager, then if it would have been preceded by the word street. The experiment became more interesting when the first word has been subliminal presented. Apparently (as subliminal), the first stimulus (word) was non-consciously recorded, due to the projection speed which has overcame the processing capacity. In any case, he was consciously connected semantically to the second. A. Marcel noticed that the semantic primarity occurred again. An experiment conducted by Ghevrin (apud Zlate, 1999, p. 159) proved that those initially subliminal displayed words are easily recognized when they are subsequently supraliminal presented. R.B. Zajonc (1980) submitted subliminal to some subject different forms of polygons. Subsequently, he submitted those supraliminal, mixed with others. He noticed that the subjects recognized and named easier and more rapidly the polygons which represented the exercise of subliminal perception, although they couldn t say if these were part of the subliminal range or just part of the supraliminal one Subliminal sensitization Colin Cherry, in his experiments regarding the audio technique of tracking, has demonstrated that the subjects to whom two messages were submitted by headphones (one message to an ear and the other message to the other ear), if they pay attention to one of them, they can t really say anything about the other one, as if they couldn t heard it at all (apud Eysenck and Eysenck, 1999, p. 158). Related to that an experiment conducted by Corteen and Dunn (apud Zlate, 1999, p. 159) is to be mentioned: after sensitizing subliminal the subjects to some words by electric shock, they presented them a set of words to one ear and another set to the other ear, asking them to pay attention to what they have been hearing with only one ear. According to C. Cherry s supraliminal perception theory, the words they haven t paid attention to they wouldn t have to have heard. The discovery has been that the careless ear had processed subliminal what it had been assigned to The non-conscious affective preferences Even our inclination to some stimulus J.G. Seamon and D.T. Kenrick state may be influenced by subliminal processes (Seamon, Kenrick, 1992, p. 140). The results of R.F. Bornstein, D.R. Leone and D.J. Galley s experiments stand for arguments. Irregular geometric figures were presented subliminal for a millionth of a second to some subjects. At this extremely short duration, they have said that they had seen only flashes of light. After five exposures to these flashes,

13 208 Ştefan Vlăduţescu 8 they have been given a recognition test consisting of figures belonging to the flashes and new ones, asking them to select the figures they liked. Their tendency was to choose as likable more figures belonging to the ones submitted subliminal. In other words, they have liked more the pre-watched figures, even they were incapable of recognizing them. Other experiments have proved that subliminal exposure of a stranger might influence our opinion on that particular person when, subsequently, we will meet her on a social situation. We tend to like people we have already met, even though we don t recall seeing them (Bornstein, Leone and Galley, 1987, p ). 6. SUBLIMINAL CHANNEL? The existence of subliminal perception is so demonstrated by the alterations of the perceiving subjects behavior (volitional, emotional and cognitive) which in its absence wouldn t happen. Once admitted, it has been questioned if it might be a channel of communicative influence upon the perceiving subject and if so, in what areas and with what efficiency. Accepting the possibility of generating a subliminal perception, auditory, visual or of any kind is taking into account a communication channel with a separate existence from the conscious channels (Channouf, Pichevin, 1998, p ). Messages can be transmitted by subception. They take the form of some weak energetic excitations that are perceived only physiological and only by the human subconscious, with no conscious involvement. Professor M. Zlate s opinion is that through the messages transmitted by subliminal perception is hard to believe it might obtain a deep, significant change of the individual s attitudes, motivations and behaviors or that specific actions and attitudes might occur. The subliminal perception might be and it is the channel through which slightest, superficial, transitory alterations of behavior might occur. Perception, as it is known, is not autotelic, but generally, oriented, teleological. It is rather offensive that defensive. Through it the primary conceptual organizing of the cognitive material takes place (Habermas, 1983, p. 431), being something through which we exist and representing the core of any philosophical and psychological comprehension (Lyotard, 1997, p. 59). If to the previous statement we add the opinion we tend to believe as being true, that the subliminal perception is a special type of perception, then we will conclude by designing the syllogism: The subliminal perception consists of the primary conceptual organizing of the cognitive material; The subliminal perception is a part too of the core of the philosophical and psychological comprehension; The subliminal perception is generally teleological and offensive.

14 9 Subliminal perception and subliminal communication THE SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTION FACTORS Among the conditionings of the efficiency of the subliminal perception occurring are the factors of the perceptive object (the level of the stimulus intensity), the stable and the momentary factors of the perceiving subject (the state of the sensorial analyzers, the motivation, the interest, the anxiety state, the fatigue state etc.) and the actions of the competing perceptive objects THE PERCEIVING SUBJECT The man, as a perceiving subject, doesn t generally register only what he wants; by subliminal perception, he registers unconscious signals, placed under the threshold. Thus, he is easy to manipulate, and he may be influenced; his behavior may be oriented unconsciously as well (Ciofu, 1999, p. 34). The subjects of the subliminal perceptive fact, as the experiments revealed, are normal, commune people, anyone of us. Thus, the subliminal perception doesn t imply a qualification, an endowment or any special training, but it is not also excluded that, as different as we are, the subliminal perception wouldn t be sooner at some sensitive individuals hand than at others less sensitive. If those mentioned may be considered efficiency conditions, the existence condition related to the subject of the subliminal perceptive act, will consist of internal factors of state: the fatigue, the presence or the absence of interest, of motivation, of anxiety etc. (Ibidem, p. 9). If by subliminal perception messages can be transmitted to the individual, messages he is not aware of consciously, which are out of his control, then it will be considered that he may be influenced through them and so through them his behavior may be controlled; he as a person may be manipulated to some extent. Things are not that simple yet. Of course subliminal perception is a certainty, it is, M. Miclea asserts, a fact which cannot be doubted any more (Miclea, 1999, p. 126). It implies an unconscious processing of the physical characteristics of the stimulus, performed by the cognitive modules involved in the primary and secondary processing. As any perception, it has an object, when it comes to auditory and video perception, a certain message, a cohesive and coherent assembly of significances, target oriented. The perceiving subject is not affected by any kind of message he processes subliminal, but only by those semantically processed. The messages are not individually processed, absolutely concretely. They are the object of some categorial processing, of general type. Consequently we are dealing with guiding general messages, categorial but not purely concrete as the supraliminal ones, for example. Referring to the relation between the subliminal message and the perceiving subject s behavior targeted by them, M. Miclea states that, because the semantic processing of the significance cores aim the semantic family that particular message belongs to and not its individual significance, they can support, at most, a set of behaviors, but cannot induce a specific behavior (Miclea, 1999, p. 126).

15 210 Ştefan Vlăduţescu 10 The subject s life and behavior of the subliminal perceptive fact, M. Zlate asserts (Zlate, 1999, p. 162), may be influenced in a subtle manner, even without him realizing it. So the human behavior can t be controlled by subliminal messages, but it may be induced a guiding behavior of general type (Hoka, 1998, p ). Some of the components of the verbal messages are linked with subliminal messages. As professor Emilia Parpală asserts: the fatherly tone, with a subliminal message of trust, competence, experience and order, induces an automatic reaction of listening and obedience (2009, p. 76) THE SUBLIMINAL PERCEPTIVE OBJECT In what the object of the perceptive subliminal fact concerns to, it is formed especially by one-channel, simple stimuli, addressed to one sensorial analyzer (audio, video). At a closer look we realize that the subliminal perceptions occur only to our most developed and intellectualized senses (hearing and seeing) which have very elevated absolute sensitivities, a wide access range and well delimited absolute minimal thresholds (Channouf, 2000, p. 14). It is difficult, if not impossible to achieve, a subliminal tactile, gustatory, smelling perception. These senses are less conceptually evolved, and their influence, though deep, as in the case of smell, it is really reduced, these being less sensitive channels. Without having experimental arguments, we can, on the other hand, state that the subliminal processing of some complex stimuli can be achieved, but with difficulty and no significant effects. In I. Ciofu s opinion the subliminal perception object must comply with the condition of placing itself as intensity between the physiological limit and the perceptive limit (Ciofu, 1994, p. 9) PROCESSING AND DEFENCE Related to the way the subliminal perception occur, sometimes as in C. Cherry- Corteen, Dunn s case, even trying to undermine the supraliminal perception, it must be showed that it, to a great extend automatic, mechanical, than the supraliminal one, occurs by subconscious processing which ensure unusual and invisible activations and relations (Zlate, 1999, p. 161), followed up by subliminalsupraliminal sums. At subliminal level, the messages are registered, especially through some cognitive schemes. If the perception takes place with a balance of the perceptive mechanisms and strategies, the subliminal one will be essentially modal, belonging to the unconscious mechanisms area.

16 11 Subliminal perception and subliminal communication 211 In what the supraliminal perception concerns to, the perceiving subject has a perceptive defense behavior, in exchange, in the subliminal perception s case, it looks completely unprotected. Even so, the J.R. Vokey s research evinced that the perceptive subject s expectations by involving some descendent processing can cancel the impact of the subliminal messages (apud Miclea, 1999, p. 127). The expectations form a real self surveillance system; they are part of the individual s system of hopes and presences, is the representational instance with which the subject faces reality. The main form of defense is in the subliminal field the positive system of expectations, the positive thinking. To believe we are positively influenced by any thing which happens to us is to cancel three quarters of the subliminal messages effects which have the target of affecting us negatively. 8. UTILITY AND PERSPECTIVES As shown, the most important effects of the subliminal perception are affective, but the cognitive and behavior ones do not lack either. They are dependent to the intentions of the one who uses it (apud Miclea, 1999, p. 127). They are generally ethically beneficial and praxiological profitable, but it must be said, they can be immoral or ontologically affective (Key, 1974, p ). Following the idea of its profitable effects, the subliminal perception has been used in trade (leading to the increase of products sales and the decrease of the number of shop lifting), in the development of the fast reading capabilities, in quitting smoking, in therapeutic acts, as well as in treating depression, anxiety and self distrust, alcoholism and drugs use, in the enhancement of self affirmation, and in the development of self-monitoring. Following this direction, the area of using subliminal messages can be extended to dreams and hallucinations directing, and to increasing the memorizing and learning performances (Zlate, 1999, p. 161). This special type of perception hasn t escaped some unethical uses, at first, subsequently, due to their regulation, even illegal. Such messages have been used in the United States of America for winning the audience: the radio, fighting with the television has been inserting messages like The television is boring. The subliminal messages have become in some cases elective means in political propaganda (Kapferer, 1998, p ). It is not excluded, although they are not confirmed and well known either, the research undertaken in this direction, that people or interested organizations, having adequate technical means, using phone lines or TV channels transmit subliminal flows, containing messages oriented to the communication partners or to possible arch receiver (receivers which don t have the quality of the recipient of the supraliminal messages), such as: Don t pay attention!, Talk more! etc.

17 212 Ştefan Vlăduţescu 12 Accepting reality as it is, with a conscience beyond the doubt regarding the existence of the subliminal perception, The Federal Communication Commission of the United States of America has prohibited his own members the use of the subliminal messages. Provisions of this kind have been subsequently adopted in England and Australia. Thus the subliminal perception acquired a birth certificate and a note book; it has already become a practical issue, implicitly theoretically indisputable. Primit în redacţie la: 11.I.2011 BIBLIOGRAPHY 1. BORNSTEIN, R.F., LEONE, D.R, and GALLEY, D.J., The generalizability of subliminal more exposure effects, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 53, CAMUS, A., Mitul lui Sisif, Bucureşti, Editura Rao, CHANNOUF, A., PICHEVIN, M.F., Le pouvoir subliminal, Lausanne Delachaus et Niestle, CHANNOUF, A., Les images subliminales. Une approche psychosociale, Lausanne Delachaus et Niestle, CHERRY, COLLIN E., Some experiments on the recognition of speech with one and two ears, Journal of Acoustical Society of America, 25, 1953, p CIOFU, I., Percepţia subliminală I, Psihologia, 1, CIOFU, I., Percepţia subliminală II, Psihologia, 2, COSMOVICI, A., Psihologie generală, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, DIXON, N.F., Preconscious Processing, New York, Wiley, DIXON, N.F., Subliminal Perception. The Nature of a Controversy, London, McGraw Hill, ECO, U., Tratat de semiotică generală, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică şi Enciclopedică, EYSENCK, H., EYSENCK, M., Descifrarea comportamentului uman, Bucureşti, Editura Teora, GOLU, M., Principii de psihologie cibernetică, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, HABERMAS, J., Cunoaştere şi comunicare, Bucureşti, Editura Politică, HOKA, H., Reclama şi mesajele subliminale, Psihologia, 1, KAPFERER, J.N., Căile persuasiunii, Bucureşti, Editura INI, KEY, WILSON BRIAN, Subliminal Seduction, New York, Signet Books, KUNST-WILSON, W.R., ZAJONC, R.B., Affective discrimination of stimuli that connot be recognized, Science, 207, LYOTARD, J.F., Fenomenologie, Bucureşti, Editura Humanitas, MARCEL, A., Conscious and unconscious perception, Cognitive psychology, 15, MICLEA, M., Psihologie cognitivă, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, MOLDOVEANU, M., MARIN, D., Psihologia reclamei, Bucureşti, Editura Libra, PARPALĂ, EMILIA, Verbal communication, Craiova, Academic Publishing House Universitaria, 2009, p PRUTIANU, ŞT., Comunicare şi negociere în afaceri, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, RUBINSTEIN, S.L., Existenţă şi conştiinţă, Bucureşti, Editura Ştiinţifică, SEAMON, J.G., KENRICK, D.T., Psychology, New Jersey, Pentice-Hall, ZAJONC, R.B., Feeling and thinking: Preferences need no inferences, American Psychologist, 35, ZLATE, M., Psihologia mecanismelor cognitive, Iaşi, Editura Polirom, 1999.

18 13 Subliminal perception and subliminal communication 213 REZUMAT Studiul se înscrie în domeniul psihologiei generale. El vizează, pe linie epistemologică, clarificarea statutului conceptului de percepţie subliminală în structura aparatului conceptual al psihologiei, iar pe linie pragmatică, delimitarea conţinutului fenomenului perceptiv pe care acesta îl desemnează. Prin argumente logice, psihologice şi de autoritate se probează existenţa unui consum uman subliminal şi se scoate fenomenul în afara câmpului oricărei îndoieli. Percepţia subliminală există. Ea nu este un act perceptiv (act intenţional), ci un fapt perceptiv (se produce fără implicarea voinţei subiectului perceptor, uneori chiar împotriva voinţei acestuia). Dacă realitatea experienţei perceptive subliminale, ca atare, în cadrul psihologic al bunului simţ, a fost ca întreg din punct de vedere teoretic îndelung refuzată, forme ale acesteia precum: primaritatea semantică non-conştientă (A. Marcel), sensibilizarea subliminală (Colin Cherry), preferinţele afective non-conştiente (R.F. Bornstein, D.R. Leone, D.J. Galley), procesarea semantică (M. Miclea), au fost cu uşurinţă înglobate între câştigurile psihologiei aplicate. De la forme la tip nu era de făcut decât un pas. Ca un câştig al acestui raţionament şi în plus, ca o delimitare (cu o justificare separată) se optează pentru caracterizarea percepţiei subliminale ca tip de percepţie (I. Ciofu) şi nu ca formă specială (M. Zlate). Acest tip de percepţie, se arată, constituie un canal de comunicare. Pe de altă parte, după ce se analizează factorii percepţiei subliminale (subiectul perceptor, contextul şi obiectul perceptiv), se evocă unele efecte ale procesării subliminale a unor mesaje asupra comportamentului. Se concluzionează, în acest sens, că schimbările, modificările ce se pot produce pe calea percepţiei subliminale sunt de suprafaţă şi de scurtă durată şi că întărite, consolidate pe alte căi, ele se pot instala ca scheme cognitive. Comportamentul uman nu poate fi controlat pe calea mesajelor subliminale, dar el poate primi influenţe de direcţionare. Se pot induce clase generale şi nu comportamente specifice (M. Miclea).

19 THE IMPACT OF THEORETICAL CONSTRUCT VALIDITY ON CAUSAL STRUCTURE MODEL WITHIN BANKING INDUSTRY a study of applied multivariate data analysis ŞTEFAN C. LIŢĂ * Abstract The current analysis is based on Hopkins data (1997) used to investigated the causal relations between strategic planning and financial performance within banking industry. The correlation matrix for the seven items developed to capture the construct of strategic planning intensity was used to conduct a confirmatory factor analysis and then, a structural model was fitted to data in order to replicate the model used in the original paper. The results of confirmatory factor analysis showed that: (a) the 7 original items do not measure the specified latent variable, but two separated factors that explain 49% of the variance, (b) the latent variable strategic planning intensity might be regarded as one-factor structure measured by 5 items (V1 determining banks mission, V2 developing major long term objectives, V5 evaluating strategic options, V6 implementing strategic options, V7 controlling the implemented strategic option). Although the results of structural equation modelling were not very clear, the general impression was that strategic planning intensity could be indeed regarded as a mediator between institutional factors (managerial and organisational) and financial performance, because: (a) managerial factors have a strong direct effect (0,82) on strategic planning intensity, and also an indirect effect (0,41) on financial performance, mediated by planning intensity, (b) organisational factors have a direct effect on financial performance (0,77) and also an indirect effect (0,086) mediated by planning intensity. The paper ends with few recommendations regarding alternative strategies that might be used to improve the structural model. Cuvinte-cheie: analiză factorială confirmatorie, modelare prin ecuaţii structurale, planificare strategică, factori manageriali şi organizaţionali, performanţa financiară. Keywords: confirmatory factor analysis, structural equation modelling, strategic planning, managerial and organisational factors, financial performance. 1. INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to illustrate how to apply multivariate data analysis (especially confirmatory factor analysis CFA and structural equation modelling SEM) to investigate the factorial validity of a theoretical construct and the validity of a causal structure. * The paper was written in 2009 while I was affiliated to the Operational Research Group, Department of Management, London School of Economics and Political Science. Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011

20 2 The impact of construct validity on structural model 215 In the last 15 years, CFA and SEM have been used for analysing a variety of topics in social and behavioural sciences, such as ability growth and decline (Raykov, 2000), academic self concept and achievement (March, Hau & Kong, 2002), achievement tests (Muraishi & Toyoda, 1998), child vocabulary competence (Bornstein & Haynes, 1998), cognitive abilities (Carlstedt, 2001), cognitive screening (Anderson, Burton, Parker & Godding, 2001), cross-cultural measurement equivalence (Byrne & Campbell, 1999), differential item functioning (Chan, 2000). However, there have been errors in using these techniques, because some authors used structural models without paying too much attention to the measurement models. For example, according to Byrne (1994) it is critical that the measurement of each latent variable be psychometrically sound, because the structural portion of a standard full structural equation model involves relations among latent variables and the primary concern in working with a standard full model is to assess the extend to which these relations are valid. Thus, an important preliminary step in the analysis of such models is to test for the validity of the measurement model before making any attempt to evaluate the structural model. Once it is known that the measurement model is operating adequately, one can then have more confidence in findings related to the assessment of the hypothesised structural model. 2. METHOD This analysis is based on data from a study of Hopkins and Hopkins (1997). The authors investigated the causal relations between strategic planning and financial performance within banking industry and concluded that the intensity with which banks engage in the strategic planning process has a direct, positive effect on banks financial performance, and mediates the effects of managerial and organizational factors on banks performance. However, the authors did not provide any information about the validity of strategic planning intensity or the coherence of financial performance, although these 2 dependent variables should be regarded as latent constructs OBJECTIVE The study has two main objectives: Because the authors do not provide information about the validity of the measure strategic planning intensity and their study is entirely based on the importance of this latent variable for explaining financial performance in banks, the first aim of this analysis is to assess whether the variable strategic planning intensity represents a valid construct. The second objective is to assess whether the final model derived in their paper (Figure 3, p. 647) could be improved by using a valid measure of strategic planning intensity.

21 216 Ştefan C. Liţă DATA COLLECTION The chief executive officers (CEOs) of 112 banks completed a survey about strategic planning. The survey included items about: strategic planning intensity, financial performance, managerial factors, and organizational factors. Strategic planning intensity. On a scale ranging from 1 (a weak emphasis) to 10 (a strong emphasis), the CEOs were asked to indicate how much emphasis their bank placed on each component of the strategic planning process. The components included (1) determining banks mission, (2) developing major long term objectives, (3) assessing the external environment, (4) assessing the internal environment, (5) evaluating strategic options, (6) implementing strategic options, and (7) controlling the implemented strategic option. Financial performance. The performance of banks has been measured by three variables: profit, return on equity, deposit growth. Organisational factors. Bank size and bank structural complexity were the two observed variables used to measure the organisational factors latent variable. Managerial factors. Beliefs about planning performance relationships were measured by asking the CEOs to evaluate how critical they feel strategic planning is (or can be) to a bank s financial success. Strategic planning expertise was measured by asking the CEOs to indicate the level of expertise that exists in their bank to perform strategic planning. The CEOs indicated their beliefs on a 10-point scale ranging from not critical/low (1 point) to very critical/high (10 points) DATA ANALYSIS According to many experts in multivariate analysis (Bartholomew et al., 2002) among the most useful computer programmes for CFA and SEM are LISRELL, EQS and MPlus. The current analysis was conducted with the software EQS (Bentler, 2006; Byrne, 1994). The first objective was achieved by conducting a confirmatory factor analysis to assess the adequacy of the measurement model for strategic planning intensity. The analysis used the correlation matrix for the seven items developed to capture this construct. In order to reach the second objective, a structural model, identical with that used by Hopkins and Hopkins (1997), was fitted to data and then few attempts to optimise it have been explored. 3. RESULTS In this section the main results of both measurement and structural models will be provided and analysed THE MEASUREMENT MODEL In order to assess the validity of the latent variable strategic planning intensity I have started by fitting a one-factor model.

22 4 The impact of construct validity on structural model The first measurement model: One-factor structure with 7 items The diagram for this model, with standardised coefficients, is displayed in Figure 1.1 and seems to indicate a few problems with variables V2, V3 and V4. These variables, namely developing major long term objectives (V2), assessing the external environment (V3), and assessing the internal environment (V4) are not strongly correlated with the latent variable strategic planning intensity. Moreover, variable 4 is negatively related with the overall construct. V E1* V E2* * V E3* 0.13* Planning Intensity* -0.21* V E4* 0.84* 0.93* V E5* 0.87* V E6* V E7* Figure 1. EQS diagram for measurement model 1 (one-factor construct). Furthermore, if we analyse the standardised residual information in Table 1, we see that the average off-diagonal value is 0,078 which does not reflect a good fit to data. The largest off-diagonal values are 0,40, 0,29, 0,21, 0,14, and they reflect model misfit associated with variables V3, V2, V4. Table 1 STANDARDISED RESIDUAL MATRIX (model 1) V1 V2 V3 V4 V5 V6 V7 V1 0,000 V2 0,096 0,000 V3 0,145 0,404 0,000 V4 0,029 0,216 0,297 0,000 V5 0,001 0,000 0,043 0,066 0,000 V6 0,024 0,008 0,066 0,040 0,020 0,000 V7 0,045 0,068 0,017 0,030 0,033 0,002 0,000 AVERAGE ABSOLUTE STANDARDIZED RESIDUAL = 0,0590 AVERAGE OFF-DIAGONAL ABSOLUTE STANDARDIZED RESIDUAL = 0,0786

23 218 Ştefan C. Liţă 5 Finally, Table 2 displays a goodness of fit summary, and we notice statistics reported for several indices, all related with the model as a whole. Among all these values are the chi-square with a value of 68,32 for 14 degrees of freedom (p = 0,000), and many fit indexes NFI (0,83), CFI (0,85), GFI (0,86), AGFI (0,72) with a RMSEA of 0,18. Therefore, the indexes are consistent in suggesting that the hypothesised model represents an inadequate fit to data. However, the Cronbach s alpha for this measure seems to be 0,72. Table 2 GOODNESS OF FIT SUMMARY FOR METHOD = ML (model 1) INDEPENDENCE MODEL CHI-SQUARE = 406,686 ON 21 DEGREES OF FREEDOM INDEPENDENCE AIC = 364,686 INDEPENDENCE CAIC = 286,597 MODEL AIC = 40,324 MODEL CAIC = 11,735 CHI-SQUARE = 68,324 BASED ON 14 DEGREES OF FREEDOM PROBABILITY VALUE FOR THE CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC IS 0,00000 THE NORMAL THEORY RLS CHI-SQUARE FOR THIS ML SOLUTION IS 62,281. FIT INDICES BENTLER-BONETT NORMED FIT INDEX = 0,832 BENTLER-BONETT NON-NORMED FIT INDEX = 0,789 COMPARATIVE FIT INDEX (CFI) = 0,859 BOLLEN'S (IFI) FIT INDEX = 0,862 MCDONALD'S (MFI) FIT INDEX = 0,785 JORESKOG-SORBOM'S GFI FIT INDEX = 0,862 JORESKOG-SORBOM'S AGFI FIT INDEX = 0,724 ROOT MEAN-SQUARE RESIDUAL (RMR) = 0,112 STANDARDIZED RMR = 0,112 ROOT MEAN-SQUARE ERROR OF APPROXIMATION (RMSEA) = 0,187 90% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF RMSEA (0,143 0,231) The second measurement model: Two distinct factors Based on the above mentioned results and the correlation matrix, I have conducted an exploratory factor analysis which proved that there are indeed 2 factors: the first factor is represented by V1 (determining banks mission), V5 (evaluating strategic options), V6 (implementing strategic options), V7 (controlling the implemented strategic option) and the second factor is represented by V2 (developing major long term objectives), V3 (assessing the external environment) and V4 (assessing the internal environment). Therefore, I decided to fit a model with two separated, but correlated factors. The diagram for the two-factor model, with standardised coefficients, is displayed in Figure 2 and it seems to indicate a better fit. However, variable 4 is still not well integrated in factor 2.

24 6 The impact of construct validity on structural model 219 If we analyse the goodness of fit summary, we observe the chi-square has a value of 47,53 for 13 degrees of freedom (p = 0,00001) and the fit indexes are not consistent. According to both CFI and IFI the fit is 0,91 and this model might be considered a marginal significant, but good enough model. Nevertheless, based on other indexes, NFI (0,88), GFI (0,89), AGFI (0,77), RMSEA (0,15) we have to admit that this model also represents an inadequate fit to data The third measurement model: Two-factor structure with 6 items Finally, I have decided to assess whether strategic planning intensity could be represented by a two-factor structure. V E1* * V E5* F1* 0.93* V E6* 0.87* V E7* 0.26* V E2* 0.71 F2* 0.64* V E3* 0.26* V E4* Figure 2. EQS diagram for measurement model 2 (two separated factors). The diagram is depicted in Figure 3, and if we analyse the goodness of fit summary, we observe a little improvement. The chi-square has a value of 31,98 with 4 degrees of freedom and NFI (0,91), CFI (0,92), IFI (0,92) and GFI (0,91) are consistent in showing that this model fits better the data. However, AGFI (0,57) and RMSEA (0,25) indicate again some possible problems The fourth measurement model: One-factor structure with 5 items In order to reduce these potential problems, we could represent the construct of strategic planning intensity as having only one-factor structure with less than 7 items. After testing models with 6 and 5 items, I decided that the latter solution (where the latent variable is measured by 5 items: V1 determining banks mission, V2 developing major long term objectives, V5 evaluating strategic

25 220 Ştefan C. Liţă 7 options, V6 implementing strategic options, V7 controlling the implemented strategic option) is better. If we fit such model, then the standardised residual information (Table 3) shows that the average off-diagonal value is.028 which reflects a good fit to data. A review of the frequency distribution indicates that all residual values fall between 0,10 and + 0,10. V E1* D1* 0.96 F1 0.79* 0.84* V E5* 0.28* 0.93* 0.87* V E6* F3* V E7* 1.00* 0.96* V E2* F * V E3* D2* Figure 3. EQS diagram for measurement model 3 (two-factor structure). V E1* 0.79 V E2* 0.27* Planning Intensity* 0.84* V E5* 0.93* 0.87* V E6* V E7* Figure 4. EQS diagram for measurement model 4 (one-factor structure with 5 items).

26 8 The impact of construct validity on structural model 221 Table 3 STANDARDIZED RESIDUAL MATRIX (model 4) V1 V2 V5 V6 V7 V1 0,000 V2 0,096 0,000 V5 0,002 0,000 0,000 V6 0,022 0,008 0,019 0,000 V7 0,046 0,068 0,035 0,002 0,000 AVERAGE ABSOLUTE STANDARDIZED RESIDUAL = 0,0199 AVERAGE OFF-DIAGONAL ABSOLUTE STANDARDIZED RESIDUAL = 0,0298 The results of goodness of fit summary (Table 4) show that the chi-square has a value of 11,49 with 5 degrees of freedom, all the fit indexes agree NFI (0,96), CFI (0,98), IFI (0,98) and GFI (0,95), with a RMSEA of 0,10. As a consequence, we have now evidence that the theoretical construct strategic planning intensity can be measured in a valid way by 5 items out of 7, and the Cronbach s alpha for this measure is 0,85. Table 4 GOODNESS OF FIT SUMMARY FOR METHOD = ML (model 4) INDEPENDENCE MODEL CHI-SQUARE = 343,406 ON 10 DEGREES OF FREEDOM INDEPENDENCE AIC = 323,406 INDEPENDENCE CAIC = 286,221 MODEL AIC = 1,496 MODEL CAIC = 17,097 CHI-SQUARE = 11,496 BASED ON 5 DEGREES OF FREEDOM PROBABILITY VALUE FOR THE CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC IS 0,04239 THE NORMAL THEORY RLS CHI-SQUARE FOR THIS ML SOLUTION IS 11,839. FIT INDICES BENTLER-BONETT NORMED FIT INDEX = 0,967 BENTLER-BONETT NON-NORMED FIT INDEX = 0,961 COMPARATIVE FIT INDEX (CFI) = 0,981 BOLLEN'S (IFI) FIT INDEX = 0,981 MCDONALD'S (MFI) FIT INDEX = 0,971 JORESKOG-SORBOM'S GFI FIT INDEX = 0,959 JORESKOG-SORBOM'S AGFI FIT INDEX = 0,877 ROOT MEAN-SQUARE RESIDUAL (RMR) = 0,035 STANDARDIZED RMR = 0,035 ROOT MEAN-SQUARE ERROR OF APPROXIMATION (RMSEA) = 0,108 90% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF RMSEA (0,019 0,191) 3.2. THE STRUCTURAL MODEL For the second part of the analysis a structural model will be fitted in order to explain the relationship among strategic planning intensity (SPInt), financial performance (FPerf), managerial factors (MFact) and organisational factors (OFact). More precisely, we are interested to test whether strategic planning intensity mediates the relationship between financial performance and both managerial and organizational factors.

27 222 Ştefan C. Liţă The first structural model: Planning intensity as a mediator The diagram for this model, with standardised coefficients, is displayed in Figure 5 and it seems to look like a good model. However, if we analyse the goodness of fit summary (Table 5), we observe a few problems. The chi-square has a value of 104,18 with 46 degrees of freedom (p = 0,0000) and the fit indexes differ. According to CFI (0,91), IFI (0,91) and RMSEA (0,10) the model is good, but NFI (0,85), GFI (0,87), AGFI (0,78) show that it is not an adequate model. If we analyse the standardised residuals we observe that model misfit might be associated with variable 5 (developing major long term objectives) which shows quite high value related with V1 ( 0,21), V2 ( 0,20), V3 ( 0,15) and V15 ( 0,25). Therefore a possible improvement could be gained by deleting V5 from the model. V E4* D2* 0.81* V E5* * E11* 0.85 V * Man.Fact.* 0.82* Planning Intensity 0.83* 0.94* V E8* 0.86* 0.86* V E9* E12* 0.50 V * V E10* 0.51* E15* 0.94 E16* 0.99 V15 V * 0.14* Org.Fact.* 0.77* 0.84* V E1* Performance 0.65* V E2* 0.90* 0.00 V E3* D4* Figure 5. EQS diagram for structural model 1. However, apart from these comments, we can certify that strategic planning intensity play a mediating role between managerial and organisational factors, on one side, and financial performance, on other side. So, we can notice: a very strong relation between managerial factors and SPInt (0,82), organisational factors and FPerf (0,77), SPI and FP (0,51); a week relation (0,17) between organisational factors and SPI.

28 10 The impact of construct validity on structural model 223 Table 5 GOODNESS OF FIT SUMMARY FOR STRUCTURAL MODEL 1 INDEPENDENCE MODEL CHI-SQUARE = 740,209 ON 66 DEGREES OF FREEDOM INDEPENDENCE AIC = 608,209 INDEPENDENCE CAIC = 362,788 MODEL AIC = 12,187 MODEL CAIC = 158,864 CHI-SQUARE = 104,187 BASED ON 46 DEGREES OF FREEDOM PROBABILITY VALUE FOR THE CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC IS 0,00000 THE NORMAL THEORY RLS CHI-SQUARE FOR THIS ML SOLUTION IS 95,193. FIT INDICES BENTLER-BONETT NORMED FIT INDEX = 0,859 BENTLER-BONETT NON-NORMED FIT INDEX = 0,876 COMPARATIVE FIT INDEX (CFI) = 0,914 BOLLEN'S (IFI) FIT INDEX = 0,916 MCDONALD'S (MFI) FIT INDEX = 0,771 JORESKOG-SORBOM'S GFI FIT INDEX = 0,875 JORESKOG-SORBOM'S AGFI FIT INDEX = 0,788 ROOT MEAN-SQUARE RESIDUAL (RMR) = 0,078 STANDARDIZED RMR = 0,078 ROOT MEAN-SQUARE ERROR OF APPROXIMATION (RMSEA) = 0,107 90% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF RMSEA (0,079 0,133) V E4* D2* 0.79* V E5* * E11* 0.84 V * Man.Fact.* 0.76* Planning Intensity 0.80* V E8* 0.93* 0.84* 0.83* V E9* E12* 0.55 V * V E10* 0.72* E15* 0.84 E16* 0.95 V15 V * 0.31* Org.Fact.* 0.49* 0.83* V E1* Performance 0.65* V * E2* 0.87 V E3* D4* Figure 6. EQS diagram for structural model 2.

29 224 Ştefan C. Liţă The second structural model: Financial performance as a mediator If we reverse the relation between SPInt and FP we obtain the model depicted in Figure 6. In this case, as we can notice in Table 6, the chi-square has a value of 104,04 with 46 degrees of freedom and again there are some differences among the fit indexes: CFI (0,91), IFI (0,91) and RMSEA (0,10) suggest the model is adequate, but NFI (0,85), GFI (0,87), AGFI (0,79) show that it is not. If we analyse the standardised residuals of structural model 2 we observe that model misfit might be associated with financial performance: variable 1 shows quite high value related with V12 (0,34), V8 (0,22), V4 (0,21); variable 2 shows quite high value related with V12 (0,24) and V4 (0,21); variable 3 shows quite high value related with V12 (0,27) and V4 (0,21). Table 6 GOODNESS OF FIT SUMMARY FOR STRUCTURAL MODEL 2 INDEPENDENCE MODEL CHI-SQUARE = 740,209 ON 66 DEGREES OF FREEDOM INDEPENDENCE AIC = 608,209 INDEPENDENCE CAIC = 362,788 MODEL AIC = 12,040 MODEL CAIC = 159,010 CHI-SQUARE = 104,040 BASED ON 46 DEGREES OF FREEDOM PROBABILITY VALUE FOR THE CHI-SQUARE STATISTIC IS 0,00000 THE NORMAL THEORY RLS CHI-SQUARE FOR THIS ML SOLUTION IS 93,423. FIT INDICES BENTLER-BONETT NORMED FIT INDEX = 0,859 BENTLER-BONETT NON-NORMED FIT INDEX = 0,876 COMPARATIVE FIT INDEX (CFI) = 0,914 BOLLEN'S (IFI) FIT INDEX = 0,916 MCDONALD'S (MFI) FIT INDEX = 0,772 JORESKOG-SORBOM'S GFI FIT INDEX = 0,877 JORESKOG-SORBOM'S AGFI FIT INDEX = 0,791 ROOT MEAN-SQUARE RESIDUAL (RMR) = 0,120 STANDARDIZED RMR = 0,120 ROOT MEAN-SQUARE ERROR OF APPROXIMATION (RMSEA) = 0,107 90% CONFIDENCE INTERVAL OF RMSEA (0,079 0,133) 4. CONCLUDING REMARKS This study aimed to assess whether the variable strategic planning intensity, used and developed by Hopkins and Hopkins (1997), represents a valid construct and to test whether the final model derived in their paper offers a good enough understanding of the relationship between planning intensity and financial performance. The first hypothesis stated that strategic planning intensity might represent a unidimensional construct which can be adequately measured by seven items proposed

30 12 The impact of construct validity on structural model 225 by Hopkins. As we saw, using confirmatory factor analysis, I found evidences that those 7 items do not measure the specified latent variable, but two separated factors that explain 49% of the variance. After few alternative solutions have been tested (two independent factors, two-factor structure) the results showed that the latent variable strategic planning intensity might be regarded as one-factor structure measured by 5 items (V1, V2, V5, V6, V7). This model showed a good agreement of different fit index NFI (.96), CFI (.98), IFI (.98), GFI (.95), RMSEA (.10), and the reliability is Having established the structure of the latent variable, the next hypothesis was that structural model proposed by Hopkins and Hopkins (1997) represents a good explanation for the role of strategic planning intensity. The results of structural equation modelling were not very clear, some fit indexes CFI (0,91), IFI (0,91) and RMSEA (0,10) suggesting the model is good, while others NFI (0,85), GFI (0,87), AGFI (0,78) showing that somewhere there is a misfit. However, the general impression was that strategic planning intensity could be indeed regarded as a mediator between institutional factors (managerial and organisational) and financial performance. Managerial factors proved to have a strong direct effect (0,82) on strategic planning intensity, and also an indirect effect (0,41) on financial performance mediated by planning intensity. In the same time, organisational factors showed to have a direct effect on financial performance (0,77) and also an indirect effect (0,086) mediated by strategic planning intensity. The other possible causal relation from financial performance to strategic planning proved to be also veridical, although it changes the relation between organisational factors and strategic planning, with high organisational factor leading to low planning intensity. Taking account of these results, future investigation should be directed to analyse the following problems: a) Regarding the measurement of strategic planning intensity, different attempts might be conducted to develop and validate the construct because this is the most important variable. With present data, if, for instance, we reduce it to only four items, then the results of the structural model changes dramatically. b) Another possible alternative might be a model where the relation between organisational factors and planning intensity is deleted, because it already showed to be quite week. c) However, attention must be also focused to the way in which managerial and organisational factors are measured. The present solution does not seem to be a valid measure given the small number of items. In my opinion, at least 3 items should be developed for each construct, otherwise issues associated with measurement errors could easily occur. Otherwise, they could be simply used as observed variables. d) Finally, an attempt to group the managerial and organisational factors into a single construct might represent a good option. Primit în redacţie la: 5.X.2010

31 226 Ştefan C. Liţă 13 REFERENCES 1. ANDERSON, D.A, BURTON, D.B., PARKER, J.D. & GODDING, P.R., A confirmatory factor analysis of the cognitive capacity screening examination in a clinical sample, International Journal of Neurosciences, 111, 2001, p BARTHOLOMEW, D., STEELE, F., MOUSTAKI, I., GALBREIT, J., The analysis and interpretation of multivariate data for social scientists, Chapman & Hall/CRC, BENTLER, P., EQS Structural Equations Program Manual, Encino, CA, Multivariate Software Inc., BORNSTEIN, M.H. & HAYNES, O.M., Vocabulary competence in early childhood: Measurement, latent construct, and predictive validity, Child Development, 69, 1998, p BYRNE, B., Structural equation modelling with EQS and EQ/Windows: Basic Concepts, Applications and Programming, Sage Publications, BYRNE, B.M. & CAMPBELL, T.L., Cross-cultural comparisons and the presumption of wquivalent measurement and theoretical structure: A look beneath the surface, Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 30, 1999, p CARLSTEDT, B., Differentiation of cognitive abilities as a function of general intelligence: A latent variable approach, Multivariate Behaviour Research, 36, 2001, p CHAN, D., Detection of differential item functioning on the Kirton Adaption-Innovation Inventory using multiple-group mean and covariance structure analyses, Multivariate Behaviour Research, 35, 2000, p HOPKINS, W.E. & HOPKINS, S.A., Strategic planning financial performance relationships in banks: A causal examination, Strategic Management Journal, 18, 8, 1997, p MARCH, H.W., HAU, K.T. & KONG, C.K., Multilevel causal ordering of academic self-concept and achievement: Influence of language of instruction for Hong Kong students, American Educational Research Journal, 39, 2002, p MURAISHI, Y. & TOYODA, H., Analysis of standardized achievement tests by classical test theory and genetic factor analysis models, Japanese Journal of Educational Psychology, 46, 1998, p RAYKOV, T., Modeling simultaneously individual and group patterns of ability growth or decline, in T.D. LITTLE, K.U. SCHNABEL & J. BAUMERT (eds.), Modeling longitudinal and multilevel data: Practical issues, applied approaches, and specific examples, Mahwah, NJ, Erlbaum, 2000, p REZUMAT Analiza realizată se bazează pe datele obţinute din studiul lui Hopkins (1997) în care s-au investigat relaţiile cauzale dintre planificarea strategică şi performanţa financiară în domeniul bancar. Matricea corelaţiilor pentru cei 7 itemi dezvoltaţi să măsoare conceptul de intensitate a planificării strategice a fost utilizată pentru a realiza o analiză factorială confirmatorie şi apoi un model structural a fost testat cu scopul de a replica analiza din articolul original. Rezultatele analizei factoriale confirmatorii au arătat că: (a) cei 7 itemi originali nu măsoară variabila latentă specificată, ci doi factori separaţi care explică 49% din varianţă, (b) variabila intensitatea planificării strategice poate fi privită ca un factor măsurat de 5 itemi (V1 determinarea misiunii băncii, V2 dezvoltarea obiectivelor pe termen lung, V5 evaluarea opţiunilor strategice, V6 implementarea opţiunilor strategice, V7 controlul implementării). Deşi rezultatele modelării cu ajutorul ecuaţiilor structurale nu au fost foarte clare, impresia generală a fost totuşi aceea că intensitatea planificării poate fi considerată un factor care mediază relaţia dintre factorii instituţionali şi performanţa financiară, deoarece: (a) factorii manageriali au un efect direct (0,82) asupra planificării şi un efect indirect (0,41) asupra performanţei financiare, mediat de planificare; (b) factorii organizaţionali au un efect direct (0,77) asupra performanţei financiare şi un efect indirect (0,086), mediat de planificare. Lucrarea se încheie cu câteva recomandări referitoare la strategii alternative care ar putea fi utilizate pentru a optimiza modelul structural.

32 MEMORIES AND TRIANGULATION IN INTERPRETIVE PSYCHOANALYTICAL WORK. I BRÎNDUŞA ORĂŞANU Abstract This paper discusses the relation between procedural memory and declarative memory, from the perspective of the triangulation in psychoanalysis. The patient s explicit reference to his past, even when it procedurally is a defence, it is also, declaratively, a step towards assuming the origin of a certain psychic content. This step would correspond to a witness : within the framework of the judiciary metaphor, the side in the patient which declares the reconstruction of his past gives witness about something which can only belong to himself. The author underlines the importance of the active contribution by the patient to the birth of interpretation in the here and now. The patient s explicit discourse upon his past may constitute itself as a necessary third in the differentiation between transference and countertransference, valid for both protagonists of the analytical session. This hypothesis is discusses and illustrated by a clinical fragment. Cuvinte-cheie: memorie explicită, diferenţiere, triangulare, martor. Keywords: explicit memory, differentiation, triangulation, witness. 1. INTRODUCTION In past years, an especially interesting controversy in psychoanalytic theory regards the therapeutic role of memory recover. A number of psychoanalysts, P. Fonagy amongst them, argue that, during analysis, the reconstruction of the patient s memory is not curative in itself, as was thought on the basis of Freudian theory. Fonagy states (2003, p ) that recovery of childhood events constitutes only an occasion for the working through of emotional experience within the self-other relationship, from an alternate perspective. This author brings the evidence of studies made on the relationship between recovery of past experience and the type of memory at work. He quotes P. Gerhardstein et al. (2000, cf. Fonagy, 2003), who have argued that, to explore the memories of the patient s early childhood, one must rely on procedural memory, and not on declarative, or explicit, memory. The first kind of memory belongs to the un-conscious, and it has Facultatea de Psihologie, Universitatea Titu Maiorescu, Bucureşti; Laboratorul de cercetare în psihanaliză şi psihopatologie de la Universitatea Paris 7; Laboratorul de cercetare în psihogeneza şi psihopatologie de la Universitatea Paris 13. Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011

33 228 Brînduşa Orăşanu 2 had nothing to do with the repression phenomenon, whereas the second kind of memory corresponds to the dynamics of the unconscious, or pre-conscious, which is to say, with repression. As a consequence, it is the bringing into question of the subject s actual manner of thinking and being in the presence of the other which is therapeutic, and not memory recover, which inevitably implies the former. The psychoanalytical community does not hurry to adopt this view, not so much because of its explicit or declarative contents, as because its unclear implications. This view is in fact challenged, as it is considered an exaggeration. Harold Blum (2003) reproaches it with neglecting the pathological significance of infantile unconscious and the influence of this latter on the present. He does agree with the fact that transference does not mean a literal recapitulation of the past, as it also has a defensive dimension. He also agrees with the fact that any patient or any analyst can defend himself from an interpretation of the present by insisting on the past, and vice versa (Blum, 2003, p. 510). Blum on the other hand shows that one cannot ignore the past. According to him, if we admit that even illusion, of any kind, contains a kernel of truth, as well as any dream, we cannot deny this aspect of memory. He demands from Fonagy to clarify his position towards the role of words and images in the patient s autobiographical, declarative memory. In general, Blum maintains that, though P. Fonagy admits the importance of the patient s history in a declarative way, his theory on analytical technique marginalizes history (Blum, 2003, p. 512). Also, the observation occurs that primary processes in dreams and symptoms couldn t be attributed to procedural memory. Finally, Blum shows that a patient benefits more from implicit analytical experience especially when his capacity for insight and integration is limited (such as in the borderline personality). Other authors tend to have a more balanced attitude between Freud s archaeological metaphor on one side, and the working-through of the psychoanalytical experience on the other side. Thus, F. Petrella (2004, p. 1568) shows that any analytical process comprises two aspects: 1) the cognitive, intellectual (evidenced by Freud as the archaeological, or, the aspect of repression) and 2) the emotional, relational. Before the archaeological aspect (having to do with an unconscious event from the past) is recognized as such by the patient, it is manifested as present, with reference to the analyst. Petrella illustrates this issue with the dream of a patient, in which she and the analyst were together climbing up a road leading to some ruins, which they meant to visit. He remarks on the interest of the patient towards the walk with her analyst, but notices that what establishes the hierarchy of its importance is the patient s wish. The aim of the walk in the dream was in fact reaching the destination: the visiting of the ruins. Using the superb mythological-narrative metaphor, the same author shows how child, just like the neurotic, comes to the psychoanalytical session with some enigmas to be solved. The role of the Sphinx-analyst is to make possible the enunciation of these enigmas, and the role of the analyst is to enable and promote new meanings of the myth, favouring the best variants (Petrella, 2004).

34 3 Memories and triangulation in psychoanalytical work. I 229 We need now to reflect upon the importance of the memories recovery in the analytical process and in the change of psychic functioning. Before discussing this issue in more detail, let us remark parenthetically that, at the beginnings of his research, Freud emphasized the cognitive side of the analytical process. Freud gave up his first topic which mainly relied upon the dream pattern and the relationship between thing presentation and word presentation because of clinical reasons, to develop a second topographical model, relied upon motion and act (Green, 1999, p. 52). S. Botella (2005, p. 721) made the observation that according to the second Freudian topographical model, a theory upon the psyche ceases to focus on the notion of representation, given that Freud begins to favour phrases such as experiences of the id (Freud, 1923, p. 38). On the other hand, another author, P. Aulagnier, made an analogy between representational activity and cognitive activity. She showed that the aim of the work of the psychic apparatus is to process information coming from the outside, so as to obtain an image coherent with its own structure, intelligible for the subject (1975, p. 28, p ). We may say that Freud began by underlining the cognitive side of the psyche, only to continue by shifting the weight to driving towards the act which suggests both a notion of bodily experience and of psychic affect. Finally, F. Petrella showed that Freud, in his early conception on the analytic cure, put into evidence the cognitive, intellectual aspect (2004, p. 1568). Theoreticians who emphasize the relational reprocessing side of clinical experience thus emphasize the affective side of the analytical process, yet support their priority by recourse to cognitive psychology. This must mean that there is only too close a connection between the two sides... This is one of the aspects that account for the spiral evolution of psychoanalytic theory: one leaves behind a certain register then returns to it, but from a much more subtle perspective. 2. CLINICAL APPROACH I shall reproduce here, as food for thought, a clinical fragment (described in Orăşanu, 2010, p ) that has been related to me by a person who had undergone two analyses, with two different analysts. The fragment does not originate in my own practice as an analyst or supervisor. Yet, when someone recounted it to me, in an informal talk on psychoanalysis, it stroked me as being so interesting, that I asked the owner of the story permission to use it in the role of a clinical échantillon. The respective person, whom I shall call John, remembered the first sequence, S1, during the span of the second, S2. The sequences are written exactly as he noted them after the session containing S2. The ex-patient thought that the respective sequences had a connection between them that had a therapeutic impact on him and contributed to the positive effect of psychoanalysis on his life. Here is the succession of S1 and S2, belonging to the two different analyses, the second of which took place a few years after the first:

35 230 Brînduşa Orăşanu 4 Sequence 1 Analysis 1 Patient: I had a dream last night. A serpent-headed monster was heading towards me. I broke his head. [silence; then the patient anticipates analyst s question and is proud of being able to interpret himself] I think the serpent was you. Analyst: [silence] P: [remembers something and changes the subject] Sequence 2 Analysis 2 P: I remember something. Once, during my analysis with Analyst 1, I told him a dream I had had. In it I was breaking the head of a serpent-like monster. I told him I thought that the serpent was him. A heavy silence ensued. [silence; then, lively] I mean to say, heavy for me! A: You are telling me this so that I am not getting frightened... Allow me now to discuss this material in further detail. As we have no data on what happened before and after each sequence, I shall treat this fragment as if it were just one cell, in the hope that the details observed here may enable us have a picture of the tissue. It is clear that this kind of reflection cannot be confirmed, neither by the patient, nor by the analyst, which situation qualifies it for the status of a theoretical exercise. I shall consider that S2 constitutes the present time (the here and now, as the patient sits in his second analysis) and that S1 constitutes a moment of his past. Let us suppose that during Analysis 1 the subject had had a dream about his own destructiveness. He related that dream in the hope that he would discuss it with his analyst, given that he, as a patient, was not afraid to identify his analyst, declaratively, with the dangerous monster he had destroyed. But the analyst kept silent. For the moment, we shall ignore what significance the patient ascribed to the silence of Analyst 1 in S1. In fact, the question is: has had that silence any significance for him, as long as John says that, after the silence, he changed to another topic? He thus leads us to understand that something happened which made him abandon the initial topic. This aspect touches upon the pragmatic side of the two protagonists discourses namely, the extent to which verbal communication is intermingled with act intentions, that each of them tries to decipher. Thus, each of them, while they communicate, unconsciously asks himself What does he say to me? How shall I take it? What does he do to me? (Récanati, 1981; Labov and Fanshel, 1977, cf. Blanchet, 1994). We are now in S2. In the second analysis, the patient remembers S1, which is an indication that the story has remained unfinished. This means that the silence of Analyst 1 was not satisfactory for the subject, although he, at that moment, had not insisted on it. Why didn t he insist on it, though it was important for him? We may find out why in S2. In S2, the patient relates S1, that is the dream, and his own interpretation of it, to which he adds not that Analyst 1 said nothing, nor that he, John, kept silent (while probably waiting for an answer), but that a heavy silence ensued which is a formulation in the impersonal mood after

36 5 Memories and triangulation in psychoanalytical work. I 231 which he keeps silent. The silence in S2 is a repetition of the silence in S1, which now appears to John as being heavy for himself and for A1 ( ensued ). In other words, the silence then takes on now, and now only, a characteristic, i.e., a possible beginning of meaning. This thing presupposes the mingling of two phenomena: one is the fact that the patient interprets the interventions or the silences of the analyst, and the other is what Freud calls Nachträglichkeit. I shall stop here a moment for a theoretical excursus thereon. 3. NACHTRÄGLICHKEIT The Freudian concept of Nachträglichkeit (noun) and nachträglich (adjective, adverb) problematizes the psychoanalytic vision upon temporality and causality (Faimberg, 2005, p. 2). It was translated into French by après-coup, and in English by deferred action (Strachey), retrospective attribution (Thomä) or afterwardness (Laplanche, 1998). According to Laplanche, this notion establishes a complex and reciprocal relationship between an event and its ulterior (re)signification, which confers it a new psychic efficacy. In his letter to Fliess on 6 th December 1896, Freud wrote about re-arrangement and a re-transcription of memory traces (Freud, 1896). In another letter to Fliess, from 14 th November 1897, Freud uses the noun Nachträglichkeit, making a reference to the Project for a scientific psychology (1895), where he had described the respective phenomenon. This description accompanies the Emma case study, concerning which Freud says that the repressed memory of the event having taken place at the age of 8 changes itself only nachträglich in trauma, on the occasion of the event which had occurred at the age of 13. In the Wolf Man case, the dream had at the age of 4 gives meaning to the impression acquired at the age of 18 months, by means of the primal scene show, an impression which becomes reactivated and thus produces anxiety (Freud, 1918 [1914]). On the other hand, a conscious understanding of the dream had at the age of 4, only comes about 20 years later, during the analysis, which is a second Nachträglichkeit. J.-L. Donnet shows that Freud does not integrate this phenomenon in the analytical cure exploration, but regards it as a phenomenon «pre-existing to it» (2006, p. 716); it is a phenomenon which is not induced by the interpretation. Donnet draws attention upon the fact that, after all, the operation by which an event is being (re)signified is in itself an interpretation, which leads to the idea that, in the Emma case, for example, it could have been a symbolizing and integrating one. The same author comments upon the Wolf Man scene, in which Freud s patient turns his head, looks upon his analyst in an entreating and friendly way, then turns his eyes towards the clock. The meaning of this reveals itself later, in the context of the wolf dream and the story of the seven goat kids where the youngest kid saves himself from the wolf by hiding in the clock. This agieren of the transference and its ulterior signification account for the phenomenon called Nachträglichkeit

37 232 Brînduşa Orăşanu 6 on the intersubjective scene of transference, which is different from the already existing one on the intrapsychic scene, which was rememorized during the cure (Donnet, 2006). This theme was already tackled in 1981 by H. Faimberg, who affirmed that the après-coup operation (French term for Nachträglichkeit) appears in the present of the session and gives retroactive significance to a previous experience. She shows that Winnicott too had implicitly illustrated that, when he wrote that the fear of breakdown is linked to something which has already happened, but which then had no meaning because of the lack of a subject to experience it (Winnicott, 1974). Combining the notions of listening and après-coup, Faimberg came forward with the notion of listening to listening, which in clinical activity covers the manner in which the analyst may hear the significance re-allocated by the patient, retroactively, to the interpretation or the silence of the analyst (1996). Also, it brings to light the fact that the après-coup phenomenon presupposes two inseparable phases, anticipation, and retrospection (Faimberg, 2005, p. 5). J.-L. Donnet also refers to Winnicott, and to the idea of experience which cannot have a meaning when there is no subject. Hence, the re-allocation of significance by means of après-coup has got a subjectivizing effect, where the subject can thus modify his theory, more or less projective, about his own causality, assuming his psychic reality (Donnet, 2006). D. Birksted-Breen introduced the phrase reverberation time, which comprises both a chronological aspect and a back-and-forth aspect between mother and infant and which may be represented as spiralling in non-event ways. The same author put into evidence the fact that the phenomena of resignification and development are interconnected: development implies resignifications and retroactive resignification is developmental progression (Birksted-Breen, 2003, p ). This is precisely why, in the present article, I prefer to use Freud s terminology (Nachträglichkeit), which makes reference both to the (re)signification aspect (après-coup) and the developmental, in Freud s original description of the phenomenon: a restructuring following sexual maturation of the child, like in the case of Emma. The Nachträglichkeit phenomenon may be envisaged like a sort of interpretation. Let us now revert to John, particularly to the silence in S2 which repeats the one in S1. What makes it that things do not stop here, like they did in S1? It is probably the fact that (owing to some progress or developmental process having occurred during the two cures, therefore between S1 and S2) already the S1 silence comes into a nachträglich signification process as John recounts to analyst A2 the S1: the silence becomes retroactively heavy. The process, even when accompanied by repetition, changes the silence. The second silence becomes relieved by the heaviness of the first, and the proof of this is what followed. It is still John who interrupted the silence in S2, just like he had done in S1, with the difference that he commented now upon the first silence, the heavy one: I mean to say, heavy for me!. Why did he specify that? He did it because he

38 7 Memories and triangulation in psychoanalytical work. I 233 anticipated the danger that the second silence could have re-enacted the first, creating a heaviness for the other, A2. The nachträglich silence signification process continues. As silence 1 acquires meaning in S2, it acts upon the manner in which John perceives silence 2. He begins to assume ( heavy for me! ) the heaviness of the silence in the past S1 exactly as he interprets (in silence) the silence of analyst A2. And how does he interpret it? Given that he specifies: for me, it is obvious that he wishes to put away the possibility that the silence be understood as heavy for us or for you (A2). At the same moment John deploys a psychic work in two temporal directions: a. He initiates the nachträglich, retrospective, signification of silence 1, and b. He acts in an anticipatory manner, in a preventive manner, upon A2, so that the silence of this latter should not overtake the heaviness which he had newly allocated to silence 1. In other words, the patient recalls a scene, and, anticipating its possible signification, tries to modify it by dividing the us in you and me. He feels that while he recounts the dream scene and the silence in S1, a repetition is about to happen which, then, had brought nothing new. The specification heavy for me not only initiates a subjectivizing process, but it also draws a line of demarcation in time: it separates between past and present: scene 2 is not identical with scene 1, and what is more, John intimates that he is one to know for whom that silence had been heavy. This element draws attention upon the fact that the past S1 belongs to him, while he finds himself in the midst of a moment in which the contrary was about to be anticipated: a re-enactment of the heavy for us. Therefore, I took the dream theme, reactivated in S2, to mean destructtiveness. The patient has learned from his analytical past that he is able to paralyze the other, therefore, that he must take precautions: he declares that he had been dangerous there and then, and also that he no longer is here and now, in the presence of this object (A2). And yet, he still hopes for a change. This change appears by means of the interpretation furnished by A2. This latter, who might have commented that sequence (1), with reference to that object (A1), chooses to comment upon the present. He implicitly conveys to his patient: You mean to protect me against your destructiveness, which frightens me I realize this because I experienced fear at identifying myself with your first analyst, yet I am not frightened to the point of not being able to thing and talk about it. The interpretation: You tell me this so that I do not get frightened points both to the patient s hatred and to his love. In the expatient s own words, it constituted the solution to the problem of his destructiveness. What would this problem be? Let us revert to silence S2, which was interrupted by John s specification heavy for me. The problem receives contours, in the negative, partly at this moment, and partly as a result of A2 s interpretation. A destructiveness heavy for us theoretically presupposes two combined aspects: on one hand, the subject is afraid that the object wouldn t survive his destructtiveness (Winnicott, 1974), and on the other the subject doesn t feel himself as

39 234 Brînduşa Orăşanu 8 separate from his object in this respect. In principle, I think we can express both aspects by means of the latter: the non-differentiation self-object concerning destructiveness. For that matter, this is prefigured in John s dream, where the other appears to him as a monster, but it is him the subject who destroys. The scene appears as if in a mirror, and so does silence S1: it ensues for both, in a nondifferentiated manner. As I have shown so far, it is the patient who initializes differentiation, at the very moment S2, when the non-differentiated scene risks repeating itself. It is A2 who continues and finalizes this micro-process, for he achieves a closure of the nachträglich signification, not only of the S2 sequence, but also of what had happened in S1, the dream including. We could envisage this unfolding of events as a Nachträglichkeit chain retrospective significations, on behalf of both protagonists, regarding S1 and S2. The question appears here: would things have unfolded in the same manner during S2 had S1 never been recovered? I personally doubt it. Let us only remark that A2 could offer the saving interpretation only after the patient talked about him own self [the patient s] from the present moment in relation with his analyst from that moment in the past. Yet, what would hamper us from imagining that A2 could have offered a similar interpretation, just as benefice, no matter how different the circumstances in which John s destructiveness were expressed? What is there to stop us from thinking that the efficacy of this interpretation relies exclusively on A2 s capacity to listen to the theme, even in the absence of S1 memory recovery and even in the absence of a first cure? To answer this, I shall refer to a passage in R. Britton, where he writes about a situation in which patient and analyst cannot break out from an intersubjective interaction because the patient fears a mental connection of the analyst with a third object, but imagines that the analyst too fears the same thing. Thus, the two move along a single line and meet a single point without any lateral movement. The analytic space is regained only by means of an increasing distance between the two with respect to that mental third, a process that the patient takes as hard to bear unless he initiates it (Britton, 1998, p. 47). Of course, the possibility subsides that A2 might have offered just as good an interpretation even when memory recover S1, and even when the first cure itself, had not existed under circumstances in which, for example, John would have had the same dream, and would have told it during analysis 2. But the analyst couldn t have offered this interpretation. When we follow the unfolding of S2 from end to beginning, we notice that each sentence gives certain significance to the preceding one. Even the state of the patient ( the liveliness marked by John) and the silence participate in this chain. On the other hand, S2 cannot exist without S1 and in a certain way neither can S1 exist without S2 (as moment in the past which acquires a meaning that the subject can integrate). From this point of view, this bi-sequential clinical fragment seems

40 9 Memories and triangulation in psychoanalytical work. I 235 to me useful because it displays two characteristics: it is real and, at the same time, by its combining the bi-directionality of the two temporal parts, as well as by their partial superposition by means of the dream, it can be viewed as a theoretical model of intersubjective cell for a specific kind of problem, in which memory recover plays a role. The problem, therefore, for John, is the non-differentiation self-object as far as his destructiveness is concerned, and for the analyst, the non-differentiation transference-countertransference as regards John s destructiveness. Even when the problem of the analyst only exists in John s mind, anyway it exists in the session, given that the patient is the one who opens the conversation. 4. CONCLUSIONS To resume the remark by Britton, what we described above is a situation of non-differentiation in which the patient fears both his own destructiveness, and the object s destructiveness, and again an intervention from a distance of A2. This latter, which could have been of the type: That silence was heavy because you became frightened of having had destroyed A1 (or you thought you had frightened him with your dream) etc., would have been a triangulation initiated by A2 to break out from the non-differentiation of the heavy silence. This phenomenon of triangulation, achieved between countertransference, transference and the evoked past, could have sounded to John in about the following terms: Don t pour your destructiveness on me, you frighten me. The reference to the past, on behalf of A2, would have been a means of defence, because the past acquires in this context the spatial meaning of far away. We must notice that during silence 2, it is not only the patient that keeps silent, but also the analyst. The fact that it is John who initializes the transferencecountertransference differentiation ( heavy for me ) helps A2 to interpret, at the present moment, the manner in which the subject carries his destructiveness with him over time, proof that it belongs to him. The fact that John takes as a reference point his S1 past helps him bear the temporary non-differentiation from A2. Silence 2 is lighter, therefore, it can be overcome. The relative non-differentiation in S2 is also temporarily necessary, because the differentiating operation cannot be offered to a patient; it must be accepted and integrated in status nascendi. To sum up, I am inclined to say that it is the very S1 explicit rememoration that inclined the balance transference-countertransference (of the analyst-patient non-differentiation as regards destructiveness and its origin) towards John. Past S1 was explicitly declared by him as being the scene which bore the heaviness of silence, and heavy for me also means, just as A2 correctly understood, in my own past, therefore, having no real connection with you. Primit în redacţie: 29.XI.2010

41 236 Brînduşa Orăşanu 10 REFERENCES 1. AULAGNIER, P., La violence de l interprétation, Paris, PUF, 1975/ BIRKSTED-BREEN, D., Time and the après-coup, Int. J. Psychoanal., 84, 2003, p BLANCHET, A., Pragmatique et psychopathologie, in Traité de psychopathologie [Treatise on psychopathology], Widlöcher D., Paris, PUF, 1994, p BLUM, HP., Response to Peter Fonagy, Int. J. Psychoanal., 84, 2003, p BOTELLA, S., L Œdipe du ça ou Œdipe sans complexe, Rev. Franç. Psychanal., 3, 2005, p BOURNOVA, K., KAPSAMBELIS, V., Argument [Argument], Rev. Franç. Psychanal., 3, 2005, p BRITTON, R., Subjectivity, objectivity and triangular space, in Belief and Imagination, London and New York, Routledge, 1998, p DONNET, J.L., L après-coup au carré, Rev. Franç. Psychanal., 3, 2006, p FAIMBERG, H., The telescoping of generations: Listening to the narcissistic links between generations, London, Brunner-Routledge, 1981/ FAIMBERG, H., Listening to listening, Int. J. Psychoanal., 77, 1996, p FAIMBERG, H., Après-coup, Int. J. Psychoanal., 86, 2005, p FONAGY, P., Rejoinder to Harold Blum, Int. J. Psychoanal., 84, 2003, p FREUD, S., Project for a scientific psychology, SE 1, FREUD, S., Letter 52, 6 December 1896, Extracts from the Fliess papers, SE 1, FREUD, S., Letter 71, 15 Oct. 1897, Extracts from the Fliess papers, SE 1, LAPLANCHE, J., Essays on otherness, London, Routledge, FREUD, S., From the history of an infantile neurosis, SE 17, FREUD, S., The ego and the id, SE 19, FREUD, S., The dissolution of the Oedipus complex, SE 19, GREEN, A., Genèse et situation des états limites. Les états limites, Paris, PUF, 1999, p ORĂŞANU, B., Metoda psihanalitică şi formularea problemei, Cercetări filosofico-psihologice 1, an II, 2010, p PETRELLA, F., Procéder en psychanalyse. Images, modèles et mythes du processus, Rev. Franç. Psychanal., 5, 2004, p WINNICOTT, D.W., Fear of Breakdown, Int. Rev. Psychoanal. 1, 1974, p REZUMAT Lucrarea discută raportul dintre memoria procedurală şi memoria declarativă, din perspectiva operaţiei de triangulare în psihanaliză. Referinţa explicită a pacientului la trecutul său, chiar dacă este o apărare din punct de vedere procedural, constituie, în mod declarativ, şi un pas spre asumarea originii unui anumit conţinut psihic. Acest pas ar corespunde cu un martor : dacă utilizăm metafora judiciară, partea din pacient care declară reconstrucţia trecutului lui stă drept mărturie că un anumit lucru nu poate să-i aparţină decât lui. Autoarea pune în evidenţă importanţa contribuţiei active a pacientului la formarea interpretării în aici-şi-acum. Discursul explicit al pacientului asupra trecutului său poate constitui, în sine, un terţ necesar în diferenţierea dintre transfer şi contratransfer, valid pentru ambii protagonişti ai şedinţei de analiză. Această ipoteză este ilustrată cu un fragment clinic.

42 UN SUBIECT NEGLIJAT ÎN PSIHOLOGIA ORGANIZAŢIONALĂ: EMOŢIA DOINA-ŞTEFANA SĂUCAN, MIHAI IOAN MICLE * Abstract This paper aims to answer the question What is emotional intelligence and which is its role in the organization, at work? It points out that emotional intelligence helps to promote a better performance at work. Emotional intelligence includes skills involving emotions self control, perception and recognition of others emotions, which are predictive for a superior performance. The past 25 years, research has revealed also a consistent set of skills, self-confidence, initiative and teamwork which assure performance in organization. Cuvinte-cheie: inteligenţă emoţională, organizaţie, grup, abilitate socială, managerizarea relaţiilor. Keywords: emotional intelligence, organization, group, social skills, relationships managing. 1. INTELIGENŢA EMOŢIONALĂ ŞI EFICIENŢA ORGANIZAŢIONALĂ Abilitatea de a percepe şi a exprima emoţie, de a asimila emoţie, de a înţelege şi raţiona cu emoţie, de a regla emoţia în sine însuşi şi în alţii se numeşte inteligenţă emoţională (Mayer, Salovey şi Caruso, 2000, p. 396). În ce măsură inteligenţa emoţională este importantă pentru mai multe profesii şi contexte de muncă în care oamenii sunt implicaţi la un moment dat? Care este legătura dintre inteligenţa emoţională şi eficienţa organizaţiei şi cum se face această legătură? Organizaţia Gallup a realizat un studiu pe două milioane de angajaţi de la 700 de companii în care s-a arătat că perioada mai scurtă sau mai îndelungată pe care angajaţii o petrec într-o organizaţie şi productivitatea acesteia depind de relaţiile lor cu supervizorul imediat (Zipkin, 2000). De ce abilităţi ar avea nevoie un manager pentru a preveni plecarea angajaţilor săi? Cei mai eficienţi şefi sunt aceia care au abilitatea de a intui felul în care angajaţii lor gândesc sau simt privitor la situaţia de muncă, intervenind efectiv când aceştia încep să se simtă descurajaţi sau nesatisfăcuţi. De asemenea, şefii eficienţi sunt capabili să-şi controleze propriile emoţii, rezultatul fiind acela că angajaţii au încredere în ei şi se simt bine la locul de muncă în prezenţa acestor şefi. Când angajaţilor şi şefilor lor li se cere să identifice cele mai mari provocări cu care organizaţia lor se confruntă, ei menţionează: schimbări substanţiale şi * Institutul de Filosofie şi Psihologie Constantin Rădulescu-Motru, Departamentul de Psihologie. Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011

43 238 Doina-Ştefana Săucan, Mihai Ioan Micle 2 rapide, creativitate în sensul de a inova, controlarea şi gestionarea unei cantităţi însemnate de informaţie, creşterea loaialităţii clientului, motivare şi implicare sporite, munca eficientă în echipă, gestionarea eficientă a talentelor speciale din forţa de muncă diversificată, identificarea liderilor potenţiali şi pregătirea lor pentru a evolua, identificarea şi recrutarea talentelor de top în domeniul respectiv, luarea unor decizii bune privitor la pieţe noi, produse şi alianţe strategice, pregătirea angajaţilor pentru sarcini externe. Acestea sunt nevoi stringente cu care se confruntă toate organizaţiile astăzi, atât în sectorul privat, cât şi în cel public. În acest context, inteligenţa emoţională trebuie să joace un rol important în satisfacerea nevoilor. De exemplu, a face faţă unei schimbări esenţiale implică, printre altele, capacitatea de a percepe şi înţelege impactul emoţional al schimbării asupra noastră şi asupra altora. Pentru a fi eficienţi în demersul de a-şi ajuta organizaţia să controleze schimbarea, liderii trebuie mai întâi să-şi conştientizeze şi să-şi controleze propriile sentimente de anxietate şi nesiguranţă (Bunker, 1997). Apoi, ei trebuie să mai conştientizeze şi reacţiile emoţionale ale celorlalţi membri ai organizaţiei şi să-i ajute să le facă faţă. În acelaşi timp, în acest proces de a face faţă în mod adecvat unei schimbări substanţiale, şi ceilalţi membri ai organizaţiei trebuie să fie implicaţi activ în monitorizarea şi controlul propriilor reacţii emoţionale şi ale celorlalţi colegi. Cum ar putea inteligenţa emoţională să joace un rol în demersul de ajutorare a liderilor să ia decizii bune privind produse noi, pieţe şi alianţe strategice? Luarea acestor decizii implică mult mai mult decât inteligenţa emoţională. Informaţiile relevante trebuie asamblate, apoi analizate folosindu-se cele mai sofisticate instrumente disponibile. Totuşi, informaţiile nu dau aproape niciodată un răspuns clar. Multe variabile importante ar putea fi cuantificate, dar nu toate. Instrumentele analitice pot organiza cea mai mare parte a informaţiilor de care este nevoie pentru un tablou clar şi coerent, dar aproape întotdeauna există şi o anumită ambiguitate şi speculaţie. Aici intervine rolul liderilor care trebuie să se bazeze pe intuiţie şi pe bunul simţ. Liderii de succes au învăţat să facă diferenţa între sentimentele irelevante, cele care pot induce în eroare şi cele care ţin de ţintă. Cu alte cuvinte, inteligenţa emoţională îi înarmează pe lideri cu capacitatea de intuire a sentimentelor potrivite, putând ajuta în luarea deciziilor importante. Inteligenţa emoţională influenţează eficienţa organizaţiei în mai multe direcţii: recrutarea şi păstrarea angajaţilor, dezvoltarea talentelor, munca în echipă, implicarea angajaţilor, simţul moral şi sănătatea, inovaţia, productivitatea, eficienţa, veniturile, calitatea serviciilor, loialitatea clientului etc. Aşa cum discutăm despre inteligenţa emoţională la nivel individual, putem să o facem şi la nivelul grupului. Echipele inteligente emoţional se caracterizează prin cooperare, implicare şi creativitate, ceea ce este extrem de important pentru eficienţa organizaţiei. Inteligenţa emoţională a membrilor echipei contribuie la nivelul inteligenţei emoţionale a echipei, dar şi fenomenul invers este valabil, în sensul că persoanele care sunt membri ai unor grupuri inteligente devin şi ele mai inteligente emoţional.

44 3 Un subiect neglijat în psihologia organizaţională: emoţia SURSE ALE INTELIGENŢEI EMOŢIONALE ÎN ORGANIZAŢII Dacă inteligenţa emoţională a individului şi grupului contribuie la eficienţa organizaţiei, ce anume în cadrul organizaţiei contribuie la inteligenţa emoţională a individului şi grupului? Conform lui Daniel Goleman (1995), inteligenţa emoţională apare mai întâi în cadrul relaţiei, influenţând chiar calitatea acesteia. Relaţiile de comunicare îi pot ajuta pe oameni să devină mai inteligenţi emoţional, chiar şi atunci când aceştia nu sunt setaţi în acest scop. Chiar şi formarea profesională sau politicile de resurse umane vor influenţa inteligenţa emoţională prin efectul lor asupra relaţiilor dintre indivizi şi grupuri în organizaţie. Orice efort de a îmbunătăţi nivelul inteligenţei emoţionale al membrilor organizaţiei ar putea eşua în cele din urmă, asta cu excepţia cazului în care nu sunt afectate relaţiile naturale între aceşti membri. Programele formale de training pot avea valoare, de exemplu, numai dacă ele conduc la schimbări susţinute în relaţiile interpersonale şi intergrupale în cadrul organizaţiei. Totuşi, psihologii care au studiat aspectele inteligenţei emoţionale în organizaţii, chiar şi fără a folosi termenul ca atare, recunosc că mai sunt multe lucruri de clarificat în această direcţie: modul în care acest tip de inteligenţă poate fi măsurat, impactul ei asupra performanţei individuale şi asupra eficienţei organizaţiei. În unele cazuri, această lipsă de claritate a condus la conflict şi controverse între psihologi şi practicieni. Una dintre acestea se referă la definiţia conceptului însuşi. Ceea ce Goleman a notat ca fiind cotient emoţional, a fost catalogat de Bar-On (2000) drept cotient de inteligenţă, respectiv abilitate cognitivă. Acesta considera că inteligenţa emoţională reprezintă un set de abilităţi sociale şi emoţionale care ajută individul să facă faţă cerinţelor vieţii cotidiene. Salovey şi Mayer (1990) cred că inteligenţa emoţională este legată de modul în care un individ procesează informaţia despre emoţie şi răspunsurile emoţionale. Din fericire, pare să se fi făcut un oarecare progres în clarificarea conceptului de inteligenţă emoţională, Goleman făcând destul de recent o distincţie între inteligenţa emoţională şi competenţele emoţionale. Conform acestei viziuni, inteligenţa emoţională asigură o bază solidă pentru dezvoltarea unui număr mare de competenţe care i-ar putea ajuta pe oameni să fie mai eficienţi, mai performanţi În ultima vreme, teoreticienii inteligenţei emoţionale au propus o teorie a performanţei construită pe baza modelului clasic al inteligenţei emoţionale, pe care să-l adapteze în aşa fel încât să poată predicţiona eficienţa personală la locul de muncă şi în instituţia liderului (Goleman, 1998). Are inteligenţa emoţională o putere mai mare de predicţie decât coeficientul de inteligenţă? În realitate, abilităţile cognitive şi inteligenţa emoţională se întrepătrund. Dar, pe de altă parte, inteligenţa emoţională are şi implicaţii practice pentru decizii semnificative la locul de muncă. Claudio Fernández-Aráoz (1999) oferă informaţii de ordin calitativ care sugerează că a te baza, în selecţia de personal pentru niveluri înalte de execuţie, numai pe inteligenţa academică şi experienţă managerială a candidaţilor, ignorând inteligenţa lor emoţională, conduce adeseori la decizii şi alegeri nepotrivite, ceea ce ar putea fi

45 240 Doina-Ştefana Săucan, Mihai Ioan Micle 4 dezastruos pentru o organizaţie. Atât Mayer şi colab. (2000), cât şi Reuven Bar-On (2000), folosind instrumentele proprii de măsurare a inteligenţei emoţionale, nu au găsit nicio corelaţie între aceste două variabile (primul) sau au găsit o corelaţie, dar nesemnificativă (cel de-al doilea). În urma analizei mai multor feluri de posturi, Goleman a susţinut că, în ceea ce priveşte competenţele emoţionale, acestea au fost de două ori mai întâlnite decât cele ce ţin de abilităţile tehnice sau/şi de abilităţi cognitive (1998). În general, cu cât este mai înaltă poziţia în ierarhia unei organizaţii, cu atât contează mai mult inteligenţa emoţională (EI): pentru persoanele aflate în poziţia de lider, 85% din competenţele lor ţineau de domeniul EI. Unul dintre puţinele studii longitudinale care au comparat contribuţia la performanţa în muncă (recunoscută prin promovare) a performanţelor cognitive şi a celor emoţionale a fost realizat de Dulewicz şi Higgs (1998). Ei au reanalizat datele dintr-un studiu de şapte ani asupra progresului în carieră al 58 de manageri generali din Anglia şi Irlanda, evaluând trei domenii de abilitate abilitate emoţională (EQ), aptitudine intelectuală (IQ) şi competenţă managerială (MQ) care contribuie la performanţa în muncă. Categoria abilitatea emoţională includea abilităţi precum: flexibilitate, influenţă, asertivitate (afirmare), integritate şi cele de lider. Dimensiunea aptitudine intelectuală nu a fost evaluată prin scoruri la teste de inteligenţă, ci prin competenţe folosite ca măsuri surogat: capacitate de analiză, de raţionament, de planificare, creativitate şi asumarea riscului. Cotientul de competenţă managerială includea supervizarea, comunicarea orală, simţul afacerilor, controlul de sine, iniţiativa şi independenţa. Autorii au găsit că inteligenţa emoţională a întrunit 36%, aptitudinea intelectuală 27%, iar competenţa managerială 16%. Aceasta înseamnă că inteligenţa emoţională contează puţin mai mult decât inteligenţa generală (aptitudinea intelectuală) la avansarea în carieră. Totuşi, trebuie menţionat că există mai multe limite ale acestui studiu: măsurarea inteligenţei generale s-a făcut pe baza unor măsuri surogat şi nu pe baza măsurilor standard ale inteligenţei; competenţele clasificate în inteligenţa generală şi competenţa managerială aparţin mai degrabă categoriei inteligenţei emoţionale, comparat cu modelul generic al inteligenţei emoţionale, studiul prezentat aici nu reflectă întregul spectru al acesteia, omiţând numeroase competenţe cheie, inclusiv conştiinţa de sine, un cluster al competenţelor pe care unele cercetări îl numesc piatra de temelie a inteligenţei emoţionale (Boyatzis, Goleman şi Rhee, 2000). Din această cauză s-ar putea spune că studiul în cauză subestimează efectul inteligenţei emoţionale asupra succesului. În studiul clasic al lui Boyatzis despre inteligenţa emoţională (1982), au fost investigaţi mai mult de 200 de supervizori, manageri ai unor organizaţii de dimensiuni medii şi personal cu funcţii executive din 12 organizaţii, ajungându-se la concluzia că toate cele 16 abilităţi, dar mai cu seamă două dintre ele, aparţineau categoriei competenţă emoţională. Iar o analiză a competenţelor pe post la 286 de organizaţii la nivel mondial, dezvoltată de Spencer (1993) a indicat că 18 din cele 21 de competenţe în modelul lor generic pentru deosebirea performerilor superiori de cei de nivel mediu aparţineau aceleiaşi categorii.

46 5 Un subiect neglijat în psihologia organizaţională: emoţia 241 Goleman (1998) promovează un model bazat pe abilităţi precum: conştiinţa de sine, controlul de sine, conştiinţa socială şi managementul relaţiilor care se traduc în succes la locul de muncă. Acest model care se bazează pe componentele inteligenţei emoţionale a fost identificat într-o cercetare privitor la sute de corporaţii şi organizaţii, pentru a identifica performeri remarcabili. Competenţele emoţionale sunt abilităţi specifice postului care pot şi chiar trebuie să fie învăţate. În cadrul inteligenţei emoţionale la locul de muncă ar putea figura abilităţi precum: contribuţia la dezvoltarea altor persoane, capacitate de influenţare, comunicare eficientă, managerizarea conflictului, lider vizionar, catalizarea schimbării, construirea de legături, munca în echipă şi colaborarea; managerizarea relaţiilor empatie, orientarea, conştiinţă organizaţională; conştiinţa socială controlul de sine emoţional, credibilitate, conştiinciozitate, adaptabilitate, realizare, iniţiativă; controlul de sine conştiinţă de sine emoţională, evaluare de sine acurată/corectă, încredere în sine; conştiinţă de sine recunoaştere, reglare, sinele, competenţa personală DIMENSIUNEA CONŞTIINŢEI DE SINE Prima dintre cele trei componente ale conştiinţei de sine, conştiinţa emoţională de sine, reflectă importanţa recunoaşterii propriilor sentimente şi modul în care acestea pot influenţa performanţa unei persoane. De exemplu, Goleman afirma întruna din lucrările sale (1998) că, la serviciile financiare ale companiei, conştiinţa de sine emoţională se dovedeşte a fi crucială în ceea ce priveşte performanţa în muncă a celor care alcătuiesc planuri financiare. Interacţiunea dintre un planificator financiar şi un client este delicată, primul preocupându-se nu numai de problemele dificile legate de bani, dar şi de disconfortul sentimentului morţii, când se pune problema asigurării de viaţă, conştiinţa de sine ajutându-i aparent să-şi gestioneze reacţiile emoţionale mai bine. La un alt nivel, conştiinţa de sine este un element cheie în conştientizarea propriilor slăbiciuni sau a propriei forţe. Individul cu un simţ exact al conştiinţei de sine este conştient de abilităţile şi limitele sale, caută feedback-ul şi învaţă din greşelile personale, ştiind unde şi de ce este nevoie să fie îmbunătăţit şi când să se lucreze cu alţii care au o forţă complementară. Impactul pozitiv al încrederii în sine asupra performanţei a fost demonstrat în mai multe studii. 112 contabili nou angajaţi, cei cu eficacitate de sine de nivel înalt, o formă de încredere în sine, au fost evaluaţi de şefii lor zece luni mai târziu ca având o performanţă superioară în muncă. Nivelul încrederii în sine a fost de fapt un predictor mai puternic al performanţei decât nivelul abilităţilor sau un training (formare) anterior (Saks, 1995). Într-un studiu longitudinal, întins pe mai mult de 60 de ani, din copilărie şi până la ieşirea la pensie, pe mai mult de 1000 de subiecţi bărbaţi şi femei cu un coeficient de inteligenţă mare, cei care aveau un coeficient de încredere în sine mai mare în primii ani au avut şi un succes mai mare în carieră (Holahan şi Sears, 1995).

47 242 Doina-Ştefana Săucan, Mihai Ioan Micle DIMENSIUNEA AUTOMONITORIZĂRII Această dimensiune a abilităţilor inteligenţei emoţionale cuprinde şase elemente. Cel mai important ar fi competenţa autocontrolului emoţional. Semne ale acestei competenţe pot fi stăpânirea de sine în situaţii de stres sau capacitatea de a face faţă unei persoane ostile fără a-i da răspunsuri caustice. Acei manageri care sunt capabili să-şi controleze stresul şi să nu se lase afectaţi pot avea unele din cele mai profitabile firme (Lusch şi Serkenci, 1990). Competenţa credibilităţii se exprimă prin faptul că o persoană este capabilă să perceapă valorile şi principiile unei alte persoane, intenţiile şi sentimentele, acţionând într-un mod care să se potrivească acestora. Indivizii credibili sunt deschişi în ceea ce priveşte propriile greşeli şi se confruntă cu alţii când este vorba de neglijenţe. Un deficit în direcţia acestei abilităţi operează ca un derapaj în carieră (Goleman, 1998). Semnele competenţei conştiinciozităţii se referă la a fi atent, disciplinat şi scrupulos în îndeplinirea responsabilităţilor. În studiile despre performanţa în muncă, eficienţa remarcabilă în toate posturile din domeniul informaticii de jos până la vârf depinde de conştiinciozitate. Printre reprezentanţii de vânzări din S.U.A., cei care s-au dovedit a fi mai conştiincioşi au avut şi cele mai mari vânzări (Barrick, Mount şi Strauss, 1993). Cât priveşte competenţa adaptabilităţii, specialiştii în domeniu afirmă că persoanele cu performanţe superioare în management prezintă această competenţă (Spencer şi Spencer, 1993). Ei sunt deschişi la noi informaţii, putând renunţa la vechile idei şi adaptându-şi modul de operare. Flexibilitatea emoţională permite unui individ să facă faţă anxietăţii care însoţeşte adesea nesiguranţa în aplicarea noilor idei pentru obţinerea unor rezultate remarcabile. În schimb, oamenii care simt un disconfort de ordin psihologic în prezenţa riscului şi schimbării devin negativişti, încetinind astfel ritmul de răspuns la o schimbare pe piaţă. Afacerile cu roluri mai puţin formale, mai ambigue, mai puţin autonome şi flexibile pentru angajaţi deschid fluxuri de informaţie, iar structurile multidisciplinare şi orientate spre echipă trăiesc o mai mare inovare (Amabile, 1988). Spencer şi Spencer (1993) au ajuns la concluzia că un nivel înalt al nevoii de realizare este competenţa ce pare a fi specifică funcţiilor executive superioare şi medii. Optimismul este un ingredient cheie al realizării, deoarece poate determina reacţia unei persoane la evenimente sau circumstanţele nefavorabile. Cei cu un nivel mare de realizare sunt proactivi şi persistenţi, au o atitudine optimistă faţă de obstacole, acţionând cu speranţa de succes. Unele cercetări au arătat că optimismul poate contribui semnificativ la câştigurile din vânzări, printre alte abilităţi. Cei cu iniţiativă acţionează înainte de a li se cere aceasta de către evenimentele externe. Aceasta constă adeseori în a acţiona anticipat pentru a evita unele probleme înainte ca ele să apară sau să se profite de ocazie înainte ca ea să fie vizibilă oricui. Acelora cărora le lipseşte iniţiativa sunt mai degrabă reactivi decât proactivi, neavând clarviziunea ce ar putea să facă diferenţa între o decizie înţeleaptă şi una slabă.

48 7 Un subiect neglijat în psihologia organizaţională: emoţia DIMENSIUNEA ABILITĂŢII SOCIALE. CITIREA CORECTĂ A PERSOANELOR ŞI GRUPURILOR Această dimensiune se manifestă în trei competenţe. Abilitatea empatică oferă unor persoane o conştientizare pătrunzătoare a emoţiilor, preocupărilor şi nevoilor altora. Persoanele cu un nivel ridicat al empatiei pot citi emoţiile curente, ajutându-se de elementele nonverbale precum tonul vocii, expresia facială etc. Această sensibilitate faţă de alţii devine importantă pentru performanţa în posturi superioare în ierarhie, când centrală este interacţiunea cu alte persoane. De exemplu, medicii care au un nivel superior de recunoaştere a emoţiilor pacienţilor au mai mult succes în tratarea lor decât colegii care nu au un nivel bun al empatiei (Friedman şi DiMatteo, 1982). Într-o forţă de muncă aflată în creştere, abilitatea empatică ne permite să-i intuim acurat pe ceilalţi, evitând recurgerea la stereotipuri, care ar putea conduce la deficite performanţiale prin crearea anxietăţii indivizii stereotipizaţi (Steele, 1997). Capacitate organizaţională, abilitatea de a citi emoţiile curente şi realităţile grupului, este o competenţă vitală a reţelei din spatele scenei şi coaliţiei care permite indivizilor să influenţeze, oricare ar fi rolul lor profesional. În cadrul grupului, ierarhiile sociale cer abilitate socială la nivel organizaţional, nu numai interpersonal. Cei cu performanţe superioare, în marea majoritate a organizaţiilor, au această abilitate, ceea ce-i distinge de ceilalţi colegi. Abilitatea lor de a interpreta corect şi obiectiv situaţiile, fără distorsiuni care să fie provocate de propriile opinii, le permite să răspundă în mod eficient (Boyatzis, 1982) DIMENSIUNEA MANAGERIZĂRII RELAŢIILOR. INDUCEREA RĂSPUNSURILOR DEZIRABILE Managementul relaţiilor include abilităţile sociale esenţiale. Dezvoltarea celorlalţi implică detectarea nevoilor lor de dezvoltare şi susţinerea abilităţilor de care dispun, un talent nu numai al antrenorilor sau mentorilor, dar şi al liderilor. Crearea unei atmosfere de deschidere cu linii clare de comunicare este un factor cheie în succesul organizaţional. Persoanele cu o competenţă comunicaţională sunt eficiente în fluxul informaţional emoţional de tip dă şi primeşte, fac faţă problemelor dificile, ascultă cu atenţie, primind din plin informaţia împărtăşită, fiind adeptul comunicării deschise, deschis atât la informaţiile neplăcute cât şi la cele bune. Persoanele care au abilitatea managerizării conflictului sunt cele care reuşesc să-i calmeze pe cei implicaţi. Aici, arta de a asculta şi empatiza este crucială pentru a face faţă oamenilor şi situaţiilor dificile cu diplomaţie, încurajând dezbaterile şi discuţiile deschise, orchestrând situaţiile de tip câştig-câştig. Cei care sunt adepţii abilităţii liderului vizionar plasează în rândul abilităţilor personale inspirarea altora de a munci împreună pentru atingerea unor scopuri

49 244 Doina-Ştefana Săucan, Mihai Ioan Micle 8 comune. Astfel de persoane sunt capabile să articuleze şi să răspândească entuziasm pentru o viziune şi o misiune împărtăşită, pentru a ghida performanţa altora, conducându-i prin exemplul personal. Liderii de succes integrează realităţi emoţionale în ceea ce ei văd, inducând strategie cu semnificaţie şi rezonanţă. Emoţia este contagioasă, mai ales atunci când este arătată de cei aflaţi în vârful ierarhiei în organizaţie, iar liderii de mare succes prezintă un nivel înalt al energiei pozitive care se răspândeşte în toată organizaţia (George şi Bettenhausen, 1990). Tonul emoţional al unui lider tinde să se răspândească în exterior cu o putere remarcabilă. Accelerarea tranziţiilor în care am intrat odată cu începerea noului secol a făcut din capacitatea de a fi catalizator de schimbare una foarte importantă. Liderul trebuie să fie capabil să recunoască nevoia de schimbare, să ridice barierele, să-i înroleze şi pe alţii în urmărirea noilor iniţiative. Un lider eficient al schimbării articulează o viziune irezistibilă privind noile obiective organizaţionale. Talentul de catalizator al schimbării pe care îl poate avea un lider necesită eforturi mai mari şi o performanţă din partea subordonaţilor, ceea ce face munca lor mai eficientă (House, 1988). Capacitatea de a construi legături este esenţială în domenii ca ingineria, ştiinţa computerelor, biotehnologia şi alte domenii de cunoaştere în care reţeaua este crucială pentru succes. Una dintre virtuţile construirii unor astfel de relaţii este rezervorul de încredere şi bunăvoinţă pe care liderii le stabilesc. Managerii foarte eficienţi sunt adepţii cultivării acestor relaţii, în timp ce ceilalţi, mai puţin eficienţi, eşuează în construirea de legături (Kaplan, 1991). Capacitatea de colaborare şi de lucru în echipă a căpătat o importanţă crescândă în ultima decadă pentru multe organizaţii. Munca în echipă ca atare depinde de inteligenţa emoţională colectivă a membrilor ei, acest lucru fiind un atu pentru productivitatea/performanţa la nivelul echipei, respectiv al organizaţiei. Colaborarea este extrem de importantă pentru managerii de succes. Într-un studiu, se arăta că, atunci când unii manageri au fost concediaţi, cel mai frecvent invocată a fost incapacitatea de a lucra în colaborare cu egalii. Mai erau invocate incapacitatea de a transmite emoţii pozitive şi de a stabili armonie la nivelul echipei care conduce organizaţia (Barsade şi Gibson, 1998). 2. INTELIGENŢA EMOŢIONALĂ DE GRUP ŞI INFLUENŢA EI ASUPRA EFICIENŢEI GRUPULUI Modul în care grupurile dezvoltă procese de interacţiune eficiente cere înţelegerea rolului emoţiei în grup. Pentru că mai multe emoţii umane se dezvoltă în timpul interacţiunilor sociale, se poate spune că emoţia are o influenţă puternică, fiind legată fundamental de felul în care angajaţii interacţionează şi muncesc împreună. Capacitatea unui grup de a manageriza în mod inteligent emoţia joacă un rol important în procesele de interacţiune şi eficienţa acestuia.

50 9 Un subiect neglijat în psihologia organizaţională: emoţia 245 Inteligenţa emoţională de grup reprezintă capacitatea de a dezvolta un set de norme pentru managerizarea proceselor emoţionale în aşa fel încât să se cultive încrederea, identitatea de grup şi eficienţa grupului. Credinţele colective facilitează dezvoltarea cooperării şi colaborării între membrii grupului. Cercetările au relevat că abilitatea de a colabora şi coopera ţine de interacţiunea în munca de grup şi este un ingredient util pentru eficienţa grupului (Tjosvold şi Tjosvold, 1994). Mulţi specialişti sunt de acord că încrederea este un element esenţial în dezvoltarea cooperării în grup (Jones şi George, 1998; McAllister, 1995). Încrederea este atât afectivă cât şi cognitivă, implicând aşteptare şi obligaţie (Coleman, 1990), precum şi reciprocitate (Clarkson, 1998). Coleman mai afirmă şi că mediul social joacă şi el un rol important în încredere. Obligaţiile, aşteptările şi reciprocitatea sunt constructe înrudite care pot transforma încrederea într-o resursă puternică a grupului, întărind cooperarea şi parteneriatul sau colaborarea. Cea de-a doua reprezentare colectivă, considerată necesară pentru realizarea unei interacţiuni eficiente în cadrul grupului, este identitatea de grup, definită ca o credinţă a grupului că este o entitate unică, importantă şi atractivă. Identitatea de grup circumscrie grupul, definind clar apartenenţa de grup şi facilitând sentimentele de incluziune şi ataşament. Având în vedere aceste caracteristici, identitatea de grup creează un simţ al securităţii, pe care Kahn (1998) îl descrie ca fiind necesar pentru angajarea în rezolvarea sarcinii în timpul perioadelor de nepredictibilitate organizaţională. Cercetarea în domeniu a demonstrat că managerii de succes se străduiesc să construiască identitatea de grup în organizaţiile pe care le conduc (de exemplu, prin folosirea unor simboluri ca nume date grupului) în vederea creşterii cooperării între membrii grupului şi implicarea acestora în grup şi în sarcina ce îi este atribuită. De aceea identitatea de grup este o credinţă colectivă care facilitează membrilor grupului sentimentul că scopurile lor şi operaţiile folosite sunt legate în mod pozitiv. Acest lucru creşte implicarea membrilor şi facilitează cooperarea şi colaborarea, necesare pentru succesul grupului. Ultima credinţă colectivă, considerată necesară pentru construirea interacţiunii eficiente, ar fi eficienţa grupului, definită ca o aspirație colectivă într-un grup care ar putea fi eficient. Cercetarea în domeniu a demonstrat deseori că simţul eficienţei grupului este legat de eficacitatea în rezolvarea sarcinii. Druskat şi Wolff (2001) susţin că eficacitatea grupului este un facilitator al cooperării şi colaborării, deoarece dă membrilor grupului sentimentul că pot fi mai eficienţi ca unitate decât individual. 3. FOLOSIREA FUNCŢIILOR RESURSEI UMANE PENTRU A CREŞTE NIVELUL INTELIGENŢEI EMOŢIONALE Cum economia mondială devine tot mai globală şi mai bazată pe informaţie, organizaţiile au ajuns să considere necesară adaptarea la schimbarea rapidă şi la o piaţă din ce în ce mai competitivă. Organizaţiile inteligente emoţional sunt capabile să influenţeze talentul membrilor lor de a face faţă cât mai eficient acestor provocări.

51 246 Doina-Ştefana Săucan, Mihai Ioan Micle 10 Aceste organizaţii îşi manifestă competenţele centrale, respectiv munca în echipă şi colaborarea, adaptabilitatea, orientarea spre realizare şi orientare spre muncă, tinzând să fie mai implicate în reţea şi mai flexibile. Deoarece organizaţiile devin din ce în ce mai interconectate, ele cer un nivel mai ridicat al inteligenţei emoţionale la membrii lor, ceea ce nu se petrece la organizaţiile tradiţionale. În organizaţiile interconectate, oamenii muncesc mai mult şi mai des împreună, în echipe, iar adeseori membrii echipei se găsesc ei-înşişi în situaţia de a-i manageriza pe alţii, care de fapt nu le raportează lor direct. Există două căi de bază ce ar trebui urmate pentru a creşte nivelul inteligenţei emoţionale în organizaţie: angajarea unor persoane cu un coeficient de inteligenţă emoţională mare şi dezvoltarea inteligenţei emoţionale la cei deja angajaţi. Angajarea (selectarea) este una din modalităţile cele mai rapide de a creşte inteligenţa emoţională în organizaţie, dar numai dacă organizaţia angajează mai mult de 20% din personal persoane cu inteligenţă emoţională mare, pentru că altfel impactul acesteia nu este sesizabil. În plus, dacă climatul organizaţiei nu suportă sau nu recompensează comportamentul inteligent emoţional, este posibil ca personalul pe care încerca să-l păstreze să părăsească organizaţia. De aceea este important pentru organizaţie să dezvolte şi să menţină inteligenţa emoţională la angajaţii pe care îi are deja. Şi selectarea de personal care a demonstrat că are un nivel ridicat al inteligenţei emoţionale poate fi o cale rapidă de a spori inteligenţa emoţională a organizaţiei. Din păcate, selectarea clasică de resurse umane tinde să se concentreze pe ceea ce apare pe cv-ul candidatului: educaţie, abilităţi şi experienţă. Deşi aceşti factori sunt importanţi şi adeseori consideraţi de bază pentru desfăşurarea de activităţi în mod adecvat într-un post, rareori ei ne ajută să facem distincţia între performanţa de vârf şi cea medie (Spencer, McClelland şi Spencer, 1992). În fapt, deciziile de angajare sunt lăsate adesea la îndemâna intervievatorului sau chimiei dintre intervievator şi candidat. O inabilitate sau un eşec în a categoriza exact ceea ce îi dă intervievatorului o impresie pozitivă pot conduce la decizii false. Uneori simpatia se poate datora aparenţei candidatului, asemănătoare celei a intervievatorului: candidat şi intervievator pot împărtăşi aceleaşi valori sau etică a muncii, de exemplu. Competenţa în materie de inteligenţă emoţională, deşi mai dificil de detectat, s-a arătat a fi cheia diferenţiatoare între performanţa medie şi cea de vârf. Dacă organizaţiile doresc să sporească aceste competenţe la forţa de muncă, procesul de angajare de forţă de muncă trebuie să includă o metodă de identificare a acestor competenţe la candidaţi. Modelul revizuit al lui Daniel Goleman referitor la inteligenţa emoţională constă din 20 de competenţe emoţionale distribuite în patru dimensiuni (Boyatzis, Goleman şi Rhee, 2000). Selectarea pentru toate cele 20 de competenţe ar fi extrem de provocantă şi o sarcină costisitoare. Însă, David McClelland a demonstrat operarea competenţelor pe o singură categorie sau dimensiune. Autorul citat afirma că nu există un singur set de caracteristici care să conducă la succes; mai degrabă există configuraţii alternative şi combinaţii de competenţe care dau rezultate, adică succes într-un post (McClelland, 1998).

52 11 Un subiect neglijat în psihologia organizaţională: emoţia 247 Richard Boyatzis (1999) a realizat patru grupări diferite ale relaţiilor care pot exista între competenţele aparţinând unei dimensiuni: complementaritate, manifestări alternative, compensatorii şi antagonice. Demonstrarea unei competenţe prezente la o persoană nu interferează cu demonstrarea unei alte abilităţi. De exemplu, autorul a explorat relaţia dintre adaptabilitate şi conştiinciozitate. O persoană poate da dovadă de flexibilitate în adaptarea la situaţie. Faptul că demonstrează siguranţă şi consistenţă nu ar interfera cu demonstrarea adaptabilităţii, dar, dacă persoana poate folosi ambele competenţe, eficenţa ei ar creşte în mai multe situaţii. Dacă, de exemplu, situaţia s-a schimbat, dar un răspuns sigur ar mai fi încă necesar, folosirea adaptabilităţii şi conştiinciozităţii ar permite continuarea comportamentului potrivit chiar şi în situaţii noi. Cea de-a doua relaţie între competenţe, alternarea manifestărilor, are loc între competenţe care reprezintă acelaşi set de capacităţi, chiar dacă fiecare competenţă cuprinde comportamente specifice unei situaţii. De exemplu, a-i conduce pe alţii şi a fi un catalizator al schimbării sunt manifestări alternative ale comportamentului de lider. Capacitatea de a-i conduce pe alţii este mai generală şi este văzută ca un rol tradiţional de lider, în vreme ce capacitatea de a fi catalizator al schimbării este o manifestare a liderului specific organizaţiilor în curs de schimbare. Când vorbim despre competenţe aflate în relaţii compensatorii, ne referim la compensarea în ceea ce priveşte nefolosirea sau slăbiciunea uneia sau alteia, rezultatele fiind aceleaşi dacă este folosită o competenţă sau alta. Orientarea spre realizare şi inţiativa sunt exemple de competenţe compensatorii. Ultimul tip de relaţii între competenţe este cel antagonic. Un nivel foarte înalt al unei competenţe poate preveni folosirea sau manifestarea alteia. Persoanele care prezintă abilitatea de echilibrare a competenţelor antagonice ajung adeseori la o performanţă remarcabilă. În modelul competenţei de inteligenţă emoţională, autocontrolul poate fi antagonic iniţiativei. Dacă cineva are un nivel mare al autocontrolului, inhibându-şi impulsurile şi acţiunile, ar avea o dificultate crescândă în timp în ceea ce priveşte iniţiativa. Deşi selecţia de personal este calea relativ cea mai rapidă pentru a obţine competenţe de inteligenţă emoţională în forţa de muncă, ea poate fi costisitoare. Noii angajaţi au nevoie să fie antrenaţi pentru a fi aduşi în scurt timp la cunoaşterea necesară postului, practicilor, proceselor etc. Costurile de angajare pot include şi lucruri precum taxe de recrutare şi consumarea timpului de lucru în interviuri. Adesea, este mai practic pentru o organizaţie să sporească nivelul inteligenţei emoţionale la personalul deja angajat prin training şi dezvoltare. Totuşi, dezvoltarea cere timp, implicare şi susţinere. Mai mult decât atât, adesea, organizaţiile mai mult împiedică decât favorizează procesul de dezvoltare. Accentul pe rezultatele imediate duce adesea la metode de dezvoltare coercitive sau neinteligente emoţional, care, la rândul lor, întăresc comportamentele inadecvate şi influenţează negativ sănătatea organizaţiei şi a membrilor ei.

53 248 Doina-Ştefana Săucan, Mihai Ioan Micle 12 Chiar şi în organizaţiile în care rutina asigură training, modelul acestuia este desemnat în mod obişnuit să producă un anumit nivel al abilităţilor tehnice sau cognitive. Cherniss şi Goleman, cu ajutorul Consorţiului pentru Cercetare a Inteligenţei Emoţionale în Organizaţii (Consortium for Research on Emotional Intelligence in Organizations), au elaborat un ghid de programe pentru dezvoltarea inteligenţei emoţionale care produc schimbări măsurabile (2001). Înainte ca o organizaţie să propună un training sau un program de dezvoltare pentru inteligenţa emoţională, ea trebuie să se asigure de un sprijin puternic pentru acest demers. Implicarea în dezvoltarea inteligenţei emoţionale trebuie să se facă de sus, din vârful ierarhiei, pentru că dezvoltarea cere timp şi muncă. Dacă activitatea nu este considerată importantă sau nu este valorizată de organizaţie, oamenii vor abandona repede, folosind timpul pentru ce li s-ar părea mai necesar, mai presant. Dezvoltarea competenţei emoţionale în organizaţii va avea succes numai dacă liderul comunică importanţa inteligenţei emoţionale membrilor organizaţiei. Sistemele de resurse umane iau în considerare următorii paşi înainte de a iniţia un demers de a creşte nivelul inteligenţei emoţionale într-o organizaţie: se asigură că liderii înţeleg beneficiile pe termen lung ale dezvoltării inteligenţei emoţionale în organizaţie; liderii au trecut prin training sau intervenţii care să le sporească competenţa emoţională înainte ca restul organizaţiei să intre într-un astfel de program; ajută liderii să comunice scopul şi importanţa efortului de schimbare; liderii sunt convinşi de existenţa feedback-ului privind dezvoltarea competenţelor lor emoţionale şi impactul lor asupra organizaţiei. Primit în redacţie la: 15.III.2011 BIBLIOGRAFIE 1. AMABILE, T., The intrinsic motivation principle of creativity, în B. STAW şi L.L. CUMMINGS (Eds.), Research in organizational behavior, 10, Greenwich, C.T.: JAI Press, BARRICK, M.R., MOUNT, M.K., STRAUSS, J.P., Conscientiousness and performance of sales representatives: Test of the mediating effects of goal setting, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78, 1993, p BAR-ON, R., Emotional and social intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Quotient Inventory, în R. BAR-ON şi J.D.A. PARKER (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment, and application at home, school, and in the workplace, San Francisco, Jossey-Bas, 2000, p BARSADE, S.G., GIBSON, D.E., Group emotion: A view from top and bottom, în D.H. GRUENFELD, B. MANNIX şi M. NEALE (Eds.), Research on managing groups and teams: Composition, 1, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1998, p BOYATZIS, R.E., GOLEMAN, D., RHEE, K., Clustering competence in emotional intelligence: Insights from the Emotional Intelligence Inventory (ECI), în R. BAR-ON şi J.D.A. PARKER (Eds.), The handbook of emotional intelligence: Theory, development, assessment and application at home, school, and in the work place, San Francisco, Jossey-Bass, 2000, p BOYATZIS, R.E., The competent manager: A model for effective performance, New York, Wiley, 1982.

54 13 Un subiect neglijat în psihologia organizaţională: emoţia BOYATZIS, R.E., Developing emotional intelligence (nepublicat), Cleveland: Case Western Reserve University, Department of Organizational Behavior, BUNKER, K.A., The power of vulnerability in contemporary leadership, în Consulting Psychology Journal, 49, 2, 1997, p CHERNISS, C., GOLEMAN, D. (Eds.), The emotionally Intelligent Workplace, San Francisco, Jossey Bass, A Wiley Company, CLARKSON, A., Relationships at work that get things done: Social capital in organizational settings, Unpublished doctoral dissertation, Boston University, COLEMAN, J.S., Foundations of social theory, Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, Belknap Press, DRUSKAT, U.V., WOLFF, B.S., Group emotional intelligence and its influence on group effectiveness, în CHERNISS, C., GOLEMAN, D. (Eds.), The Emotionally Intelligent Workplace, JOSSEY-BASS, San Francisco, Wiley Company, DULEWICZ, V., HIGGS, M., Emotional intelligence: Can it be measured reliably and validly using competency data?, în Competency, 6, 1, p , FERNANDEZ-ARAOZ, C., Hiring without firing, în Harvard Business Review, 1999, p FRIEDMAN, H., DIMATTEO, R., Interpersonal issues in health care, New York, Academic Press, GEORGE, JENNIFER M., BETTENHAUSEN, KENNETH, Understanding prosocial behavior sales performance and turnover: A group-level analysis in a service context, Journal of Applied Psychology, 75, 1990, p GOLEMAN, D., Emotional intelligence, New York, Bantam, GOLEMAN, D., Working with emotional intelligence, N.Y., Bantam, HOLAHAN, C.K., SEARS, R.R.L, The gifted group in later maturity, Stanford, C.A., Stanford University Press, HOUSE, R.J., Charismatic and non-charismatic leaders: Differences in behavior and effectiveness, în J.A. CONGER, R.N. KANUNGO şi colab., Charismatic leadership: The elusive factor in organizational effectiveness, San Francisco, Jossey Bass, JONES, G.R., GEORGE, J.M., The experience and evolution of trust: Implications for cooperation and teamwork, Academy of Management Review, 23, 1998, p KAHN, W.A., Relational systems at work, în B.M. STAW şi L.L. CUMMINGS (Eds.), Research in Organizational Behavior, 20, Greenwich, CT: JAI Press, 1998, p KAPLAN, R.E., Beyond ambition: How driven managers can lead better and live better, San Francisco, Jossey Bass, LUSCH, R.F., SERKENCI, R.R., Personal differencies, job tension, job outcomes, and store performance: A study of retail managers, Journal of Marketing, 54, 1, 1990, p MCALLISTER, D.J., Affect and cognition, based trust as foundations for interpersonal cooperation in organizations, Academy of Management Journal, 38, 1995, p MAYER, J.D., SALOVEY, P., CARUSO, D.R., Models of emotional intelligence, în R.J. STERNBERG (Ed.), Handbook of human intelligence New York, Cambridge University Press, 2000, p (2nd ed.). 27. MCCLELLAND, D.C., Identifying competencies with behavioral event interviews, Psychological Science, 9, 5, 1998, p SAKS, A.M., Longitudinal field investigation of the moderating and mediating effects of selfefficacy on the relationship between training and newcomer adjustment, Journal of Applied Psychology, 80, 1995, p SALOVEY, P., MAYER, J.D., Emotional intelligence, în Imagination, Cognition, and Personality, 9, 1990, p SPENCER, L.M., SPENCER, S.M., Competence at work: Models for superior performance, New York, Wiley, SPENCER, L.M., MCCLELLAND, D.C., SPENCER, S., Competency assessment methods, Boston, Hay/McBer Research Press, 1992.

55 250 Doina-Ştefana Săucan, Mihai Ioan Micle STEELE, C.M., A rhreat in the air: How stereotypes shape intellectual identity and performance, American Psychologist, 52, 1997, p TJOSVOLD, D., TJOSVOLD, M., Cooperation, competition, and constructive controversy: Knowledge to empower for self-managing work teams, în M.M. BEYERLEIN şi D.A. JOHNSON (Eds.), Advances in interdisciplinary studies of work teams (col. 1), Greenwich, C.T.: JAI Press, 1994, p ZIPKIN, A., The wisdom of thoughtfulness, New York Times, p. C1, C10; REZUMAT Articolul de faţă îşi propune să răspundă la întrebarea ce este inteligenţa emoţională şi care ar fi rolul ei în organizaţii, la locul de muncă? Se subliniază faptul că inteligenţa emoţională ajută la promovarea unei performanţe superioare în muncă. Inteligenţa emoţională înglobează abilităţi care implică controlul propriilor emoţii dar şi perceperea, recunoaşterea emoţiilor altora, fiind predictivă pentru o performanţă superioară la locul de muncă. Cercetarea ultimilor 25 de ani a reliefat consecvent un set de competenţe, precum încrederea în sine, iniţiativa şi lucrul în echipă care pot asigura performanţa în organizaţii.

56 PROFILUL FAMILIEI CU UN PĂRINTE CU SNC AFECTAT ACUT. II. STUDIU EXPERIMENTAL VIRGINIA ROTĂRESCU Abstract The study aims theoretically the special needs of families with a spinal cord/traumatic brain injured parent through the identification of the post-traumatic changes in the family system. The practical objective describes the pilot degree of functioning of the precocious prevention on psychopathology as a long term effect for the children in these families. Unlike the normal families, the injured patient families express the suffering of a troubled system. The children in these families have a psychiatric risk through a grown tendency towards internalization/externalization and total problems. The effects of the stressing event can decrease through psychological counseling, the coping strategies become more efficient and the family s functionality and health get better. Cuvinte-cheie: traumatism al sistemului nervos central, funcţionarea familiei, copii, sănătate pe termen lung, prevenţie precoce. Keywords: CNS injury, family functioning, children, long term health, precocious prevention. 1. ORGANIZAREA ŞI METODOLOGIA STUDIULUI Studiul prezent este consecinţa convingerii noastre că tehnicile de intervenţie psihologică preventivă precoce sunt mult mai eficiente dacă sunt cunoscute obstacolele care stau în calea implementării şi aplicării lor. Considerăm că familia şi părintele de sprijin sunt fundamentale atât pentru buna evoluţie a pacientului cât şi, mai ales, pentru corecta abordare a copilului. Ne propunem surprinderea şi descrierea modificărilor apărute în familie, în urma traumatismului cranio-cerebral sau/şi vertebro-medular asupra unuia dintre părinţi, iar apoi sintetizarea acestor date într-un profil specific. Argumentele fundamentale care stau la baza cercetării ce se constituie în dezideratul acestei lucrări sunt: dacă, în timpul internării, familia primeşte un sprijin substanţial din partea personalului medical, la revenirea acasă scade sau încetează comunicarea cu specialiştii; serviciile medicale devin sporadice şi întreaga povară trece asupra familiei. Sănătatea şi calitatea vieţii familiale sunt afectate iar copiii suferă cel mai Spitalul Clinic de Urgenţă Bagdasar-Arseni, Secţia de Neurochirurgie I, Bucureşti. Rev. Psih., vol. 57, nr. 3, p , Bucureşti, iulie septembrie 2011

57 252 Virginia Rotărescu 2 mult în confruntarea cu un asemenea stres. De aceea, din perspectiva unei eventuale intervenţii preventive, aceştia ar trebui să reprezinte una dintre ţintele majore deoarece sprijinul obişnuit oferit de părinţi poate fi insuficient. alături de un consilier, familia se va reorganiza în condiţii mai bune, va fi mai suportivă, îşi va adapta corespunzător relaţiile cu copiii şi îşi va relua dezvoltarea chiar dacă situaţia părintelui bolnav nu se va îmbunătăţi radical. pentru a putea oferi cele mai eficiente servicii şi a interveni în prevenirea instalării unei psihopatologii cu efect pe termen lung asupra copilului, este nevoie să cunoaştem fenomenele care survin în cadrul familiei, atunci când unul dintre părinţi este afectat printr-un traumatism acut al SNC. Cele de mai sus şi faptul, de la sine înţeles, că o cunoaştere a cauzelor rezistenţei familiei la oferta de suport (Rotărescu şi col., 2006 The profile... ) constituie o condiţie preliminară a succesului demersului psihoprofilactic, sunt argumentele care atestă actualitatea şi utilitatea studiului prezent OBIECTIVE ŞI IPOTEZE Cercetarea îşi propune ca obiectiv să descrie profilul familiei cu un părinte traumatizat acut asupra SNC prin surprinderea diferenţelor existente faţă de familie fără intervenţia unui eveniment stresant similar (normală). Obiectivul practic constă în: aplicarea rezultatelor cercetării în familiile cu un părinte traumatizat acut cranio-cerebral şi/sau vertebro-medular, mediu sau sever (Rotărescu şi col., 2006 b). iniţierea măsurilor de prevenţie precoce împotriva psihopatologiei copiilor acestora prin intervenţie psihologică în cabinetul psihologic al Spitalului Clinic de Urgenţă Bagdasar-Arseni, organizat ca centru-pilot (Onose şi col., 2008; Rotărescu şi col., 2007). Ipotezele de la care porneşte cercetarea sunt: dacă unul dintre părinţi suportă un traumatism acut asupra SNC atunci, în sistemul familial, apar modificări majore care transformă pattern-urile obişnuite ale familiei; severitatea consecinţelor determinate de traumatism depinde de particularităţile familiei; cu cât sistemul familial este mai destructurat cu atât efectele asupra copiilor sunt mai semnificative METODELE DE CERCETARE Metoda experimentului natural ex post facto: simultan (compararea grupurilor între ele, într-o secţiune transversală) şi succesiv (compararea unui grup cu el însuşi, într-o secţiune longitudinală). Variabilele independente sunt: traumatismul (cranio-cerebral şi/sau vertebro-medular) intervenit în familie şi în funcţie de care pot apărea o serie de modificări ce se constituie în variabilele dependente; tipul de familie familiile pacientului traumatizat formează lotul experimental şi familiile normale pe cel de control.

58 3 Profilul familiei cu un părinte cu SNC afectat acut. II 253 Observaţia indirectă prin metoda anchetei pe bază de chestionar pentru recoltarea datelor necesare studiului în scop de screening, diagnostic şi evoluţie. Metoda psihometrică care constă în aplicarea chestionarelor şi inventarelor validitate, standardizate şi etalonate, de tip hârtie-creion, verbale şi individuale cu timp la alegerea subiectului. Metoda cuantificării folosind ca bază teoretică statistica, pentru prelucrarea datelor recoltate, în vederea interpretării lor INSTRUMENTELE DE LUCRU Scala Karnofsky (apud Constantinovici, Adam, 1997, p. 9), utilizată pentru evaluarea statusului funcţional al pacienţilor, este folosită în evaluarea severităţii consecinţelor traumatismului (necesară interpretării intensităţii stresului asupra familiei şi urmăririi evoluţiei părintelui afectat din perspectiva autonomiei fizice). BADO-C (Basic Documetation-C Chestionar) prin care se notează vârsta, statusul socio-profesional şi de instrucţie al părinţilor. BDI (Beck Depresion Inventory, Beck, 1996) evidenţiază sănătatea mentală a părinţilor printr-o reflectare a propriilor descrieri idiosincretice. Aspectele inventariate se referă la: dispoziţia de fond; anumite sentimente bine circumscrise (de ratare, vinovăţie, autoacuzare, lipsă de satisfacţie); tulburări hipnice, ale libidoului şi apetitului; fatigabilitate; iritabilitate; cenestezie generală; conduită socială (gradul de interes faţă de semeni); activitate util-productivă (Gorgos, 1987, p. 388). SF-8 TM Health Survey (A manual for Users of the SF-8 TM HS, Ware şi col., 2001) surprinde starea de sănătate fizică a părinţilor. Este format din 8 itemi şi exprimă forma scurtă (Short Form 8) pentru explorarea stării de sănătate în următoarele domenii: sănătate generală, funcţionare fizică, rol fizic, dureri fizice, vitalitate, funcţionare socială, sănătate mentală, rol emoţional, componenta fizică şi componenta psihică. Se bazează pe un singur item pentru măsurarea unui domeniu şi reprezintă ultima fază în evoluţia scalelor de evaluare a sănătăţii de acest tip. FAD (McMaster Family Assessement Device, McCubin şi col., 2000; Kabacoff şi col., 1990; Epstein şi col. 1978, 1983), în varianta tradusă şi adaptată la populaţia românească, conţine 60 de itemi. Scorurile înalte indică un înalt grad al disfuncţionalităţii familiale. F-COPES (Family Crisis Oriented Personal Scales) evaluează stilul de coping la nivel familial. CBCL (Child Behavior Checklist, 4-11ani) şi YSR (Youth Self Report, ani) măsoară simptomele psihologice ale copiilor şi adolescenţilor (Achenbach, 1991, CBCL/YSR). Chestionarele conţin 113 (CBCL) respectiv 112 (YSR) itemi referitori la comportamente şi trăiri personale SUBIECŢII Un număr de 116 familii, cu copii între 6 17 ani, se constituie în două loturi: lotul experimental format din 58 de familii ale pacientului traumatizat cranio-cerebral sau/şi vertebro-medular este concretizat în 58 de părinţi de suport şi 58 de copii.

59 254 Virginia Rotărescu 4 lotul martor format din 58 de familii normale şi este concretizat în 116 părinţi şi 58 de copii SELECŢIA SUBIECŢILOR Subiecţii lotului experimental au fost selectaţi în perioada 1 octombrie decembrie 2004, pornind de la pacienţii internaţi prin Camera de gardă neurochirurgie a Spitalului de Urgenţă Bagdasar-Arseni, victime ale unui TCC/TVM mediu sau sever. Selecţia s-a făcut conform principiului EPSEM (Equal Probability of Selection Method), pe baza unei randomizari stratificate, respectând criteriile: CGS (Coma Glasgow Scale), din protocolul neurochirurgical, cu un scor cuprins între 3 şi 12; familii de rezidenţă, legal constituite (căsătoriţi), proprii pacienţilor, normale, complete până la intervenţia evenimentului traumatic; copii sănătoşi între 6 17 ani; vorbitori de limbă română şi un IQ cel puţin mediu pentru o bună capacitate de înţelegere şi colaborare în completarea chestionarelor; domiciliul în Bucureşti şi suburbii până la 100 km de capitală; fără probleme de sănătate fizică/mentală în antecedente sau internări anterioare; semnarea consimţământului de participare. Abordarea partenerilor de suport s-a făcut în faza de stabilitate/recuperare a părintelui traumatizat, de cele mai multe ori după câteva săptămâni de spitalizare. Procesul de selecţie a permis definirea mai multor tipuri de populaţii: selectabilii cei care au întrunit criteriile de diagnostic am notat 1312 familii; identificaţi cei care au întrunit toate criteriile de selecţie au fost 254 de familii (100% reprezentând populaţia de studiu) din care am selectat subiecţii pentru cercetare. Dintre acestea, am notat: pierduţi prin decese = 85 de pacienţi (33,46% dintre familiile identificate) sau refuzuri = 87 părinţi de suport (34,25% dintre familiile identificate) şi incluşi = 58 (22,83% dintre familiile identificate). Aceasta (definirea) descrie dificultatea crescută a demersului de includere a cazurilor în lotul experimental datorită criteriilor extrem de restrictive pe de o parte, şi, pe de altă parte, din cauza pierderilor prin deces şi a refuzurilor partenerilor de suport. Refuzurile au fost exprimate sub mai multe forme şi-n mai multe etape: imediat, într-o manieră agresivă sau de surprins-ofensată la solicitarea de a participa împreună cu unul dintre copii la completarea chestionarelor. În această situaţie era respinsă orice altă discuţie şi este caracteristică familiilor în care părintele bolnav deţinea controlul şi interzicea accesul la ceilalţi membri ai familiei lui. evazionist, când, iniţial, era acceptată discuţia şi formularul de consimţământ pentru a fi consultat şi semnat ulterior dar apoi erau evitate întâlnirile pentru

60 5 Profilul familiei cu un părinte cu SNC afectat acut. II 255 returnarea semnată a formularului. Dacă întâlnirea se producea accidental, refuzul era formulat şi însoţit de justificări. mascat, prin interdicţia accesului la copil. Acceptul semnării consimţământului de a participa la cercetare a survenit: imediat, atunci când s-a făcut solicitarea sau după insistenţe repetate când, o nevoie din partea părintelui bolnav (de obicei temeri legate de evoluţie şi competenţele în îngrijire după externare) i-a determinat să revină asupra hotărârii. Menţionăm faptul că, în nici una dintre familiile lotului martor nu a fost făcut vreun refuz la solicitarea reevaluării, deşi doar jumătate dintre familii (29) au fost cuprinse în activitatea de consiliere preventivă (restul de 29 de familii primind o broşură pentru informare şi clarificare). Această unanimitate în acceptare susţine, o dată în plus, nevoia de servicii specializate pentru suport exprimată în această categorie de populaţie. Subiecţii lotului martor au fost selectaţi, în perioada 1 iulie iunie 2006, din populaţia generală (după principiul EPSEM) respectând criteriile de selecţie (mai puţin condiţia medicală) şi caracteristicile lotului experimental. Identificarea familiilor s-a făcut începând cu copiii, astfel că au fost explorate grădiniţele, şcolile şi liceele. Cunoscând dinamica refuzurilor (Rotărescu şi col., 2006 a), ne-am orientat către un număr mai mare de copii decât necesarul studiului, pentru a ne asigura eşantionul complet PRELUCRAREA DATELOR OBŢINUTE Prelucrarea datelor colectate prin întregul demers al cercetării s-a făcut infor-matizat cu SPSS 10.05, descriptiv şi inferenţial. Partea descriptivă a programului a permis calcularea tendinţelor centrale (media, mediana, modul, abaterea standard şi varianţa), surprinderea corelaţiilor existente (testele t student, Mann-Whitney, semnificaţia mediilor, Pearson, Spearman-rho, lambda-tau, Goodman-Kruskal tau, eta, ANOVA one-way); prin statistica inferenţială s-a argumentat reprezentativitatea rezultatelor (testul chi pătrat). În cadrul programului statistic, cu ajutorul Syntax , s-a făcut normalizarea scorurilor brute şi sumarizarea în scale a chestionarelor (Comes, 2005; Sava, 2004; Lungu, 2001; Freeman & Tyrer, 2001; Rotariu, 1999) DATE FACTUALE 2. PREZENTAREA REZULTATELOR Lotul experimental Lotul experimental este format din 58 de familii, ale pacienţilor traumatizaţi cranio-cerebral sau/şi vertebro-medular, a însumat un număr de 116 subiecţi, din care 58 de părinţi de suport şi 58 de copii. Media de vârstă a lotului experimental este de 27,15 ani (DS = 14,97), într-o proporţie de 49% pentru genul masculin şi 51% pentru cel feminin.

61 256 Virginia Rotărescu 6 Media de vârstă a taţilor de suport a fost de 40 de ani iar a mamelor de suport de 42 de ani. Pentru primul şi al treilea născut dintre copii media de vârstă a fost de 13 ani iar pentru cei al doilea născut de 14 ani. În studiul nostru, taţii au fost preponderent victime, într-o proporţie de 60,3%, mamele fiind reprezentate în proporţie de 39,7% (χ 2 = 30.72; p < 0.01). Din perspectiva diagnosticului părintelui bolnav, lotul a fost structurat în jurul a 56,9% pacienţi suportând un TCC grav sau mediu, 31% un TVM şi pentru 12,1% dintre ei diagnosticul a fost mixt, TCC + TVM (reprezentativitatea pentru populaţia din care a fost extras este argumentată statistic de χ 2 = pentru p < 0.01). Cauza accidentelor structurează grupul în 25,9% accidente rutiere, 44,8% cădere de la alt nivel, 27,6% alte cauze (TCC secundar) şi 1,7% cauze necunoscute (χ 2 = ; p < 0.01). Vârsta medie a părintelui afectat a fost de 40,53 ani (DS = 5,65). Înainte de externare, evaluarea făcută de medicul curant în protocolul medical, după Scala Karnofski, oferea o distribuţie a autonomiei funcţionale a pacienţilor aşa cum apare descrisă în graficul de mai jos (figura 1). Media scorurilor a fost de 55,14 (DS = 16,37; χ 2 = 38,31; p < 0,01). Prognosticul făcut asupra dizabilitării pacientului descrie o progresie a acesteia pentru 13,8% dintre părinţii afectaţi, statică pentru 32,8% şi curabilă în cazul a 53,4% dintre pacienţi (χ 2 = 13,68; p < 0,01). După 6 luni de la accident, 50% dintre părinţii cu traumatism erau în remisie. Gradul dizabilitării evaluat prin Karnofski Index Gradul dizabilitarii evaluat prin Karnofski Index (procente pacienţi) (procente pacienti) K % K % K70 6.9% K80 1.7% K90 6.9% K % K % Figura 1. Autonomia funcţională a părintelui traumatizat. Din perspectiva părinţilor de suport, eşantionul a cuprins 60,3% mame şi 39,7% taţi cu medie de vârstă de 40,95 ani (DS = 6,48). Dintre aceştia, 57,9% erau angajaţi cu normă întreagă, 5,3% în part-time, 7% privaţi, 21,1% neangajaţi, 7% pensionaţi şi 1,8% casnice (χ 2 = 77,21; p < 0,01).

METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF OPTIMIZATION SPECIFIC TO THE DOMAIN OF EQUIPMENTS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF OPTIMIZATION SPECIFIC TO THE DOMAIN OF EQUIPMENTS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES PRODUCTICA Scientific Session Online ISSN 2067-9564 23 rd April 2010 63 METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF OPTIMIZATION SPECIFIC TO THE DOMAIN OF EQUIPMENTS AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Radu Virgil GRIGORIU Rezumat.

More information

METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF OPTIMIZATION SPECIFIC TO THE DOMAIN OF EQUIPMENT AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES

METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF OPTIMIZATION SPECIFIC TO THE DOMAIN OF EQUIPMENT AND MANUFACTURING PROCESSES Annals of the Academy of Romanian Scientists Series on Science and Technology of Information ISSN 2066-68570 Volume 3, Number 2/2011 85 METHODS AND PRINCIPLES OF OPTIMIZATION SPECIFIC TO THE DOMAIN OF

More information

4 The Examination and Implementation of Use Inventions in Major Countries

4 The Examination and Implementation of Use Inventions in Major Countries 4 The Examination and Implementation of Use Inventions in Major Countries Major patent offices have not conformed to each other in terms of the interpretation and implementation of special claims relating

More information

HUMAN FACTORS FOR TECHNICAL COMMUNICATORS By Marlana Coe (Wiley Technical Communication Library) Lecture 6

HUMAN FACTORS FOR TECHNICAL COMMUNICATORS By Marlana Coe (Wiley Technical Communication Library) Lecture 6 HUMAN FACTORS FOR TECHNICAL COMMUNICATORS By Marlana Coe (Wiley Technical Communication Library) Lecture 6 Human Factors Optimally designing for people takes into account not only the ergonomics of design,

More information

Awakening Your Psychic Self: Use Brain Wave Entrainment to have a psychic experience Today!

Awakening Your Psychic Self: Use Brain Wave Entrainment to have a psychic experience Today! Awakening Your Psychic Self: Use Brain Wave Entrainment to have a psychic experience Today! By Dave DeBold for AllThingsPsychic.Com (Feel free to pass this document along to other folks who might be interested,

More information

Titlul lucrării propuse pentru participarea la concursul pe tema securității informatice

Titlul lucrării propuse pentru participarea la concursul pe tema securității informatice Titlul lucrării propuse pentru participarea la concursul pe tema securității informatice "Îmbunătăţirea proceselor şi activităţilor educaţionale în cadrul programelor de licenţă şi masterat în domeniul

More information

Metrici LPR interfatare cu Barix Barionet 50 -

Metrici LPR interfatare cu Barix Barionet 50 - Metrici LPR interfatare cu Barix Barionet 50 - Barionet 50 este un lan controller produs de Barix, care poate fi folosit in combinatie cu Metrici LPR, pentru a deschide bariera atunci cand un numar de

More information

Kelly H. Werner, Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist PSY21858

Kelly H. Werner, Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist PSY21858 Kelly H. Werner, Ph.D. Clinical Psychologist PSY21858 Intake Questionnaire For this intake questionnaire either type and bold your answers and email it back to me, or print it out and write and circle

More information

Neuro refers to your brain and your neurology. It is about how you take in information. For example, you

Neuro refers to your brain and your neurology. It is about how you take in information. For example, you NLP Neuro refers to your brain and your neurology. It is about how you take in information. For example, you can use your eyes to see something. Other ways to experience an event include: hear, kinesthetic

More information

ANALYSIS OF DELAYS AND EXTENSION OF EXECUTION DURATION OF A ROAD PROJECT

ANALYSIS OF DELAYS AND EXTENSION OF EXECUTION DURATION OF A ROAD PROJECT DOI: 10.1515/rjti-2017-0060 ROMANIAN JOURNAL ANALYSIS OF DELAYS AND EXTENSION OF EXECUTION DURATION OF A ROAD PROJECT Mirela Mădălina STOIAN, Associate Prof., PhD, Technical University of Civil Engineering

More information

Issues Commonly behind Commitment Issues in The Change Process: - Rate all of the following using the above scale:

Issues Commonly behind Commitment Issues in The Change Process: - Rate all of the following using the above scale: SB Activity 9 - Overcoming Setbacks: COMMITMENT Sticking with our physical, emotional, spiritual goals and renewing our commitment to the change process: Background: Commitment, n. the state of being committed

More information

Quick fixes 20 quick, easy ways to stop feeling anxious AND stop cravings.

Quick fixes 20 quick, easy ways to stop feeling anxious AND stop cravings. Hello! Welcome to the workbook for the Anxiety and Overeating Workshop. If you haven t seen it already, make sure you watch the workshop. A lot of what s in this workbook is explained there as well as

More information

situations like those in your family, and not notice other choices

situations like those in your family, and not notice other choices Lesson One Notes 1. Hello and welcome to the first lesson of the Internal Map of Reality Expander online course. If you re interested in taking charge of your mind, and learning how to use it to intentionally

More information

Welcome to. Please PRINT CLEARLY and fill out the form COMPLETELY. Occupation Home phone Work phone Cell phone

Welcome to. Please PRINT CLEARLY and fill out the form COMPLETELY. Occupation Home phone Work phone Cell phone Welcome to Please PRINT CLEARLY and fill out the form COMPLETELY Client Full Name Date of Birth Sex: F M Age: Relationship Status:!Single!Married!Divorced!Committed Partnership!Widowed Occupation Home

More information

MECHANICAL DESIGN LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS BASED ON VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGIES

MECHANICAL DESIGN LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS BASED ON VIRTUAL REALITY TECHNOLOGIES INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING AND PRODUCT DESIGN EDUCATION 4 & 5 SEPTEMBER 2008, UNIVERSITAT POLITECNICA DE CATALUNYA, BARCELONA, SPAIN MECHANICAL DESIGN LEARNING ENVIRONMENTS BASED ON VIRTUAL

More information

Application of Virtual Reality Technology in College Students Mental Health Education

Application of Virtual Reality Technology in College Students Mental Health Education Journal of Physics: Conference Series PAPER OPEN ACCESS Application of Virtual Reality Technology in College Students Mental Health Education To cite this article: Ming Yang 2018 J. Phys.: Conf. Ser. 1087

More information

Detailed Instructions for Success

Detailed Instructions for Success Detailed Instructions for Success Now that you have listened to the audio training, you are ready to MAKE IT SO! It is important to complete Step 1 and Step 2 exactly as instructed. To make sure you understand

More information

Welcome to. Please PRINT CLEARLY and fill out the form COMPLETELY. Occupation Home phone Work phone Cell phone

Welcome to. Please PRINT CLEARLY and fill out the form COMPLETELY. Occupation Home phone Work phone Cell phone Welcome to Please PRINT CLEARLY and fill out the form COMPLETELY Client Full Name Date of Birth Sex: F M Age: Relationship Status:!Single!Married!Divorced!Committed Partnership!Widowed Occupation Home

More information

Correlation Guide. Wisconsin s Model Academic Standards Level II Text

Correlation Guide. Wisconsin s Model Academic Standards Level II Text Presented by the Center for Civic Education, The National Conference of State Legislatures, and The State Bar of Wisconsin Correlation Guide For Wisconsin s Model Academic Standards Level II Text Jack

More information

Some Reflections on Digital Literacy

Some Reflections on Digital Literacy Some Reflections on Digital Literacy Harald Gapski Abstract Parallel to the societal diffusion of digital technologies, the debate on their impacts and requirements has created terms like ICT literacy,

More information

Auditul financiar la IMM-uri: de la limitare la oportunitate

Auditul financiar la IMM-uri: de la limitare la oportunitate Auditul financiar la IMM-uri: de la limitare la oportunitate 3 noiembrie 2017 Clemente Kiss KPMG in Romania Agenda Ce este un audit la un IMM? Comparatie: audit/revizuire/compilare Diferente: audit/revizuire/compilare

More information

CAN WE BELIEVE OUR OWN EYES?

CAN WE BELIEVE OUR OWN EYES? Reading Practice CAN WE BELIEVE OUR OWN EYES? A. An optical illusion refers to a visually perceived image that is deceptive or misleading in that information transmitted from the eye to the brain is processed

More information

AWARENESS Being Aware. Being Mindful Self-Discovery. Self-Awareness. Being Present in the Moment.

AWARENESS Being Aware. Being Mindful Self-Discovery. Self-Awareness. Being Present in the Moment. FIRST CORE LEADERSHIP CAPACITY AWARENESS Being Aware. Being Mindful Self-Discovery. Self-Awareness. Being Present in the Moment. 1 Being Aware The way leaders show up in life appears to be different than

More information

THE AHA MOMENT: HELPING CLIENTS DEVELOP INSIGHT INTO PROBLEMS. James F. Whittenberg, PhD, LPC-S, CSC Eunice Lerma, PhD, LPC-S, CSC

THE AHA MOMENT: HELPING CLIENTS DEVELOP INSIGHT INTO PROBLEMS. James F. Whittenberg, PhD, LPC-S, CSC Eunice Lerma, PhD, LPC-S, CSC THE AHA MOMENT: HELPING CLIENTS DEVELOP INSIGHT INTO PROBLEMS James F. Whittenberg, PhD, LPC-S, CSC Eunice Lerma, PhD, LPC-S, CSC THE HELPING SKILLS MODEL Exploration Client-centered theory Insight Cognitive

More information

38. Looking back to now from a year ahead, what will you wish you d have done now? 39. Who are you trying to please? 40. What assumptions or beliefs

38. Looking back to now from a year ahead, what will you wish you d have done now? 39. Who are you trying to please? 40. What assumptions or beliefs A bundle of MDQs 1. What s the biggest lie you have told yourself recently? 2. What s the biggest lie you have told to someone else recently? 3. What don t you know you don t know? 4. What don t you know

More information

EVALUATION OF THE YARN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH SYNTHETIC INDICATORS

EVALUATION OF THE YARN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS THROUGH SYNTHETIC INDICATORS BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LVI (LX), Fasc. 2, 2010 SecŃia TEXTILE. PIELĂRIE EVALUATION OF THE YARN QUALITY CHARACTERISTICS

More information

Managing upwards. Bob Dick (2003) Managing upwards: a workbook. Chapel Hill: Interchange (mimeo).

Managing upwards. Bob Dick (2003) Managing upwards: a workbook. Chapel Hill: Interchange (mimeo). Paper 28-1 PAPER 28 Managing upwards Bob Dick (2003) Managing upwards: a workbook. Chapel Hill: Interchange (mimeo). Originally written in 1992 as part of a communication skills workbook and revised several

More information

CHAPTER 8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN

CHAPTER 8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN CHAPTER 8 RESEARCH METHODOLOGY AND DESIGN 8.1 Introduction This chapter gives a brief overview of the field of research methodology. It contains a review of a variety of research perspectives and approaches

More information

Behaviors That Revolve Around Working Effectively with Others Behaviors That Revolve Around Work Quality

Behaviors That Revolve Around Working Effectively with Others Behaviors That Revolve Around Work Quality Behaviors That Revolve Around Working Effectively with Others 1. Give me an example that would show that you ve been able to develop and maintain productive relations with others, thought there were differing

More information

A Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Body Representation Change of Human Upper Limb Focused on Sense of Ownership and Sense of Agency

A Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Body Representation Change of Human Upper Limb Focused on Sense of Ownership and Sense of Agency A Three-Dimensional Evaluation of Body Representation Change of Human Upper Limb Focused on Sense of Ownership and Sense of Agency Shunsuke Hamasaki, Atsushi Yamashita and Hajime Asama Department of Precision

More information

Contextual Design Observations

Contextual Design Observations Contextual Design Observations Professor Michael Terry September 29, 2009 Today s Agenda Announcements Questions? Finishing interviewing Contextual Design Observations Coding CS489 CS689 / 2 Announcements

More information

Perception. The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events.

Perception. The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. Perception The process of organizing and interpreting information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events. Perceptual Ideas Perception Selective Attention: focus of conscious

More information

Comment on Providing Information Promotes Greater Public Support for Potable

Comment on Providing Information Promotes Greater Public Support for Potable Comment on Providing Information Promotes Greater Public Support for Potable Recycled Water by Fielding, K.S. and Roiko, A.H., 2014 [Water Research 61, 86-96] Willem de Koster [corresponding author], Associate

More information

The Odds Calculators: Partial simulations vs. compact formulas By Catalin Barboianu

The Odds Calculators: Partial simulations vs. compact formulas By Catalin Barboianu The Odds Calculators: Partial simulations vs. compact formulas By Catalin Barboianu As result of the expanded interest in gambling in past decades, specific math tools are being promulgated to support

More information

isns Health Care Treatment and Consent

isns Health Care Treatment and Consent Health Care Treatment and Consent isns It is a good idea to think about who you want to make health care decisions for you when you are not capable of making these decisions yourself. Anyone could lose

More information

Extended Abstract: Impacts of Narrative, Nurturing, and Game-Play on Health-Related. Outcomes in an Action-Adventure Health Game. Debra A.

Extended Abstract: Impacts of Narrative, Nurturing, and Game-Play on Health-Related. Outcomes in an Action-Adventure Health Game. Debra A. Extended Abstract: Impacts of Narrative, Nurturing, and Game-Play on Health-Related Outcomes in an Action-Adventure Health Game Debra A. Lieberman UC Santa Barbara Action-adventure video games often provide

More information

These slides were created by Michael A. Britt, Ph.D., host of The Psych Files podcast. The slides accompany episode #115, which can be viewed by

These slides were created by Michael A. Britt, Ph.D., host of The Psych Files podcast. The slides accompany episode #115, which can be viewed by These slides were created by Michael A. Britt, Ph.D., host of The Psych Files podcast. The slides accompany episode #115, which can be viewed by clicking here: Video Game Violence. VIDEO GAME VIOLENCE

More information

Unhealthy Relationships: Top 7 Warning Signs By Dr. Deb Schwarz-Hirschhorn

Unhealthy Relationships: Top 7 Warning Signs By Dr. Deb Schwarz-Hirschhorn Unhealthy Relationships: Top 7 Warning Signs By Dr. Deb Schwarz-Hirschhorn When people have long-term marriages and things are bad, we can work on fixing them. It s better to resolve problems so kids can

More information

Amusing Ourselves to Death Discussion Questions

Amusing Ourselves to Death Discussion Questions AP English Language and Composition Mr. Lantz Amusing Ourselves to Death Guiding Questions Amusing Ourselves to Death Discussion Questions Students must answer 6 questions for each chapter; students must

More information

The First TST for the JBMO Satu Mare, April 6, 2018

The First TST for the JBMO Satu Mare, April 6, 2018 The First TST for the JBMO Satu Mare, April 6, 08 Problem. Prove that the equation x +y +z = x+y +z + has no rational solutions. Solution. The equation can be written equivalently (x ) + (y ) + (z ) =

More information

SPREADING CODES 1. INTRODUCTION. Ion POPA Societatea Română de Televiziune Studioul Teritorial Iaşi

SPREADING CODES 1. INTRODUCTION. Ion POPA Societatea Română de Televiziune Studioul Teritorial Iaşi SPREADING CODES Ion POPA Societatea Română de Televiziune Studioul Teritorial Iaşi REZUMAT. În această lucrare am realizat un studiu al codurilor de împrăştiere pe baza caruia am conceput mai multe programe

More information

AN ALGORITHM FOR THE ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF ANTI HAIL MISSILE LAUNCH RAMPS

AN ALGORITHM FOR THE ADAPTIVE CONTROL OF ANTI HAIL MISSILE LAUNCH RAMPS BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Volumul 64 (68), Numărul 2, 2018 Secţia ELECTROTEHNICĂ. ENERGETICĂ. ELECTRONICĂ AN ALGORITHM FOR THE

More information

The Development of Computer Aided Engineering: Introduced from an Engineering Perspective. A Presentation By: Jesse Logan Moe.

The Development of Computer Aided Engineering: Introduced from an Engineering Perspective. A Presentation By: Jesse Logan Moe. The Development of Computer Aided Engineering: Introduced from an Engineering Perspective A Presentation By: Jesse Logan Moe What Defines CAE? Introduction Computer-Aided Engineering is the use of information

More information

SINGULAR PERTURBATION DETECTION USING WAVELET FUNCTION REPRESENTATION

SINGULAR PERTURBATION DETECTION USING WAVELET FUNCTION REPRESENTATION U.P.B. Sci. Bull., Series C, Vol. 7, No., 8 ISSN 454-34x SINGULAR PERTURBATION DETECTION USING WAVELET FUNCTION REPRESENTATION Dan OLARU, Mihai Octavian POPESCU Calitatea distribuţiei energiei electrice

More information

AE Amfiteatru Economic recommends

AE Amfiteatru Economic recommends GOOD PRACTICES FOOD QUALITY AND SAFETY: PRACTICES AND CONTRIBUTIONS BROUGHT BY THE CENTRE OF RESEARCH AND ALIMENTARY PRODUCT EXPERTISE Prof. univ. dr. Rodica Pamfilie, Academy of Economic Studies, Bucharest

More information

Years 9 and 10 standard elaborations Australian Curriculum: Digital Technologies

Years 9 and 10 standard elaborations Australian Curriculum: Digital Technologies Purpose The standard elaborations (SEs) provide additional clarity when using the Australian Curriculum achievement standard to make judgments on a five-point scale. They can be used as a tool for: making

More information

Ministry of Justice: Call for Evidence on EU Data Protection Proposals

Ministry of Justice: Call for Evidence on EU Data Protection Proposals Ministry of Justice: Call for Evidence on EU Data Protection Proposals Response by the Wellcome Trust KEY POINTS It is essential that Article 83 and associated derogations are maintained as the Regulation

More information

Compensation Coverage for Members and Former Members of the Australian Defence Force

Compensation Coverage for Members and Former Members of the Australian Defence Force Military Rehabilitation and Compensation Act 2004 (MRCA) DVA Factsheet MRC02 Compensation Coverage for Members and Former Members of the Australian Defence Force Purpose This Factsheet provides information

More information

This article is supplied as part of StudyCommunication.com All rights reserved. Fantasy Theme Analysis

This article is supplied as part of StudyCommunication.com All rights reserved. Fantasy Theme Analysis 1 This article is supplied as part of StudyCommunication.com All rights reserved. Fantasy Theme Analysis Fantasy theme analysis, which is the line of scholarship that resulted in the development of the

More information

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS: ARE YOU DOING TOO MUCH FOR YOUR CHILD? by Debbie Pincus, MS LMHC

LEARNED HELPLESSNESS: ARE YOU DOING TOO MUCH FOR YOUR CHILD? by Debbie Pincus, MS LMHC LEARNED HELPLESSNESS: ARE YOU DOING TOO MUCH FOR YOUR CHILD? by Debbie Pincus, MS LMHC Your teen leaves his dirty clothes all over the house. Instead of getting into another fight with him or nagging him

More information

Versionare - GIT ALIN ZAMFIROIU

Versionare - GIT ALIN ZAMFIROIU Versionare - GIT ALIN ZAMFIROIU Controlul versiunilor - necesitate Caracterul colaborativ al proiectelor; Backup pentru codul scris Istoricul modificarilor Terminologie și concepte VCS Version Control

More information

Object Perception. 23 August PSY Object & Scene 1

Object Perception. 23 August PSY Object & Scene 1 Object Perception Perceiving an object involves many cognitive processes, including recognition (memory), attention, learning, expertise. The first step is feature extraction, the second is feature grouping

More information

A willingness to explore everything and anything that will help us radiate limitless energy, focus, health and flow in everything we do.

A willingness to explore everything and anything that will help us radiate limitless energy, focus, health and flow in everything we do. A willingness to explore everything and anything that will help us radiate limitless energy, focus, health and flow in everything we do. Event Agenda 7pm 7:30pm: Neurofeedback overview 7:30pm 8pm: Questions

More information

not social, spending most of one's time alone 4. a sum of money paid as a penalty or punishment 6. someone who studies and looks for answers 11.

not social, spending most of one's time alone 4. a sum of money paid as a penalty or punishment 6. someone who studies and looks for answers 11. Video Game Violence Pre-Reading A. Warm-Up Questions 1. Do you ever play video games? If so, how often? 2. Do you have children? Do they play video games, and if so, how often do they play? 3. What do

More information

Semnale şi sisteme. Facultatea de Electronică şi Telecomunicaţii Departamentul de Comunicaţii (TC)

Semnale şi sisteme. Facultatea de Electronică şi Telecomunicaţii Departamentul de Comunicaţii (TC) Semnale şi sisteme Facultatea de Electronică şi Telecomunicaţii Departamentul de Comunicaţii (TC) http://shannon.etc.upt.ro/teaching/ssist/ 1 OBIECTIVELE CURSULUI Disciplina îşi propune să familiarizeze

More information

Updating the Nomographical Diagrams for Dimensioning the Concrete Slabs

Updating the Nomographical Diagrams for Dimensioning the Concrete Slabs Acta Technica Napocensis: Civil Engineering & Architecture Vol. 57, No. 1 (2014) Journal homepage: http://constructii.utcluj.ro/actacivileng Updating the Nomographical Diagrams for Dimensioning the Concrete

More information

Concerning the Potential of Using Game-Based Virtual Environment in Children Therapy

Concerning the Potential of Using Game-Based Virtual Environment in Children Therapy Concerning the Potential of Using Game-Based Virtual Environment in Children Therapy Andrada David Ovidius University of Constanta Faculty of Mathematics and Informatics 124 Mamaia Bd., Constanta, 900527,

More information

Communicating Complex Ideas Podcast Transcript (with Ryan Cronin) [Opening credits music]

Communicating Complex Ideas Podcast Transcript (with Ryan Cronin) [Opening credits music] Communicating Complex Ideas Podcast Transcript (with Ryan Cronin) [Opening credits music] Georgina: Hello, and welcome to the first Moore Methods podcast. Today, we re talking about communicating complex

More information

ENHANCED HUMAN-AGENT INTERACTION: AUGMENTING INTERACTION MODELS WITH EMBODIED AGENTS BY SERAFIN BENTO. MASTER OF SCIENCE in INFORMATION SYSTEMS

ENHANCED HUMAN-AGENT INTERACTION: AUGMENTING INTERACTION MODELS WITH EMBODIED AGENTS BY SERAFIN BENTO. MASTER OF SCIENCE in INFORMATION SYSTEMS BY SERAFIN BENTO MASTER OF SCIENCE in INFORMATION SYSTEMS Edmonton, Alberta September, 2015 ABSTRACT The popularity of software agents demands for more comprehensive HAI design processes. The outcome of

More information

IMPROVING WELLNESS WITH MINDFULNESS

IMPROVING WELLNESS WITH MINDFULNESS IMPROVING WELLNESS WITH MINDFULNESS Be happy in the moment, that's enough...each moment is all we need, not more. ~Mother Teresa Do You Ever Feel This Way? Mindfulness Based Cognitive Therapy (MBCT): What

More information

Haptic presentation of 3D objects in virtual reality for the visually disabled

Haptic presentation of 3D objects in virtual reality for the visually disabled Haptic presentation of 3D objects in virtual reality for the visually disabled M Moranski, A Materka Institute of Electronics, Technical University of Lodz, Wolczanska 211/215, Lodz, POLAND marcin.moranski@p.lodz.pl,

More information

Comprehensive Health Eighth Grade Valid and invalid sources of information about alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs

Comprehensive Health Eighth Grade Valid and invalid sources of information about alcohol, tobacco, and other drugs performance enhancing drugs weight loss products addictions and treatment effect on other risk behaviors, including sexual activity alcohol, tobacco, and drug use Signs and consequences Comprehensive Health

More information

Adult Carer Support Plan Guidance Notes

Adult Carer Support Plan Guidance Notes Adult Carer Support Plan Guidance Notes Dumfries & Galloway DO YOU LOOK AFTER SOMEONE? A Carer is someone of any age who provides support to a family member or a friend who is affected by long term illness,

More information

Commission on Chess In Schools

Commission on Chess In Schools 1 Dear chess colleges: Commission on Chess In Schools Conclusions Chess in Schools and the cognitive capacities by Prof. Uvencio Blanco Chairman of FIDE Chess In Schools Commission Turin, 26.02.2009 in

More information

There have never been more ways to communicate with one another than there are right now.

There have never been more ways to communicate with one another than there are right now. Personal Connections in a Digital Age by Catherine Gebhardt There have never been more ways to communicate with one another than there are right now. However, the plentiful variety of communication tactics

More information

Enjoy Public Speaking - Workbook Saying Goodbye to Fear or Discomfort

Enjoy Public Speaking - Workbook Saying Goodbye to Fear or Discomfort John s Welcome: Enjoy Public Speaking - Workbook Saying Goodbye to Fear or Discomfort www.endpublicspeakinganxiety.com Hi and welcome to a journey which will end with you being a person who will look forward

More information

ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS

ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS 143 TECHNICAL UNIVERSITY OF CLUJ-NAPOCA ACTA TECHNICA NAPOCENSIS Series: Applied Mathematics, Mechanics, and Engineering Vol. 59, Issue I, March, 2016 AUTOMATED EQUIPMENT FOR STAMPED SHEET METAL PARTS

More information

Welcome to the Crohn s & Colitis Foundation s Online Support Group for Caregivers

Welcome to the Crohn s & Colitis Foundation s Online Support Group for Caregivers Week 4: Managing the Rollercoaster Welcome to the Crohn s & Colitis Foundation s Online Support Group for Caregivers Managing the ups-and-downs of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) can often feel like a

More information

Towards a learning based paradigm of the futures research

Towards a learning based paradigm of the futures research Towards a learning based paradigm of the futures research Osmo Kuusi Adjuct professor in Futures and Innovation Studies, Aalto University, School of Science Futures Research Centre, Turku University What

More information

NEUROFEEDBACK INTAKE QUESTIONNAIRE. 3. How long does it take you to fall asleep? If it is longer than 10 minutes, what was going on in your mind?

NEUROFEEDBACK INTAKE QUESTIONNAIRE. 3. How long does it take you to fall asleep? If it is longer than 10 minutes, what was going on in your mind? NEUROFEEDBACK INTAKE QUESTIONNAIRE Please note, this questionnaire is not a screening device but is used to prepare for your first neurofeedback session. Please take your time to answer all the questions

More information

Detection of external stimuli Response to the stimuli Transmission of the response to the brain

Detection of external stimuli Response to the stimuli Transmission of the response to the brain Sensation Detection of external stimuli Response to the stimuli Transmission of the response to the brain Perception Processing, organizing and interpreting sensory signals Internal representation of the

More information

Rapid Test Result: Negative HIV

Rapid Test Result: Negative HIV Rapid Test Result: Negative HIV Components Goal 1: Provide Rapid Test Result Negative Goal 2: Negotiate Risk Reduction Step and Identify Sources of Support Goal 3: Provide Referrals Goal 4: Summarize and

More information

THE DAWN OF A VIRTUAL ERA

THE DAWN OF A VIRTUAL ERA Mahboobin 4:00 R05 Disclaimer This paper partially fulfills a writing requirement for first year (freshman) engineering students at the University of Pittsburgh Swanson School of Engineering. This paper

More information

Reflexia şi refracţia luminii. Aplicaţii. Valerica Baban

Reflexia şi refracţia luminii. Aplicaţii. Valerica Baban Reflexia şi refracţia luminii. Aplicaţii. Sumar 1. Indicele de refracţie al unui mediu 2. Reflexia şi refracţia luminii. Legi. 3. Reflexia totală 4. Oglinda plană 5. Reflexia şi refracţia luminii în natură

More information

INSTRUMENTE DE MARKETING ÎN PRACTICĂ:

INSTRUMENTE DE MARKETING ÎN PRACTICĂ: INSTRUMENTE DE MARKETING ÎN PRACTICĂ: Marketing prin Google CUM VĂ AJUTĂ ACEST CURS? Este un curs util tuturor celor implicați în coordonarea sau dezvoltarea de campanii de marketingși comunicare online.

More information

PRIMATECH WHITE PAPER COMPARISON OF FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS OF HAZOP APPLICATION GUIDE, IEC 61882: A PROCESS SAFETY PERSPECTIVE

PRIMATECH WHITE PAPER COMPARISON OF FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS OF HAZOP APPLICATION GUIDE, IEC 61882: A PROCESS SAFETY PERSPECTIVE PRIMATECH WHITE PAPER COMPARISON OF FIRST AND SECOND EDITIONS OF HAZOP APPLICATION GUIDE, IEC 61882: A PROCESS SAFETY PERSPECTIVE Summary Modifications made to IEC 61882 in the second edition have been

More information

30 Day Affirmation Challenge

30 Day Affirmation Challenge 30 Day Affirmation Challenge Unlock the power of daily affirmations to transform your life Your mind is like a garden, if you do not deliberately plant flowers and tend carefully, weeds will grow, without

More information

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF IRREGULARITY IN PITCH VIBRATO FOR STRING-INSTRUMENT TONES

ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF IRREGULARITY IN PITCH VIBRATO FOR STRING-INSTRUMENT TONES Abstract ANALYSIS AND EVALUATION OF IRREGULARITY IN PITCH VIBRATO FOR STRING-INSTRUMENT TONES William L. Martens Faculty of Architecture, Design and Planning University of Sydney, Sydney NSW 2006, Australia

More information

Privacy, Due Process and the Computational Turn: The philosophy of law meets the philosophy of technology

Privacy, Due Process and the Computational Turn: The philosophy of law meets the philosophy of technology Privacy, Due Process and the Computational Turn: The philosophy of law meets the philosophy of technology Edited by Mireille Hildebrandt and Katja de Vries New York, New York, Routledge, 2013, ISBN 978-0-415-64481-5

More information

(Refer Slide Time: 3:11)

(Refer Slide Time: 3:11) Digital Communication. Professor Surendra Prasad. Department of Electrical Engineering. Indian Institute of Technology, Delhi. Lecture-2. Digital Representation of Analog Signals: Delta Modulation. Professor:

More information

ENHANCING PRODUCT SENSORY EXPERIENCE: CULTURAL TOOLS FOR DESIGN EDUCATION

ENHANCING PRODUCT SENSORY EXPERIENCE: CULTURAL TOOLS FOR DESIGN EDUCATION INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE ON ENGINEERING AND PRODUCT DESIGN EDUCATION 5 & 6 SEPTEMBER 2013, DUBLIN INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, DUBLIN, IRELAND ENHANCING PRODUCT SENSORY EXPERIENCE: CULTURAL TOOLS FOR DESIGN

More information

What IS Mindfulness Anyway?

What IS Mindfulness Anyway? What IS Mindfulness Anyway? ANNE B. PARKER, MA, MHSA, MT-BC Fellow, Association for Music & Imagery Carol Bitcon Memorial Lecture American Music Therapy Association November 17, 2017 Benefits of mindfulness!

More information

STUDY EVOLUTION OF BIT B ERRORS AND ERRORS OF PACKAGES IN I

STUDY EVOLUTION OF BIT B ERRORS AND ERRORS OF PACKAGES IN I STUDY EVOLUTION OF BIT B ERRORS AND ERRORS OF PACKAGES IN I OFDM TRANSMISSION USING PILOT SYMBOL Ion POPA Societatea Română de Televiziune Studioul Teritorial Iaşi REZUMAT. În această lucrarea este realizat

More information

REPORT ON THE RESEARCH WORK

REPORT ON THE RESEARCH WORK REPORT ON THE RESEARCH WORK Influence exerted by AIRES electromagnetic anomalies neutralizer on changes of EEG parameters caused by exposure to the electromagnetic field of a mobile telephone Executors:

More information

THE STATE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCE OF NANOSCIENCE. D. M. Berube, NCSU, Raleigh

THE STATE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCE OF NANOSCIENCE. D. M. Berube, NCSU, Raleigh THE STATE OF THE SOCIAL SCIENCE OF NANOSCIENCE D. M. Berube, NCSU, Raleigh Some problems are wicked and sticky, two terms that describe big problems that are not resolvable by simple and traditional solutions.

More information

The Job Interview: Here are some popular questions asked in job interviews:

The Job Interview: Here are some popular questions asked in job interviews: The Job Interview: Helpful Hints to Prepare for your interview: In preparing for a job interview, learn a little about your potential employer. You can do this by calling the business and asking, or research

More information

Dreaming Insights A 5-Step Plan for Discovering the Meaning in Your Dream

Dreaming Insights A 5-Step Plan for Discovering the Meaning in Your Dream Dreaming Insights A 5-Step Plan for Discovering the Meaning in Your Dream 2002, 2004 by Gillian Holloway. All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any

More information

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM YEAR bachiller. The black forest FIRST YEAR OF HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM

EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM YEAR bachiller. The black forest FIRST YEAR OF HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM bachiller EDUCATIONAL PROGRAM YEAR 2015-2016 FIRST YEAR OF HIGH SCHOOL PROGRAM The black forest (From the Tapies s cube to the Manglano-Ovalle s) From Altamira to Rothko 2 PURPOSES In accordance with Decreto

More information

Written by Administrator Wednesday, 06 August :47 - Last Updated Wednesday, 24 June :37

Written by Administrator Wednesday, 06 August :47 - Last Updated Wednesday, 24 June :37 SUMMARY OF SE-5 1000 INTRINSIC DATA FIELD ANALYZER OPERATING PRINCIPLES AND MECHANISMS The SE-5 1000 INTRINSIC DATA FIELD ANALYZER is based on the premise that everything which exists emits and absorbs

More information

STRATEGO EXPERT SYSTEM SHELL

STRATEGO EXPERT SYSTEM SHELL STRATEGO EXPERT SYSTEM SHELL Casper Treijtel and Leon Rothkrantz Faculty of Information Technology and Systems Delft University of Technology Mekelweg 4 2628 CD Delft University of Technology E-mail: L.J.M.Rothkrantz@cs.tudelft.nl

More information

VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION IN THE DRIVE SUBSYSTEM MONITORING OF A MOBIL ROBOT WITH GESTURE COMMANDS

VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION IN THE DRIVE SUBSYSTEM MONITORING OF A MOBIL ROBOT WITH GESTURE COMMANDS BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LIV (LVIII), Fasc. 3-4, 2008 Secţia AUTOMATICĂ şi CALCULATOARE VIRTUAL INSTRUMENTATION IN THE

More information

People Decoding Violent Video Games. By: Stephon Sharp

People Decoding Violent Video Games. By: Stephon Sharp People Decoding Violent Video Games By: Stephon Sharp Video Games Statistics The entertainment software association did a study in 2015 about the sales and use of video games in the United States and this

More information

DOCTORAL THESIS (Summary)

DOCTORAL THESIS (Summary) LUCIAN BLAGA UNIVERSITY OF SIBIU Syed Usama Khalid Bukhari DOCTORAL THESIS (Summary) COMPUTER VISION APPLICATIONS IN INDUSTRIAL ENGINEERING PhD. Advisor: Rector Prof. Dr. Ing. Ioan BONDREA 1 Abstract Europe

More information

ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE E-FIELD SPECTRUM ANALYSIS AND GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION

ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE E-FIELD SPECTRUM ANALYSIS AND GRAPHICAL INTERPRETATION BULETINUL INSTITUTULUI POLITEHNIC DIN IAŞI Publicat de Universitatea Tehnică Gheorghe Asachi din Iaşi Tomul LII (LXI), Fasc. 4, 2011 SecŃia ELECTROTEHNICĂ. ENERGETICĂ. ELECTRONICĂ ELECTROSTATIC DISCHARGE

More information

Years 7 and 8 standard elaborations Australian Curriculum: Visual Arts

Years 7 and 8 standard elaborations Australian Curriculum: Visual Arts Purpose The standard elaborations (SEs) provide additional clarity when using the Australian Curriculum achievement standard to make judgments on a five-point scale. These can be used as a tool for: making

More information

Procesarea Imaginilor

Procesarea Imaginilor Procesarea Imaginilor Curs 11 Extragerea informańiei 3D prin stereoviziune Principiile Stereoviziunii Pentru observarea lumii reale avem nevoie de informańie 3D Într-o imagine avem doar două dimensiuni

More information

Sarah Negus E-Magazine

Sarah Negus E-Magazine Sarah Negus E-Magazine BROUGHT TO YOU BY: Sarah Ann Negus www.sarahnegus.com sarah@sarahnegus.com Sarah Negus E-Magazine March 2016 March 2016 www.sarahnegus.com SarahNegus2016 Editors Pick Ethos of a

More information

Q: What was your writing process like for this book? How did your aphasia affect your ability to write and what are some ways you overcame

Q: What was your writing process like for this book? How did your aphasia affect your ability to write and what are some ways you overcame Author Q&A Q: What was your writing process like for this book? How did your aphasia affect your ability to write and what are some ways you overcame it? A: When I just started the process of writing a

More information

Structura și Organizarea Calculatoarelor. Titular: BĂRBULESCU Lucian-Florentin

Structura și Organizarea Calculatoarelor. Titular: BĂRBULESCU Lucian-Florentin Structura și Organizarea Calculatoarelor Titular: BĂRBULESCU Lucian-Florentin Chapter 3 ADUNAREA ȘI SCĂDEREA NUMERELOR BINARE CU SEMN CONȚINUT Adunarea FXP în cod direct Sumator FXP în cod direct Scăderea

More information

Motivating Yourself to Peak Performance Teleseminar Notes by Brian Tracy

Motivating Yourself to Peak Performance Teleseminar Notes by Brian Tracy Motivating Yourself to Peak Performance Teleseminar Notes by Brian Tracy You have the potential, right now, to be more, do more and have more than ever before. No matter what you have accomplished so far,

More information