UNIT 12 : NANO TECHNOLOGY

Transcription

1 UNIT 12 : NANO TECHNOLOGY What is nanotechnology? How was nanotechnology developed? What are the benefits of this kind of technology? Why is it important in our everyday lives? Can you name a product using nanotechnology? 262

2 TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES FOR BEGINNER LEVEL BY THE END OF THE LESSON, STUDENTS CAN: STRATEGIES/ APPROACHES i. Write antonyms and synonyms. ii. Find and select relevant information in a text. iii. Respond to innovations related to nanotechnology. Reading Strategy: Skim and Scan 5W1H LOTS: Understanding HOTS: Analysing 21st Century Learning VALUES Diligence LEARNING/ TEACHING AIDS SITUATION TEXT FORMAT TEXT TYPE COGNITIVE PROCESS Worksheet Flash cards Public Educational Single Descriptive Scan and locate Represent literal and gist meaning *refer to HEBAT Bacaan Bahasa Inggeris Reading Strategies **refer to 21 st Century Learning: Cooperative Learning Structures ***refer to Guide to Using HOTS in a Reading Classroom 263

3 STEP 1 ACTIVITIES a. Students read TEXT 1. b. Students fill in the blanks with correct synonyms and antonyms (WORKSHEET 1). c. Class discuss answers. SKILLS/ APPROACHES LOTS: Understanding Reading Strategy: Skim and Scan STEP 2 a. In pairs, students read TEXT 1 again and answer 5W1H* questions in WORKSHEET 2. b. Students discuss answers with their face partner**. Reading Strategy: 5W1H HOTS: Analysing 21st Century Learning: Think-Pair-Share STEP 3 a. In groups, students answer questions in a World Cafe** activity (WORKSHEET 3). b. Students discuss and answer the questions. HOTS: Analysing 21st Century Learning: World Cafe 264

4 TEXT 1 WHAT IS NANOTECHNOLOGY? What is it? The 'Nano' part is referring to the size of the thing being made. A 'nanometer' is absolutely tiny, being a billionth of a metre. This is hard to imagine, so to give you an idea, the smallest atom in the universe is the hydrogen atom. You can line up ten hydrogen atoms in one nanometer. So nano-technology is making devices at the atomic scale. How did it come about? It has been around for about 15 years. Maybe one of the most significant starting points was when scientists developed a device that could spell 'IBM' on the surface of a crystal by moving individual atoms around. They won the Nobel Prize for that. Then along came a molecule going by the wonderful name of 'Buckminster- Fullerene'. This is an arrangement of 60 carbon atoms in the shape of a football. It showed that it was possible to make things at the atomic scale. So thousands of researchers around the world started to look at what could be made. Some looked at new materials with properties never-before seen. Others had ideas to put atoms together in the shape of tubes and rods to see what they could do. 265

5 The more over-excited scientists wrote books about tiny machines traveling through your blood, fixing you from the inside-out, or making anything you want from nano-glob, a bit like the star-trek machine that makes coffee from nothing. So what has it really done for us? Medicine Nano-technology has produced better ways of delivering vital drugs to the right place in your body - but not in the shape of a tiny submarine! Nano-cages trap the drug molecules and then carry them to where they are meant to go. Materials Nano-particles are added to steel and plastics to give them improved properties. For example: A new type of carbon fibre, developed at the University of Cambridge, could be woven into super-strong body armour for the military and law enforcement. Input Sensors Nano-technology is used to make very sensitive, tiny sensors for detecting various physical effects. For example there are now sensors used in modern cars that can detect the car being in a potentially lethal situation (i.e. crash), so allowing brakes and safety devices to be used effectively in an emergency. MEMS = "Micro Electro- Mechanical Systems". Electronics This is probably the most significant area for nano-technology. For the past fifty years, engineers have made smaller and smaller devices; today they can make electronics down to about 60 nano-metres. There is a bit of leeway left, but around 35nm is just about the last stage engineers can go before they have to take a different way. Transistors start to behave in weird, unpredictable ways when they get smaller than this because individual atoms begin to have an effect. These are called 'quantum' effects. With nano-technology you will often see the word 'quantum' crop up. It is early days, but nano-technology is making it possible to build up devices from atoms, so devices will become ever smaller. 266

6 Recently a scientist/engineer won the 2007 Nobel prize for discovering a nano-scale effect that allows hard-disk heads to be two thousand times smaller than the width of a human hair. This is why you now see 1 Terabyte hard disks appearing. And the future? Renewable Energy Scientists have recently used nano-wires 200 times thinner than a human hair to create tiny solar power cells. Medicine Nano-technology is being used to create artificial corneas and develop new ways of measuring your health. World Health Millions of people have no clean water to drink. Nano-clay and nano-fibres are being used to create cheap, effective water filters for developing countries. Smart dust Engineers have recently made a radio component the size of a virus, so maybe 'smart dust' will become a reality where smart particles are spread over a battle field to report back to base. Or the particles are placed in your body to report back on your health. Computers Quantum computers, with processing devices at the atomic level, promise to be a million times faster than today's supercomputers. Global warming Cars are adding to the global warming problem by burning fossil fuels. An alternative to petrol is to use hydrogen. But no-one has figured out a convenient and safe way of storing the hydrogen in the car. Nano-technology is being used to see if the hydrogen can be stored inside a 'Buckminster-Fullerene' type atomic cage. Nano-technology remains a fascinating field where surprises continue to crop up. 267

7 WORKSHEET 1 Fill in the blanks with appropriate words. Synonyms Antonyms Small : Scientists : Devices : Developed : Won : Artificial Improved: Sensitive 268

8 WORKSHEET 2 Answer all questions. Choose the correct answer and there might be more than one correct answer. 1. The first paragraph discusses a) The origin of nanotechnology b) The background of the founder c) What nanotechnology is all about 2. They won the Nobel Prize for that. According to the text, which of the following events has led to the winning of the Nobel Prize? a) The arrangement of 60 carbon atoms in the shape of a football b) The production of better ways of delivering vital drugs c) The development of a device that could spell 'IBM' on the surface of a crystal by moving individual atoms around d) The invention of very sensitive, tiny sensors for detecting various physical effects 3. The more over-excited scientists wrote books about tiny machines traveling through your blood, fixing you from the inside-out, or making anything you want from nano-glob, a bit like the star-trek machine that makes coffee from nothing. What does the paragraph above tell you about the scientists reaction to the discovery of nanotechnology? a) They are overwhelmed by the finding b) They are too ambitious c) They are afraid of being obsolete d) They are adequately ready for new challenges 4. Read the statements and tick in the correct box. No. Statement True False a. b. c. d. Nano-technology has produced better ways of delivering vital drugs to the right place in your body in the shape of a tiny submarine. There are now sensors used in modern cars that can detect the car being in a potentially lethal situation (i.e. crash MEMS = "Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems) so allowing brakes and safety devices to be used effectively in an emergency. Transistors start to behave in weird, unpredictable ways when they get smaller than 3.5nm because individual atoms begin to have an effect. These are called 'quantum' effects Quantum computers, with processing devices at the atomic level, promise to be a million times faster than today's supercomputers 269

9 WORKSHEET 3 WORLD CAFÉ Students sit at different tables in a cafe setting and each table is assigned a question for the participants to discuss and respond to. Quantum computers What do you know about this? Global warming How can you overcome this problem by applying Nano Technology? What do you know about Nano Technology and how do you explain that briefly? 270

10 TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES FOR INTERMEDIATE LEVEL BY THE END OF LESSON, STUDENTS CAN: STRATEGIES/ APPROACHES i. Analyse a text and answer Wh-questions. ii. Classify and categorize information from a text Reading Strategy: Skim and Scan LOTS: Understanding HOTS: Applying Analysing Evaluating 21st Century Learning PARApoint VALUES Rationality LEARNING/ TEACHING AIDS SITUATION TEXT FORMAT TEXT TYPE COGNITIVE PROCESS Worksheet Picture Educational Single Description Represent literal and gist meaning Integrate and generate inferences *refer to HEBAT Bacaan Bahasa Inggeris Reading Strategies **refer to 21 st Century Learning: Cooperative Learning Structures ***refer to Guide to Using HOTS in a Reading Classroom 271

11 STEP 1 ACTIVITIES a. Students guess the meaning of the word nanotechnology. b. Discuss definitions of the words nano and technology (PICTURE 1). c. Students check their answers (PICTURE 2). STRATEGY/ APPROACHES LOTS: Understanding Vocabulary STEP 2 a. Students read the article about nanotechnology using PARApoint* or PREVIEW, ANALYSE, RE-READ and ACCENTING important points(text 1). b. Students answer the questions and discuss with a shoulder partner**. (WORKSHEET 1) c. Class discuss answers and teacher gives feedback. Reading Strategy: Skim and Scan PARApoint HOTS: Analysing Evaluating 21st Century Learning: Think-Pair-Share STEP 3 a. Students study examples of new inventions in WORKSHEET 2. b. Students use a suitable i-think*** Map to categorise the inventions according to: i. Nanotechnology Inventions ii. Non Nanotechnology Inventions c. Class discuss answers in a Round Robin** activity. HOTS: Applying Analysing Evaluating i-think 21st Century Learning: Round Robin Round Rally 272

12 PICTURE 1 PICTURE 2 273

13 TEXT 1 What is Nanotechnology? What is it? The 'Nano' part is referring to the size of the thing being made. A 'nanometer' is absolutely tiny, being a billionth of a metre. This is hard to imagine, so to give you an idea, the smallest atom in the universe is the hydrogen atom. You can line up ten hydrogen atoms in one nanometer. So nano-technology is making devices at the atomic scale. How did it come about? It has been around for about 15 years. Maybe one of the most significant starting points was when scientists developed a device that could spell 'IBM' on the surface of a crystal by moving individual atoms around. They won the Nobel Prize for that. Then along came a molecule going by the wonderful name of 'Buckminster- Fullerene'. This is an arrangement of 60 carbon atoms in the shape of a football. It showed that it was possible to make things at the atomic scale. So thousands of researchers around the world started to look at what could be made. Some looked at new materials with properties never-before seen. Others had ideas to put atoms together in the shape of tubes and rods to see what they could do. The more over-excited scientists wrote books about tiny machines traveling through your blood, fixing you from the inside-out, or making anything you want from nano-glob, a bit like the star-trek machine that makes coffee from nothing. So what has it really" done for us? Medicine Nano-technology has produced better ways of delivering vital drugs to the right place in your body - but not in the shape of a tiny submarine! Nano-cages trap the drug molecules and then carry them to where they are meant to go. 274

14 Materials Nano-particles are added to steel and plastics to give them improved properties. For example, a new type of carbon fibre, developed at the University of Cambridge, could be woven into super-strong body armour for the military and law enforcement. Input Sensors Nano-technology is being used to make very sensitive, tiny sensors for detecting various physical effects. For example there are now sensors used in modern cars that can detect the car being in a potentially lethal situation (i.e. crash), so allowing brakes and safety devices to be used effectively in an emergency. MEMS = "Micro Electro-Mechanical Systems". Electronics This is probably the most significant area for nano-technology. For the past fifty years, engineers have made smaller and smaller devices; today they can make electronics down to about 60 nano-metres. There is a bit of leeway left, but around 35nm is just about the last stage engineers can go before they have to take a different way. Transistors start to behave in weird, unpredictable ways when they get smaller than this because individual atoms begin have an effect. These are called 'quantum' effects. With nano-technology you will often see the word 'quantum' crop up. It is early days, but nano-technology is making it possible to build up devices from atoms, so devices will become ever smaller. Recently a scientist/engineer won the 2007 Nobel prize for discovering a nanoscale effect that allows hard-disk heads to be two thousand times smaller than the width of a human hair. This is why you now see 1 Terabyte hard disks appearing. And the future? Renewable Energy Scientists have recently used nano-wires 200 times thinner than a human hair to create tiny solar power cells. 275

15 Medicine Nano-technology is being used to create artificial corneas and develop new ways of measuring your health. World Health Millions of people have no clean water to drink. Nano-clay and nano-fibres are being used to create cheap, effective water filters for developing countries. Smart dust Engineers have recently made a radio component the size of a virus, so maybe 'smart dust' will become a reality where smart particles are spread over a battle field to report back to base. Or the particles are placed in your body to report back on your health. Computers Quantum computers, with processing devices at the atomic level, promise to be a million times faster than today's supercomputers. Global warming Cars are adding to the global warming problem by burning fossil fuels. An alternative to petrol is to use hydrogen. But no-one has figured out a convenient and safe way of storing the hydrogen in the car. Nano-technology is being used to see if the hydrogen can be stored inside a 'Buckminster-Fullerene' type atomic cage. Nano-technology remains a fascinating field where surprises continue to crop up. Worksheet 1 276

16 WORKSHEET 1 The excerpt below is taken from Text 1. Answer the questions based on the excerpt and your understanding of the passage. It has been around for about 15 years. Maybe one of the most significant starting points was when scientists developed a device that could spell 'IBM' on the surface of a crystal by moving individual atoms around. They won the Nobel Prize for that. Then along came a molecule going by the wonderful name of 'Buckminster-Fullerene'. This is an arrangement of 60 carbon atoms in the shape of a football. It showed that it was possible to make things at the atomic scale. a) Both breakthroughs basically revolve only around the ability to move things around (moving atoms to spell IBM and arrange atoms in the shape of a football). What is the ground-breaking discovery that made the scientists won the Nobel Prize for it? Nano-technology has produced better ways of delivering vital drugs to the right place in your body - but not in the shape of a tiny submarine! Nano-cages trap the drug molecules and then carry them to where they are meant to go. b) How would people benefit from this technology? There is a bit of leeway left, but around 35nm is just about the last stage engineers can go before they have to take a different way. Transistors start to behave in weird, unpredictable ways when they get smaller than this because individual atoms begin to have 'quantum' effects. With nano-technology, you will often see the word 'quantum' crop up. Nano-technology is making waves in producing novice devices from atoms to create a better life for all. c) What is quantum effect? d) What is one advantage of having devices made smaller? 277

17 Global warming Cars are adding to the global warming problem by burning fossil fuels. An alternative to petrol is to use hydrogen. But noone has figured out a convenient and safe way of storing the hydrogen in the car. Nano-technology is being used to see if the hydrogen can be stored inside a 'Buckminster-Fullerene' type atomic cage. Nano-technology remains a fascinating field where surprises continue to crop up. e) What is one challenge that needs to be overcome in order for hydrogen to be used as an alternative fuel? f) In your opinion, will there be any consequences from the advent of nanotechnology? Give the pros and cons. OR In your opinion, will nanotechnology continue to revolutionize ways to improve the lives of people? 278

18 WORKSHEET 2 279

19 TEACHING AND LEARNING STRATEGIES FOR ADVANCED LEVEL BY THE END OF LESSON, STUDENTS CAN: STRATEGIES/ APPROACHES VALUES LEARNING/ TEACHING AIDS i. Discuss the validity of a new nanotechnology product. ii. Write short descriptions about the new product. Reading Strategy: Skim and Scan HOTS: Applying Analysing Evaluating Creating 21 st Century Learning Rationality Youtube Worksheet Picture PARApoint SITUATION TEXT FORMAT TEXT TYPE COGNITIVE PROCESS Educational Single Description Understand literal and gist meaning Assess quality and credibility *refer to HEBAT Bacaan Bahasa Inggeris Reading Strategies **refer to 21 st Century Learning: Cooperative Learning Structures ***refer to Guide to Using HOTS in a Reading Classroom 280

20 ACTIVITIES STRATEGIES/ APPROACHES STEP 1 a. Watch a video and discuss how nanotechnology benefits human beings (SCREENSHOT 1). HOTS: Analysing Evaluating (i) Students categorise facts by filling in the Fact Table*** provided (WORKSHEET 1). STEP 2 a. Students read an article on nanotechnology using PARApoint technique (TEXT 1) and answer questions (WORKSHEET 2). b. In groups, students present and justify their answers. Reading Strategy: PARApoint Skim and Scan HOTS: Analysing Evaluating STEP 3 a. In groups, students invent a new nanotechnology product as required in WORKSHEET 3. b. Students present their innovation and classmates give comments in a Carousel Feedback** activity. HOTS: Applying Analysing Creating c. Students discuss the validity of the new products and give opinions on how best to improve them. 21st Century Learning: Carousel Feedback 281

21 SCREENSHOT 1 282

22 WORKSHEET 1 Tick(/) the correct column NO FACTS CATEGORY 1 Creates an invisibility cloak 2 Produces bullet proof business suit 3 Cures paralysed limbs SAFETY MEDICAL INDUSTRY 4 Recharge portable gadgets through clothes or fabric 5 Blades made of Damascus steel can cut through stones or metals 6 Nanobots consume matter on earth by selfreplicating 7 Damages brain 8 Produces higher quality papers 9 Produces high tech boots to scale smooth buildings 10 Cure cancer 283

23 TEXT 1 284

24 WORKSHEET 2 Answer the questions based on the excerpt and your understanding of the passage. Manufacturing Advantages Nanotechnology is already making new materials available that could revolutionize many areas of manufacturing. For example, nanotubes and nano particles, which are tubes and particles only a few atoms across, and aerogels materials composed of very light and strong materials with remarkable insulating properties, could pave the way for new techniques and superior products. In addition, robots that are only a few nanometers in length, called nanobots, and nanofactories could help construct novel materials and objects. 1. Based on the excerpt above, the manifestation of nanotechnology results in creation of new techniques and superior products. What makes this technology better compared to the previous ones? 2. With the marked change in the manufacturing sector caused by nanotechnology, it has resulted in the creation of nanobots and nanofactories. How do you think this will affect job opportunities in a country? Energy Advantages Nanotechnology may transform the ways in which we obtain and use energy. In particular, it s likely that nanotechnology will make solar power more economical by reducing the cost of constructing solar panels and related equipment. Energy storage devices will become more efficient as a result. Nanotechnology will also open up new methods of generating and storing energy. 3. Based on the excerpt above, what is likely to happen if nanotechnology is not utilised in generating energy? 285

25 Environmental Effects Some of the more extravagant negative future scenarios have been debunked by experts in nanotechnology. For example: the so-called gray goo scenario, where self-replicating nanobots consume everything around them to make copies of themselves, was once widely discussed but is no longer considered to be a credible threat. It is possible, however, that there will be some negative effects on the environment as potential new toxins and pollutants may be created by nanotechnology. Economic Upheaval It is likely that nanotechnology, like other technologies before it, will cause major changes in many economic areas. Although products made possible by nanotechnology will initially be expensive luxury or specialist items, once availability increases, more and more markets will feel the impact. Some technologies and materials may become obsolete, leading to companies specializing in those areas going out of business. Changes in manufacturing processes brought about by nanotechnology may result in job losses. 4. Nanotechnology, as stated above, is said to have negative effects in many areas, which can disrupt a country s economy. In your opinion, explain how the adverse effects of nanotechnology to the environment affect a country s economy? Privacy and Security Nanotechnology raises the possibility of microscopic recording devices, which would be virtually undetectable. More seriously, it is possible that nanotechnology could be weaponized. Atomic weapons would be easier to create and novel weapons might also be developed. One possibility is the so-called smart bullet, a computerized bullet that could be controlled and aimed very accurately. These developments is indeed a boon for the military. 5. The author strongly claims that nanotechnology has brought great advantage in the private and security area. But in your opinion how far is this true if these developments fall into the wrong hands? 6 The smart bullet and many other developments are said to benefit the army when they fall into the wrong hands, the consequences would be dire. In your own words, explain the undesirable effects caused by these developments. 7. If you were asked to create a new technology, what will it be and in which area/field will your creation benefit the most? 286

26 WORKSHEET 3 A. Create a new technology that helps to improve one s life in various areas. 1. Area: Education Problem: Heavy bags Solution New Technology: Description 287

27 2. Area: Search & Rescue Problem: Locating trapped victims in buildings Solution New Technology: Description 288

28 ASSESSMENT / PROJECT Students imagine that they are in a real world situation as marketing executives. They are required to promote and market the innovative product their group created in the Advanced Level activity. In groups, students plan a marketing project. ACTIVITIES STEP 1 a. Students are asked to reflect on the activity that they have done for the Advanced Level. b. In this project, they will be asked to develop a marketing strategy for their product. c. Marks will be given based on: i. Cooperation ii. Creativity iii. Presentation iv. Supporting material SKILLS/ APPROACHES Action Oriented Task HOTS: Applying Analysing Evaluating Creating *Teacher will determine a suitable time frame for completion of the project. STEP 2 a. Students will present their project in class via Gallery Walk**. 21st Century Learning: Collaboration 289