2000 B.C. to A.D Native American Languages Different religious beliefs, political systems, and social values

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2 2000 B.C. to A.D Native American Languages Different religious beliefs, political systems, and social values Native American pottery mask B.C.

3 No written language Oral Tradition Native Americans typically believed that man and nature were part of a sacred whole Lance Head B.C.

4 Reasons for coming to the New World Desire for fame and adventure Many expected to get rich Some came to spread Christianity English Puritans, etc. came for religious freedom Puritan sterling tea set

5 Africans in the New World European slave trade started by Portugal in the 1400s Africans brought to West Indies to work on vast Spanish sugar plantations 1619 Jamestown, Virginia indentured servants Silver pendant slave era African American burial ground artifact

6 First printing press, free public grammar schools, Harvard College Massachusetts Bay Colony Gov. John Winthrop: A City on a Hill Puritan gravestone

7 Puritan Beliefs Original Sin Salvation through grace Calvinism Bible is supreme authority on Earth Puritan newspaper article reporting the execution of witches 1682

8 John Locke s natural laws The Bible God s authority over government Anti-Slavery Movement The Declaration of Independence by John Trumbull 1786

9 Christian Missions and U.S. Government Seneca Chief Red Jacket s resistance 1830 Indian Removal Act Native American curved sinewbacked bow with twisted sinew drawstring

10 Reaction to 1700 s Rationalism and Puritanism Limitations of Reason Celebrated individual spirit, emotions, imagination Inspired by nature, some fascinated with the supernatural Autumn on the Hudson River by Jasper Cropsey ( )

11 Henry Wadsworth Longfellow and Washington Irving most popular American writers. Romanticism characterized by a preoccupation with atmosphere, sentiment, and optimism. Rio de Luz by Frederic E. Church (

12 Derived partly from German Romanticism Transcendent Forms of truth exist beyond reason and experience Ralph Waldo Emerson: Every individual can discover this higher truth through intuition Sunday Morning on the Hudson River (1827) by Thomas Cole

13 Henry David Thoreau was Emerson s friend and colleague who left society for a time to live in the wilderness, where he wrote Walden, a collection of essays. Notch of the White Mountains by Thomas Cole (

14 Horace Walpole s The Castle of Otranto 1765 Gothic literature is characterized by weird settings and macabre plots. Gothic glassware 1840 s

15 Examples of Gothicism Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1818 Bram Stoker s Dracula 1897 Edgar Allan Poe Nathaniel Hawthorne Cathedral Basilica of the Assumption, Covington, Kentucky started in 1894, never completed.

16 Examples of Gothicism (continued) Washington Irving Herman Melville (contemporary example) Anne Rice Tavern on the Green, New York 1800 s, originally a sheephold

17 Inspired partly by Gothic architecture of Middle Ages ( A.D.) Cavernous Gothic Cathedrals Gargoyles La Collégiale church in Germany, completed 1442

18 Characterized by imaginative distortion of reality. Fascinated with fantastic, demonic, and insane. Contrasted with Romanticism and Transcendentalism saw potential for evil. First Church, Boston 1868

19 Author Study: Edgar Allan Poe 1841 The Murders in the Rue Morgue 1845 The Raven Reputation for alcoholism and drug use started by unauthorized biography, probably false. Edgar Allan Poe

20 Lincoln s Inauguration 1861 South Carolina, Mississippi, Florida, Alabama, Georgia, Louisiana, Texas had seceded from Union. Jefferson Davis elected President of the Confederate States of America. Bronze sculpture of Abraham Lincoln by Henry Watterson Circa

21 April 19, 1865 General Robert E. Lee surrendered to General Ulysses S. Grant, Appomattox Court House. 620,000 men died in the Civil War Nearly four million slaves gained their freedom, and the Union was preserved. Bronze bust of General Robert E. Lee by Frederick Volck ( ), sculpted from real life.

22 Replaced Romanticism as the dominant literary style Truthful accounts of ordinary life, rather than the sentimentality of much romantic fiction. Local-color Realism Mark Twain (region-specific) The Cello Player by Thomas Cowperthwait Eakins 1896 Oil on canvas

23 Author Study: Mark Twain Samuel Langhorne Clemens The Celebrated Jumping Frog of Calaveras County was his first short story The Adventures of Huckleberry Finn The Adventures of Tom Sawyer Life on the Mississippi

24 Offshoot of Realism also uses typical people in realistic situations. Adds a new element: Outside forces are seen as controlling one s fate, rather than free will. Stephen Crane

25 The Women s Movement University education for women 1890 s Emily Dickinson Charlotte Perkins Gilman The Yellow Wallpaper Kate Chopin The Awakening The Night Wind by Charles Burchfield 1918

26 Author Study: Emily Dickinson Published 1,775 poems but virtually unknown in her lifetime. Much of her poetry reflects her religious speculation and doubt. She lived in seclusion for almost twenty years, beginning in her thirties. Of the 1,775 poems she wrote, only seven were published while she was alive.

27 Unprecedented period of literacy, musical, and artistic production among African Americans that reached its peak in the 1920 s. Centered in the Harlem section of Manhattan in New York City

28 1919 Red Summer Red Summer riots

29 1920 s Ku Klux Klan membership rose to nearly 4 million nationwide.

30 The Cotton Club Louis Armstrong Duke Ellington Louis Armstrong

31 Marcus Garvey s Back to Africa Movement

32 Langston Hughes The Weary Blues 1925 Praised Blackness Embraced common people as his subjects Blended elements of blues and jazz into his work

33 Zora Neale Hurston published stories, novels, essays, and folklore collections revealing a love of black language and manners.

34 Other Important Harlem Renaissance Writers James Weldon Johnson Claude McKay Countee Cullen Arna Botemps James Weldon Johnson

35 Author Study: Langston Hughes Elected Class Poet in seventh grade 1920 Won literary contest with The Weary Blues while working as a busboy. Published more than 40 books. Called the Poet Laureate of Harlem

36 World War I The Roaring Twenties Modernism was a direct response to these social and cultural changes

37 Modernists were disillusioned by the war. Appalled by materialism of the age Ezra Pound Make it new! Modernists feared that individuals, especially artists, were threatened by mass society Carnival by Arthur Dove 1935, Oil and metallic paint on canvas

38 Characters in a modern work are almost always alienated, withdrawn, unresponsive, hurt by unnamed forces. White Shapes on Blue Background by Ilya Bolotowsky, ca. 1939, Oil on canvas

39 Modernists Experimentation in Writing: Katherine Anne Porter Stream of Consciousness Ernest Hemingway and Richard Wright fragmentation Ezra Pound and T.S. Eliot fragmented poetry The Little Lake by Joseph Stella ca. 1927

40 Modern Visual Artists Picasso Matisse Duchamp Cubism, cutouts, collages Untitled collage by Ann Ryan ( ) Girl with Mandolin by Pablo Picasso (cubism) 1910 Matisse cutout

41 Modernists Notable for What They Leave Out No narrative voice with explanations, details Implied Themes, rather than stated Reader must piece together the story from fragments. Figure by Alexander Archipenko 1917

42 Author Study: Robert Frost Most Popular American Poet North of Boston includes the poem Mending Wall 1924 Pulitzer Prize for New Hampshire, a collection of poems. He would win three more in his career.

43 More soldiers fought in WW II than in any other war. 78 million people killed or wounded. For the first time in history, more civilians than soldiers died in the war. We Were There by Bobby Vann

44 Adolph Hitler and the Nazi Party Sought to avenge the loss of WWI, and create a new German state called the Third Reich. Close your eyes to pity! Act brutally! -Hitler Groups targeted for extermination: Jews, political dissenters, homosexuals, mental patients, Gypsies, Poles, Slavs Nordhausen concentration camp

45 Pearl Harbor December 7, ,000 sailors killed Japanese Internment Camps U.S. involvement turned tide in favor of Allies.

46 African-American veterans argued for equal rights 1948 President Truman s Executive Order 1954 Brown V. Board of Education 1955 Montgomery, Alabama Bus Boycott Martin Luther King, Jr. Martin Luther King, Jr.

47 1950 s prosperous, consumerist, conformist 1960 s Youth Counter-Culture: Do your own thing! Campbell s Soup Can by Andy Warhol 1961