Laws and Technologies: Friends, Foes and Fictions

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1 Laws and Technologies: Friends, Foes and Fictions Dr. Anna Vartapetiance Department of Computing University of Surrey Acknowledgement: Special thanks to Dr. Lee Gillam

2 Asimov, I. (1983). Asimov on Science fiction. London, Granada. No sensible decision can be made any longer without taking into account not only the world as it is, but the world as it will be. Asimov, 1983:5

3 Cyberspace Connecting to Internet Relocated to a Generalized Elsewhere / Landless Nation Autonomy and Liberty To be: whoever, whatever and wherever To: present and invent personalities Real Problems without Real World Solutions Undermining the traditional relationship between physical context and social situation* * Jewkes, Y. (Ed.). (2003). Dot.Cons: Crime, Deviance and Identity on the Internet. Cullompton: Willan.

4 Almost every time another social tragedy comes to light now, it seems to have been internetassisted; from selling babies like commodities, to fascism, and most disturbingly paedophilia. The news stories invariably lead some people to blame the internet as a haven for vice, abuse and illegal activities [And] they may be right. Guardian, 2002 Left, S. (2002), Guardian, Retrieved 2015 from

5 Cybercrimes What are they?* Mostly common offences Exist in the real world A new means to commit old crimes Facilitate crimes Why they are hard to detect? Real World: limitations on time and space One place at one time Cyberspace: combine the two elements More than one location at a time * Slevin, J. (2000). The Internet and Society. London. Routledge.

6 Managing Cyberspace Consideration should be made for: 1. Investigative tools are almost powerless Surveillance cameras, fingerprints, 2. Physical borders do not exist Traditional ethical and legal regulations Biggest challenge Globalisation vs Nationalisation Laws of one country can not override the others What is needed then? Unified sets of laws and regulations

7 Prevention vs Detection Problems created by nationalisation People Organisations Governments Scene of the actions/crimes are unknown Proactive instead of reactive Preventive instead of detective 1. Giving knowledge to people 2. Education professional 3. Give responsibilities to organisations

8 Where laws work, but, only partially Vartapetiance, A. and Gillam, L. (2009) Machine Ethics for Gambling in Metaverse: an EthiCasino. Journal of Virtual Worlds Research, 2(3), pp 3-23.

9 Gambling and ethics Create problems For money not for fun Odds of losing Chasing after their losses Knowledge is not a pre-condition for participation Addiction Responsible Gambling* To clear up their names To attract potential customers To comply with regulations * Saha, P. (2005). Gambling with responsibilities, Retrieved in 2008 from:

10 Internet gambling, unlike many other types of gambling activities, is a solitary activity, which makes it even more dangerous: people can gamble uninterrupted and undetected for unlimited periods of time. Price, 2006 Price, J. (2006). Gambling - Internet Gambling. Retrieved in 2008 from The Ethics and Religious Library Commission:

11 10 If you suspect that you may have a gambling problem, you may seek professional help from the following links 11 For U.S citizens please contact 12 Occasionally, a customer has a problem controlling their gambling time and money and we try to help as we can in these rare situations 13 Gambling is a form of leisure and entertainment 14 Make sure gambling does not become a problem in your life and you do not lose control of your play. 15 Make sure that the decision to gamble is your personal choice. No SENTENCES 1 We are there to help whenever you realize that you need control over the money that you spend 2 We can decrease the amount of money you can put into your account for a particular period if you ask. 3 You can increase it again if you feel you are in control. 4 If you think you need a break from gambling, you can use self-exclusion tool 5 You will not be able to log in to your account for the amount of time you specify. Once the time's up, you can log in again 6 It is also our duty to help prevent compulsive usage and underage access of our gaming products. 7 We actively discourage and track persons under the age of 18 who attempt to play at our casino 8 We use sophisticated verification systems which can identify minors who log in to our software. 9 We recommend filtering software to block minors from accessing certain websites and programs.

12 Countries and territories that online gambling is legal 1 Aland Islands 19 Dominican Republic 37 Lithuania 55 Seychelles 2 Alderney 20 Estonia 38 Luxembourg 56 Singapore 3 Antigua 21 Finland 39 Macau 57 Slovenia 4 Argentina 22 France 40 Malta 58 Solomon Islands 5 Aruba 23 Germany 41 Mauritius 59 South Africa 6 Australia 24 Gibraltar 42 Monaco 60 South Korea 7 Austria 25 Grenada 43 Myanmar 61 Spain 8 Bahamas 26 Hungary 44 Nepal 62 St. Kitts and Nevis 9 Belgium 27 Iceland 45 Netherlands Antilles 63 St. Vincent 10 Belize 28 India 46 Norfolk Island 64 Swaziland 11 Brazil 29 Ireland 47 North Korea 65 Sweden 12 Chile 30 Isle of Man 48 Norway 66 Switzerland 13 Colombia 31 Israel 49 Panama 67 Taiwan 14 Comoros 32 Italy 50 Philippines 68 Tanzania 15 Costa Rica 33 Jamaica 51 Poland 69 United Kingdom 16 Czech Republic 34 Jersey 52 Russia 70 US Virgin Islands 17 Denmark 35 Kalmykia 53 Sark 71 Vanuatu 18 Dominica 36 Latvia 54 Serbia 72 Venezuela Countries that online gambling is illegal 1 Afghanistan 8 Greece 15 New Zealand 22 Taiwan 2 Algeria 9 Hong Kong 16 Nigeria 23 Thailand 3 Bahrain 10 Indonesia 17 Pakistan 24 The Bahamas 4 Brunei 11 Iran 18 Portugal 25 The Netherlands 5 China 12 Japan 19 Saudi Arabia 26 Turkey 6 Cyprus 13 Jordan 20 South Korea 27 United States 7 Dubai 14 Libya 21 Sudan 28 Vietnam

13 Gambling Laws: USA Federal wire act 1961 Unlawful Internet Gambling Enforcement Act 2006 Internet Gambling Regulation and Enforcement Act 2007 Wikipedia. (2015) Gambling in the United States, Retrieved in 2015 from:

14 Would things change? EthiCasino, 2007 Ethical side (predefined time and money limits, etc.) Legal (age and geographical settings, etc.) : things haven t changed much Almost unchanged Organisations taking more responsibilities Taking globalized approach (especially in relation to banking and money) Changed Age verification Location detection Vartapetiance, A. and Gillam, L. (2009) Machine Ethics for Gambling in Metaverse: an EthiCasino. Journal of Virtual Worlds Research, 2(3), pp 3-23.

15 Where laws are simply NOT applied

16 Passenger Name Records What are PNR data? Information provided by passengers Collected by air carriers (only?) During reservation and check-in procedures. Includes Travel dates, Travel itinerary Ticket information Contact details Baggage information Payment information European Parliament. (2015, January 26). EU Passenger Name Record (PNR) Proposal: What s at Stake

17 This Section is not for Public Display 13 slides of this section are omitted from this public version. Please contact me by address on the final slide - for more information.

18 Where the right laws are MISSING

19 Reality Child Internet Safety Set of Guidelines for Parent Set of software to be installed per device on a house hold NEW: Parental Control on ISP level Detection Block list of websites based on Watchfoundation list Age appropriate content Reported by families (police or related organisations) Action is taken then In case of there is a suspect Police will contact a few security companies asking them to retrieve the information for them

20 Conclusion? Suggestion? The Draft Communications Data Bill, AKA Snoopers charter? Maybe, Maybe not

21 Where laws previously didn t work, but, they kinda do now

22 A database for fighting crimes A database for fighting crimes that haven t been committed yet Anna Vartapetiance Department of Computing Faculty of Engineering and Physical Sciences 2007/2008

23 Facts and Figures 2007 UK population mid-2006: 60,587,000(ONS) 3,785,571 subject sample 6.25%? Largest DNA database of any nation state, 50% larger than all EU combined growing by <0.5mpy Information was shared for research purposes Records of 1m under-18s Ethnical, gender and racial analysis Volunteer data was collected but not removed After profiling, the samples were stored as well Home Office. (2007). The National DNA Database Annual Report Retrieved 2015 from

24 This Section is not for Public Display 4 slides of this section are omitted from this public version. Please contact me by address on the final slide - for more information.

25 Asimov, I. (1983). Asimov on Science fiction. London, Granada. Science fiction writers foresee the inevitable, and although problems and catastrophes may be inevitable, solutions are not. Asimov, 1983:65

26 Thank you for your attention Dr. Anna Vartapetiance Department of Computing University of Surrey

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