Manhattan Project Perspectives on Hie Making of Hie Htomic Bomb and its Legacy
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1 Manhattan Project Perspectives on Hie Making of Hie Htomic Bomb and its Legacy editor Cynthia C. Kelly President, The Atomic Heritage Foundation, USA World Scientific NEW JERSEY LONDON SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONGKONG TAIPEI CHENNAI
2 CONTENTS PART I: A REPORT ON THE PROCEEDINGS CHAPTER 1: A HISTORY WORTH PRESERVING 3 Opening Remarks 5 Senator Jeff Bingaman, New Mexico Opening Remarks 9 Dr. Everet H. Beckner Preserving the History of the Manhattan Project 13 Cynthia C. Kelly CHAPTER 2: THE MANHATTAN PROJECT A MILLENNIAL TRANSFORMATION 15 The Atomic Bomb in the Second World War 17 Richard Rhodes The Manhattan Project: An Extraordinary Achievement of the "American Way" 31 Stephane Groueff CHAPTER 3: THE ALLIES AND THE ATOMIC BOMB 39 A Tale of Two Documents 41 Andrew Brown A Footnote on Hiroshima and Atomic Morality: Conant, Niebuhr, and an "Emotional" Clergyman, James G. Hershberg A Los Alamos Beginning 53 Kai Bird Martin Sherwin
3 viii Remembering the Manhattan Project CHAPTER 4: THE MILITARY AND SCIENCE IN THE CRUCIBLE OF WAR 61 General Leslie R. Groves and the Scientists 63 Robert S. Norris Science in the Service of the State: The Cautionary Tale of Robert Oppenheimer 69 Gregg Herken Leo Szilard: Baiting Brass Hats 73 William Lanouette CHAPTER 5: SPEAKING FROM EXPERIENCE 79 SEDs at Los Alamos: A Personal Memoir 81 Benjamin Bederson Some Experiences at the Met. Lab and What Could Be Learned from a Highly Successful and Challenging Project 89 Jerome Karle My First Professional Assignment 93 Isabella Karle Triumph and Tragedy: The Odyssey of J. R. Oppenheimer A Personal Perspective 97 Maurice M. Shapiro CHAPTER 6: LESSONS OF THE MANHATTAN PROJECT FOR THE 21 ST CENTURY 101 Then and Now 103 Maxine Singer The Manhattan Project: Qualitative or Quantitative Change? 107 Stephen Younger Expertise and Independence: The Role of the Science Advisor 111 Richard L. Garwin
4 Contents ix The Future of Nuclear Deterrence 117 Richard Rhodes CHAPTER 7: CLOSING REFLECTIONS 121 Reflections on the Manhattan Project: Consequences and Repercussions 123 Dr. James Schlesinger APPENDIX A: PROGRAM 131 APPENDIX B: PARTICIPANTS 135 PART II: A PLAN FOR PRESERVING THE MANHATTAN PROJECT PRESERVING AMERICA: A STRATEGY FOR THE MANHATTAN PROJECT 141 Evaluation of the Manhattan Project Properties 143 Basis for Recommendations 147 CROSS-CUTTING RECOMMENDATIONS Special Resource Study for National Park Units Oral Histories of Manhattan Project Veterans Preservation and Storage of Equipment, Artifacts and Documents 149 PRESERVATION STRATEGIES FOR THE MANHATTAN PROJECT: Two OPTIONS 150 The Essential Manhattan Project (Option A) 151 Oak Ridge: Isotope Separation and Reactor Operations 151 Hanford: Plutonium Production 153 Los Alamos: Designing, Building and Testing the Bomb 155 The Trinity Site 156
5 x Remembering the Manhattan Project The Enriched Manhattan Project (Option B) 156 Oak Ridge 157 Hanford 157 Los Alamos 158 Trinity Site 158 University of Chicago 159 University of California, Berkeley 159 Columbia University 159 APPENDIX A: DESCRIPTION OF MANHATTAN PROJECT PROPERTIES Oak Ridge, Tennessee 161 K-25 Footprint (Isotope Separation) 161 Roosevelt Cell (Isotope Separation) 162 K-29 as Described in the O.R. White Paper (Isotope Separation) 162 Beta 3 Electromagnetic Separation Racetracks at Y-12 (Isotope Separation) 162 Building 9731, Known as the Y-12 Pilot Plant (Isotope Separation and Research) 163 X-10 Graphite Reactor (Reactor Operations) 163 American Museum of Science and Energy Hanford, Washington 164 B Reactor (Fuel Irradiation) 164 T Plant (Chemical Separation) 166 T Plant Exhaust Stack (Chemical Separation) 167 Process Control Laboratory (Chemical Separation) 167 Concentration Building (Chemical Separation) 167 Plutonium Isolation Building (Chemical Separation) 168 Test Pile/Hot Cell Verification Building (Research and Development) 168 Separations Laboratory (Research and Development) 168 Radiochemistry Laboratory (Research and Development) 168 Fresh Metal Storage Building (Fuel Manufacturing) 169
6 Contents xi Metallurgical Engineering Laboratory (Fuel Manufacturing) 169 Metal Fuels Fabrication Facility (Fuel Manufacturing) 169 River Pump House (Fuel Irradiation)- 169 Lag Storage Building (Fuel Irradiation) 170 Plutonium Vaults (Product Storage) Los Alamos, New Mexico 170 "Gun Site" (Weapons Research and Development) 171 "V Site" (Weapons Research and Development) 111 Concrete Bowl (Weapons Research and Development) 172 Louis Slotin Accident Building (Biomedical/Health Physics) 172 Quonset Hut TA-22-1 (Weapons Research and Development) 172 East Guard Tower (Security). 173 Pond Cabin (Administrative and Social History) 173 Trinity Test Site (Weapons Research and Development) 173 FEATURE ARTICLE: THE FRISCH-PEIERLS MEMORANDUM 175 Memorandum on the Properties of a Radioactive Super-bomb 177 Otto R. Frisch Rudolf Peierls INDEX 181
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