Fiber Amplifiers. Fiber Lasers. 1*5 World Scientific. Niloy K nulla. University ofconnecticut, USA HONG KONG NEW JERSEY LONDON

Transcription

1 LONDON Fiber Amplifiers Fiber Lasers Niloy K nulla University ofconnecticut, USA 1*5 World Scientific NEW JERSEY SINGAPORE BEIJING SHANGHAI HONG KONG TAIPEI CHENNAI

2 Contents Preface v 1. Introduction Historical Developments Materials Operating Principles Applications Book Overview Future Challenges 10 References Basic Concepts Introduction Three-Level and Four-Level Laser Three-Level Laser Four-Level Laser Optical Waveguide Rate Equations for Fiber Amplifier Pump Laser Optical Transitions and Gain Er-doped Glass Fiber Nd-doped Glass Fiber Single Mode Fiber Amplifier High Power Cladding Pumped Devices 45 References 48 vii

3 Model viii Fiber Amplifiers and Fiber Lasers 3. Absorption and Emission in Rare Earths Introduction Atomic Transitions in Rare Earth Atoms Er-Doped Glass Yb-Doped Glass Nd-Doped Glass Tm-Doped Glass Model of Emission Cross Section Er-Doped Amplifier Yb-Doped Amplifier 76 References Amplifier Fiber Fabrication Introduction Transmission Optical Fiber Fabrication MCVD Process PCVD Process OVD Process VAD Process Doping and Fiber Drawing Rare Earth Doping Alternate Glass Host Fabrication Photonic Crystal Fiber Fabrication 99 References Amplifier Design 5.1. Introduction and Results Er-Doped Fiber Characterization Single Mode Amplifier Model Ill 5.4. Photonic Crystal Fiber Amplifier 119 References 122

4 Contents ix 6. Amplifier Dynamic Characteristics Introduction Gain Dynamics Multichannel Amplification Amplifier Noise Noise Analysis for Optical Transmission Er-Doped Amplifier Noise Noise Measurements Preamplifier Results Pulse Propagation Pulse Propagation in Regular Fibers Pulse Propagation in EDFA 156 References High Power Amplifiers Introduction Waveguide Designs and Pumping End Pumping Side Pumping DCF Laser and Amplifier Results Er-Yb Co-doped Cladding Pumped Amplifier DCF Model 187 References Pump Laser Introduction Materials, Epitaxial Growth and Operating Principle Metal Organic Chemical Vapor Deposition Operating Principle and Designs nm Laser Single Mode 980 nm Laser Multimode 970 nm Laser 214

5 Fiber Amplifiers and Fiber Lasers nm Laser Leakage Current Laser Design and Performance nm Laser Single Mode 808 nm Laser Multimode 808 nm Laser 225 References Transmission System Application Introduction Long Distance Transmission Bit-Rate Flexible Link WDM Transmission Experiment Loop Transmission Experiment Distributed EDFA Coherent Transmission Subscriber Transmission Soliton Transmission 252 References Nonlinear Effects Introduction FWM Stimulated Raman Scattering Stimulated Brillouin Scattering Supercontinuum Generation Theoretical Model Results and Discussion 278 References Planar Waveguide Amplifiers and Lasers Introduction Er-Doped Planar Waveguide Optical Gain and Gain Saturation Nd-Doped Planar Waveguide Er-Yb Co-Doped Planar Waveguide 299

6 Contents xi Yb-Doped Planar Waveguide High-Power Waveguide Lasers Supercontinuum Generation Results and Discussions 314 References Fiber Laser Introduction Fiber Laser Designs Er-Doped Fiber Laser Nd-Doped Fiber Laser Yb-Doped Fiber Laser Multiwavelength Laser Tunable Fiber Lasers High Power Fiber Lasers Yb-Doped Fiber Laser Nd-Doped Fiber Laser Er-Yb Co-Doped Fiber Laser 347 References Fiber Raman Lasers and Amplifiers Introduction Fiber Bragg Gratings Raman Laser Cascaded Raman Laser Raman Amplifier 370 References Mode Locked Pulse Generation Introduction Harmonic Mode Locking Rational Harmonic Mode Locking Time Domain Analysis Stability of Mode Locked Operation Stable Mode Locked Operation Using PLL Dual Wavelength Mode Locking 403

7 xii Fiber Amplifiers and Fiber Lasers Pulse Compression Pulse Compression Using NOLM Passive Mode Locking Schemes Other Mode Locked Laser Systems Yb-Doped Mode Locked Laser Passive Mode Locking Theory 422 References 425 Index 429