Artificial Intelligence

Transcription

1 Introduction to Artificial Intelligence Christian Jacob Department of Computer Science University of Calgary

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3 What is AI? How does the human brain work? What is intelligence? How do we emulate the human brain? How do we create intelligence? Who cares? Let s do some cool and useful stuff!

4 How do we classify research as AI? Does it investigate the brain? Does it investigate intelligence? Does it emulate the brain? Is it intelligent? If we don t know how it works, then it s AI. When we find out how it works, it s not AI anymore

5 Intelligence The ability to learn and to cope. The ability to contemplate, think, and reason. Synonyms: Brain, brainpower, mentality, mother wit, sense, wit Related: Acumen, discernment, insight, judgment, perspicacity, sagacity, wisdom

6 Intelligence Turing Test: : A human communicates with a computer via a teletype. If the human can t tell he is talking to a computer or another human, it passes. Natural language processing knowledge representation automated reasoning machine learning Add vision and robotics to get the total Turing test.

7 Weak and Strong AI Claims Weak AI: Machines can be made to act as if they were intelligent. Strong AI: Machines that act intelligently have real, conscious minds.

8 Approaches to AI Searching Learning From Natural to Artificial Systems Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Expert Systems and Planning Communication, Perception, Action

9 Search All AI is search Game theory Problem spaces Every problem is a feature space of all possible (successful or unsuccessful) solutions. The trick is to find an efficient search strategy.

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12 Search: Game Theory 9!+1 = 362,880

13 Approaches to AI Searching Learning From Natural to Artificial Systems Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Expert Systems and Planning Communication, Perception, Action

14 Learning Explanation Discovery Data Mining No Explanation Neural Nets Case Based Reasoning

15 Learning: Explanation Cases to rules

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17 Learning: No Explanation Neural nets

18 Approaches to AI Searching Learning From Natural to Artificial Systems Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Expert Systems and Planning Communication, Perception, Action

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20 Approaches to AI Searching Learning From Natural to Artificial Systems Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Expert Systems and Planning Communication, Perception, Action

21 Rule-Based Systems Logic Languages Prolog, Lisp Knowledge bases Inference engines

22 Rule-Based Languages: Prolog Father(abraham, isaac). Father(haran, lot). Father(haran, milcah). Father(haran, yiscah). Male(isaac). Male(lot). Female(milcah). Female(yiscah). Son(X,Y) Father(Y,X), Male(X). Daughter(X,Y) Father(Y,X), Female(X). Son(lot, haran)?

23 Rule Based Systems KRS

24 Approaches to AI Searching Learning From Natural to Artificial Systems Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Expert Systems and Planning Communication, Perception, Action

25 Approaches to AI Searching Learning From Natural to Artificial Systems Knowledge Representation and Reasoning Expert Systems and Planning Communication, Perception, Action

26 Ability-Based Areas Computer vision Natural language recognition Natural language generation Speech recognition Speech generation Robotics

27 Natural Language: Translation The flesh is weak, but the spirit is strong Translate to Russian Translate back to English The food was lousy, but the vodka was great!

28 Natural Language Recognition OBJ GOLD: X Semantics PERSON: Joe REPT TRANSACTION AGNT PERSON: Fred Context sentence w VP NP VP Syntax VP NP NP pronoun n verb pronoun d article noun Words You give me the gold Audio

29 What is Intelligence? Replacing the brain?

30 How far have we got? Our best systems have the intelligence of a frog

31 What is Artificial Intelligence? We will find out