Works Cited in the Text

Transcription

1 Works Cited in the Text Abbreviations ASP: Aristotelian Socie9J- Proceedings. ASS: Aristotelian Socie9J-Supplementary Volume. AcToN_, H. B. (I955), The Illusion of the Epoch (London). AcTON, Lord (I907), Historical Essays and Studies (London). ARON, R. (I938, I948), Introduction to the Philosophy of History; English translation of the 1948 revision (London, I961 ). AsHLEY, M. (I968), Churchill as Historian (London). ATKINSON, R. F. (I972), 'Explanation in History', ASP, LXXII. An:R, A. J. (I936, I946), Language, Truth and Logic (2nd edition, London, I946). -- (1952), 'Statements about the Past',. ASP, Lll. -- (I956), The Problem of Knowledge (London). BEARD, C. A. (I935), 'The Case for Historical Relativism'; reprinted in Nash (I96g); originally called 'That Noble Dream'. BECKER, C. L. ( I955), 'What Are Historical Facts?'; reprinted in Nash (I969). BLAKE, C. (I955), 'Can History Be Objective?', Mind, LXIv; reprinted in Gardiner (I959) BLOCH, M. ( I94I ), The Historian's Craft; English translation (Manchester, I954). BoBER, M. M. ( I927, I948), Karl Marx's Interpretation of History (2nd, enlarged, edition, Cambridge, Mass., I94B). BRADLEY, F. H. (1874), 'The Presuppositions of Critical History'; reprinted in Collected Essays of F. H. Bradley, vol. I (Oxford, I935). BRODBECK, M. (I958), 'Methodological Individualisms: Definition and Reduction'; reprinted in Dray (1966). BuTLER, R.J. (I959), 'Other Dates', Mind, Lxvm.

2 220 KNOWLEDGE AND EXPLANATION IN HISTORY BuTTERFIELD, H. (1931), The Whig Interpretation of History (London). -- (1955), Man on His Past (Cambridge). CARR, E. H. (1961), What Is History? (London; paperback edition, Harmondsworth, 1964). CHATEAUBRIAND, F.-R. de (1802), Le Genie du Christianisme (Paris). CoLLINGWOOD, R. G. (1938), 'On the So-called Idea of Causation', ASP, XXXVIII. -- (1939), Autobiography (Oxford). -- (1940), Essay on Metaphysics (Oxford). -- (1946), The Idea of History (Oxford). -- ( 1965), Essays in the Philosophy of History (Austin, Texas). CRoCE, B. (1938), History as the Story of Liberty; English translation (London, 1941). DANTO, A. C. (1965), Anarytical Philosophy of History (Cambridge). DowNIE, R. S. (1971), Roles and Values (London). DRAY, W. (1957), Laws and Explanation in History (Oxford). -- (1963), 'The Historical Explanation of Actions Reconsidered'; reprinted in Gardiner ( 1974). -- (1964), Philosophy of History (Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey). -- (1966, ed.), Philosophical Anarysis and History (New York). ELTON, G. R. (1967), The Practice of History (Sydney; paperback edition, London, 1 969). -- (1970), Political History (New York and London). E"NGELS, F. (1878), Anti-Diihring; English translation (Moscow, 1954). FAIN, H. ( 1970), Between Philosophy and History (Princeton, New Jersey). FEUER, L. S. (1969, ed.), Marx and Engels: Basic Writings in Philosophy and Politics (London, 1969). FISHER, H. A. L. ( 1936), History of Europe (London). GALLIE, W. B. (1964), Philosophy and the Historical Understanding (London). GARDINER, P. (1952), The Nature of Historical Explanation (Oxford). -- (1959, ed.), Theories of History (Urbana, Illinois). -- (1974, ed.), The Philosophy of History (Oxford). GELLNER, E. (1956), 'Holism vs Understanding m History and Sociology'; reprinted in Gardiner ( 1 959). -- (1959), Words and Things (London). GEYL, P. (1955), Use and Abuse of History (New Haven, Connecticut). GINSBERG, M. (1954), 'The Individual and Society'; reprinted in his The Diversity of Morals (London, 1956). GoLDSTEIN, L. J. ( 1976), Historical Knowing (Austin, Texas).

3 WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT 221 GossE, E. (1907), Father and Son; reprint (Oxford, 1974). GREEN,]. R. (1878-8o), A History of the English People (London). HALE, J. R. (1967, ed.), The Evolution of British H4toriography (London). HAMPSHIRE, S. (1954), 'Logic and Appreciation', in W. Elton (ed.), 4esthetics and Language (Oxford, 1954). HART, H. L. A. and HoNORE, A. M. (1959), Causation in the Law (Oxford). HAYEK, F. A. von (1942-4), The Counter-Revolution of Science; reprinted (Urbana, Illinois, 1952). HEMPEL, C.J. (1942), 'The Function ofgeneral Laws in History'; reprinted in Gardiner ( 1959) and in other collections. --( 1963), 'Reasons and Covering Laws in Historical Explanations'; reprinted in Gardiner (1974). HosPERs, J. ( 1956, 1967), An Introduction to Philosophical Anarysis, 2nd edition, 1967 (London). HuME, D. ( ), A Treatise of Human.Nature, 1888 edition (Oxford). KuHN, T. S. (1962, 1970), The Structure of Scientific Revolutions, 2nd edition, 1970 (Chicago). LEFF, G. (1961), The Tyranny of Concepts (London). -- (196g), History and Social Theory (London). LucAs, P. G. (1956), 'Explanation in History', ASS, xxx. McCuLLAGH, C. B. (196g), 'Narrative and Explanation in History', Mind, LXXVIII. MACKIE,]. L. (1974), The Cement of the Universe (Oxford). MANDELBAUM, M. (1938), The Problem of Historical Knowledge (New York). -- (1955), 'Societal Facts'; reprinted in Gardiner (1959). -- (1957), 'Societal Laws'; reprinted in Dray (1966). MARROU, H.-I. (1954, 1g62), De La Connaissance Historique, 4th edition, 1962 (Paris). MARWICK, A. (1970), The.Nature of History (London). MARx, K. ( 18 50), Class Struggles in France; English translation (London, 1937). -- (1852) The Eighteenth Brumaire of Louis Bonaparte; English translation (New York, 1926). -- (1859), Preface to A Critique of Political Economy; English translation (London, 1971). -- (1867), Capital, vol. 1; English translation (Moscow, 1954).

4 222 KNOWLEDGE AND EXPLANATION IN HISTORY MARX, K. and ENGELS, F. (1846), The German Ideology; English translation (Moscow, 1964). Relevant excerpts from these works are to be found in Feuer (I969) -see above. Page references to these works in the text are to this collection. MEILAND,j. W. (1965), Skepticism and Historical Knowledge (New York, 1965). MILL,j. S. (1859), On Liberty; reprinted in Utilitarianism etc. (London, 1910); paperback edition, ed. G. Himmelfarb (Harmondsworth, 1974). NAGEL, E. (1961), The Structure of Science (London). NAsH, R. H. (1969, ed.), Ideas of History (New York). NowELL-SMITH, P. H. (1957), 'Are Historical Events Unique?', ASP, LVII. -- (1971), What Actual{y Happened (Lawrence, Kansas). 0AKESHOTT, M. (1933), Experience and its Modes (Cambridge). --(1962), 'The Activity ofbeing an Historian', in his Rationalism and Politics (London). PEARS, D. (1956), 'Time, Truth and Inference', ASP, LVI. PLAMENATZ, J. (I961), Man and Society, vol. II (London). PLEKHANov, G. (I895), The Development of the Monist View of History; English translation (Moscow, I956). -- (I 897), The Materialist Conception of History; English translation (New York, 1940). -- (I8g8), The Role of the Individual in History; English translation (New York, 1940). PLUMB,j. H. (196g), The Death of the Past (London). PoPPER, K. R. (1934), The Logic of Scientific Discovery; English translation (London, I 959). -- (I944-5, 1957), The Poverty of Historicism; articles in Economica subsequently published in book form (London, 1957; 2nd edition, I96I). -- (I945), The Open Society and Its Enemies, vol. II (London, with subsequent editions). RANKE, L. von (I824), History of the Latin and Teutonic Nations; English translation (London, I 9 I 5) RENIER, G.J. (I950), History: Its Purpose and Method (London). RussELL, B. (I92I), The Ana{ysis of Mind (London). R YLE, G. (I949), The Concept of Mind (London).

5 WORKS CITED IN THE TEXT 223 ScRIVEN, M. ( I966), 'Causes, Connections, and Conditions in History', in Dray (I966). STRAWSON, P. F. (I96I), 'Social Morality and Individual Ideal', Philosophy, xxxv1. TAYLQR, A.J. P. (I96I), The OriginsoftheSecond World War (London; paperback edition, Harmondsworth, I964). -- (I965), English History, (Oxford). THOMSON, D. (I950), England in the Nineteenth Century (London). -- (I96g), The Aims of History (London). THUCYDIDES, The Peloponnesian War; English translation (Harmondsworth, I972). ToYNBEE, A. (I934-54), A Study of History, IO vols (Oxford); abridgement ofvols I-VI and vn-x by D. C. Somervell (Oxford, I946, I957) TREVELYAN, G. M. (I930), Clio: A Muse (London). WALSH, W. H. ( I95I, I967), An Introduction to the Philosophy of History (London; 3rd edition, revised, I967). -- ( I967) 'Colligatory Concepts in History'; reprinted in Gardiner (I974) WATKINS, J. W. N. (I957), 'Historical Explanation in the Social Sciences'; reprinted in Gardiner ( I959). WHITE, M. (I943), 'Historical Explanation'; reprinted in Gardiner (I959) -- (I965), Foundations of Historical Knowledge (New York and London). WisDOM, J. (I952), 'Metaphysics', in Other Minds (Oxford). WISDOM, J. 0. (I953), The Unconscious Origins of Berkeley's Philosophy (London). WRIGHT, G. H. von (I97I), Explanation and Understanding (Ithaca, N.Y.).

6 Index actions in the past 11 sect. 6 (63--6) Acton, H. B. 124, 219 Acton, Lord 3, 15, 16, 17, 19, 174, 1g8-202, 205, 219 Aristotle 3 7, 1 14, 184 Aron,R. u,28,36,s7,8s, 175,219 Ashley, M. 123, 219 assimilationist (positivist) conception of history 23, Atkinson, R. F. 219 Augustine 52 autonomist (idealist) conception of history 23, Ayer, A.J. 40, 44, so, 55, 219 Beard, C. A. 70, 73n., 219 'because': universalisability of use of 1 oo-1 Becker, C. L. 66, 70, 219 Berkeley 179 bias 72 Blake, C. 78, 219 Bloch, M. 17, 34, 40, so, 159, 219 Bober, M. M. 174, 219 Boswell 209 Bradley, F. H. 91, 219 Brodbeck, M. 168, 173, 219 Bury,J. B. 17 Butler, R. J. 40, 2 rg Butterfield, H. 14, 16, 33, 34, 35, 37, s8, ,220 Carlyle, T. Carr, E. H , 34, 36, 37, 58, 128, causal connections, particular v sect. 3 ( 151-8) causal explanation v passim; cj. law explanation IV sect. 2 ( ) levels of 143, 146, v sect. 5 ( 167- So} of actions causation: Hume's regularity theory v sect. 3 (151-8), 181 and agency 148 and practice and responsibility 147, and values 148, 159, 16o, cause(s): as necessary and/orsufficient conditions 105, 143, contributory (partial) 105, Jo8- g, 159 in history v esp. sect. 1 ( 14o--3) plurality of 142, 'true' v sect. 4 ( ); abnormalism 15g--6o 'cause', use of log-i, vsect. 2 (143-51), 134, 164, 182; if. 'because' chance v sect. 6 (18o--7) Chateaubriand, F.-R. de 54, 220 chronicle 20, 21 chronology 20, 21, 133 Clapham, J. 17 Clarendon 15 classification 21, 22 coherence in historical writing 131, colligation 13gn. Collingwood, R. G. x, 23, 25-8, 30, 32, 36, 37. so, 53 64, gl, 93 g6, , 148, 16o, 182,

7 226 INDEX 6, 2o8, 2og, 215, 217, 220 constraint v sect. 6 (18o-7) constructionism (constitutionism) 40, 41, and 11 sect. 1-3 passim Croce, B. 15, 17, 23, 24, 25, 34, 37, 50, 124, 182, 220 Danto, A. C. 9, 23, 32, 40, 43, 45, 56, , 87, g6, 130, 132, 168, description, interpretation and explanation 75-7, IV sect. 1 (95-102) and causal explanation 144 determinism 12-13, 104-5, v sect. 6 (18o-7) Downie, R. S. 200, 220 Dray, W. x, 23, 25,31-2, 34, 35, 37, , 70, 72, 83, 86, g6, 102, 120, 121, , 163, 220 Elton, G. R. 7, 8, 15, 20, 21, 22, 27, 35--6, , 58, 87, 125, 130, 132, 220 Engels, F. 174-So, 220, 222 evidence 11, 41-2 and imaginative identification with the past 64-5 documentary and nomological , 107 existential regularism (White) ro8- IO explanation 12, 18--g, IV and v passim and necessary and/or sufficient conditions 65, and prediction 30, 129 causal v passim; su cause dispositional , reducibility to law model ; whether rational 118; how far historical , 171 law 23,29-33,97,99, IOI,IVSect. 2 (102-15), , I8g narrative 24, 32,33-4,97, 102, IV sect. 4 (128-39) rational 25, 97, 99, 101, 102, IV sect. 3 (115-28), , 155, types of in history IV sect. 1 (95-102), 139n. 'explanation', common use of 98-g, , 128, 136, su 'because' explanation sketch (Hempel) to8 Fain, H. 28, 32, 36, 132, 133, 134, 220 Febvre, L. 17 Feuer, L. S. 174, 177, 220, 222 Fisher, H. A. L. 211, 220 free will 12-13, 104-5, v sect. 6 (18o-7) Freeman, A. E. 24 future: knowledge of, contrasted with that of past u sect. 5 (58--62) statements about 40, 46 Gallie, W. B. x, 23, 25, 29, 32, 34, , 88, g6, 130, 132, 220 Gardiner, P. 23, 31, 32, g6, 102, 103,105,110, III, 115,120,121, 152, 153, 159, 165, 18g, 220 Gellner, E. 122, 168, 172, 220 generalisations in history 3o-1, 34-5, 36-7, 74, II 1, 116, 153, 154; see laws compared with canons of taste Geyl, P. 58, 220 Gibbon 15 Ginsberg, M. 168, 220 Goldstein, L.J. 40, 41, 53, 6g, 220 Gosse, E I Gosse, P. 54 Green, J. R. 17, 221 Hale, J. R. 22n., 221 Hampshire, S. 207, 221 Hart, H. L.A. 145, 147, 221 Hayek, F. A. von 168-7o, 171, 182, 221 Hegel 8, 9, 92, no, 177, 181, 210 Hempel, C.J. 23,29-31,37,64, g6, 103, 105, Io8, 110, 121, 152, 221

8 INDEX 227 Herodotus 13 hindsight s8, 87,!87 historical materialism 74, 143, 174-8o, 211 historical method, Collingwood's rules of 36 history 1 sect. 2 ( 13-22) and aesthetic values and legal thinking 139, 145, 147 and literature 6, 15, 65-6, 87-8, g6-7, '33 and natural and social science s- 6, 6-7, 30-1, 193, and prophecy (prediction) II sect. s (58-62) and sociology 35, 36-7, 108 as an art 6 as factual VI sect. 2 ( 188-g8) autonomy of 8, 25, 27, 61-2, 82, 8g, 91 concerned with individual 30, 35, 37, 118-Ig, 200 contemporary 34, 58, '47 general and specialised 18, 84, 178-Bo historians on 33-7 history of identification with philosophy 24, 9' moral judgement in 24, 35, 124-5, VI sect. 3 ( ) narrative and analytical 19-22, 83, 130-1, 136 philosophy of 1 sect. 1 (4-13), and passim practical attitudes in professional standards in 82, 92 value neutrality of VI sect. 2 (188-g8) varieties of , 128 Whig interpretation of 16, 33, 34, 35, s8, 87, 'history': ambiguity of g-13, 189 dictionary definition of 13 Hobbes 208 Honore, A. M. 145, 147, 201 Hospers,]. 119, 145, 148, 221 Hume 15, 16, 45, 49, 144, 145, 152, 209, 221 idealist (autonomist) philosophy of history 23, 24-g importance in history 111 sect. 4 (8s- 8), '59!80 individualism, methodological 76-7, 127-8, moral 170-1, 173, 200 interpretation 20, 21, IV sect. 1 \95-102) intuitive knowledge of past 27-8, 64-5; see memory judgement, historical 77, 91, 93, 115; contrasted with evaluation 115, 163, causal v sect. 3 (151-8) Kant 4, g, 125, 179, 203, 204 knowledge of past II passim Kuhn, T. S. 8o, , 221 law explanation see explanation Jaws: availability of in history specifically historical 110 universal and statistical Leff, G. 15, , 36, 37, 57, 58, 65, g6, III, 130, 174,221 legal and historical thinking 139, 145. '47 Lt:nm 34 Livy 15 logic of the situation (Popper) 29, 32, 120, 125 Lucas, P. G. 12, g6, 102, 221 Macaulay, T. B. 15, 16 McCullagh, C. B. 128, 129, 221 Mackie, J. L. 145, 221 Maitland, F. W. 15 Mandelbaum, M. 72, 152, 153, 154, 168, 172, 221 Marrou, H , 221 Marwick, A. 22n., 74, 84, 221 Marx 8, g, 110, 169, 170, , 221-2

9 228 INDEX Marxism 12, 81,92-4, , 210 materialism, historical 74, 143, , 211 mathematics, history of Meiland, J. W. 40, 41, 53, 69, 72, 222 memory 28,41-2, II sect. 2 (45-51), 65, Meyer, E. 26 Mill,J. S. 162, 170, 171, 207, 222 Nagel, E. 77, 168, 169, 172, 173, 222 Namier, L. 15, 58, 84 narrative as explanatory 24, 32, 33-4, 97, 102, IV sect. 4 ( ) Nash, R. H. 70, 73n., 222 necessity v sect. 6 ( 18o--7) Niebuhr, B. G. 16 Nowell-Smith, P. H. 31, 32, 36, 40, 42, 96, Ill, 222 Oakeshott, M ,23,24,25, 32, 34, 37, 40, 96, Ill, 124, 158, 222 'objective', meanings of 70-2 objectivity and causes in history v esp. sect. 4 and 5 and selective reporting 111 (69-94); logical and practical questions 72; disagreement among historians 73-4; objective historical consciousness 81-2; objectivity in history and morality and values VI passim variety of problems concerning observation II esp. sect. 2 ( partiality 72 past, actions in the II sect. 6 (63-6) as it really was 11, 16, concept of 40 existence of II sect. 3 (51-5) knowledge of II passim; contrasted with knowledge of future 11 sect. 5 (58-63) scepticism about 11 esp. sect. 1-3 (39--55) statements about, how to be understood 42-4; and those about future 46; compared with those about present 56-7 Pears, D. 43, 222 philosophical differences among historians 81-3, 92-4 philosophy, autonomy of 8 history of 121-3, 17g-8o philosophy of history 1 sect. 1 (4-13), and passim analytical and substantive (critical and speculative) 8--g, 1 o--13 and philosophy of mind 11 sect. 6 (63-6) and philosophy of science 4 as 'meta-' (second order) study 6-7 assimilationist (positivist) 23, autonomist (idealist) 23, 24--g Pirenne, H. 74 Plamenatz,j. 174,222 Plato 67, 210 Plekhanov, G. 174, 176, 178, 179, 222 Plumb, j; H. 7, 222 Popper, K. R. 2, 23, 29-31, 35, 78-81,83,95,96, 110, 120, 125, 129, 168, 17D--4, 212, 222 prediction 11 sect. 5 (58-63), and explanation 30, 129 probability 11 sect. 7 (66-8) progress v1 sect. 4 (210-18) psychologism purposive explanation see explanation, rational Ranke, L. von 14, 15, 16, 17, 222 rational explanation see explanation rationality, assumption of reasons, compared and contrasted with causes 142, 164-7, 185 'relative', meaning of 72 relativity, and objectivity in history 72, 8o-1, 83, 89, 159, and 111 passim and explanation in history 134-6,

10 INDEX 229 v esp. sect. 4 religious differences among historians 73, 9o-2 Renier, G.J. 15, 25, 30, 34, 36, 37, 54 96, 103, 123, 132, 222 Robertson 15 Russell, B. 53-4, 222 Ryle, G. 63, 222 science, history of , Scott, Walter 15 Scriven, M. 144, 223 selection 18, 38, 40, 111 passim absolute basis for 85-8 in science and history Snow, C. P. 156 statements, historical (about the past) 11 passim Strawson, P. F. 207, 223 Stubbs, W. 14 'subjective', meanings of 70-2 subjectivism, significance of 78-g Tacitus 198 Taine 144 Tawney, R. H. 17 Taylor,A.J.P. 13,103,115,141-2, , 223 technology, history of 2 14 testimony 41-2,11 sect. 2 (45-51) Thomson, D. 22n., 141, 142, 147, 223 Thucydides 14o-1, 223 Tolstoy, L. 171 Toynbee, A. 8, 9, 110, 210, 223 Trevelyan, G. M. 15, 17, 223 truth II, 66-8, impossibility of whole truth 111 sect. 2 ( 73-g) values 35, VI passim aesthetic intellectual 188, 194 -s moral religious 2o8-1o Vico 210 Voltaire 215 Walsh, W. H. x, 2, 9, 23, 81-2, 83, 93, Ill, 223 Watkins,J. W. N. 168, 172, 223 Whig interpretation of history 16, 33, 34, 35, s8, a,, White, M. 23, 33, 37, 96, 105, 107, , 115, 121, , 163,!64, 223 Windelband, W. 30 Wisdom, J. 52, 223 Wisdom, J , 223 Wright, G. H. von 23, 33, 223