Guide to Further Reading

Transcription

1 Guide to Further Reading Discussions of toleration rarely form the central theme of modern books in political philosophy, but reference to the topic is made by many writers on related topics, particularly those writing within the liberal tradition. The most accessible and sustained modern account of toleration is King (1976), and the most stimulating pieces are to be found in Wolff et al. (1965), which includes Marcuse's seminal essay 'Repressive Tolerance'. A useful account of religious toleration and its relationship to pluralism and relativism is Newman (1982). These aside, readers interested in toleration are best advised to go back to some of the classic texts - particularly Locke's Letter on Toleration and Mill's On Liberty. They should also refer to Rawls (1971), Dworkin (1977,1985), and Raz (1986), where theories of toleration are presented as part of liberal political theory. I have divided the guide to further reading into three sections: the first recommends some criticisms and discussions of John Locke's Letter on Toleration. The second suggests some commentaries on John Stuart Mill's On Liberty. The third indicates some modern works where the concept of toleration is discussed. Locke's Letter on Toleration Although Locke's political philosophy has received extensive commentary, there has been comparatively little philosophical interest in the Letter. Dunn (1984) provides an excellent short account of Locke's philosophical thought, emphasising the role of the political philosophy. Ashcraft (1986) gives a very detailed examination of the historical circumstances which influenced Locke's political philosophy. He discusses the Letter itself, as well as a whole range of related writings and correspondence. The philosophical implications of the Letter are lucidly discussed by Waldron (1988) and Cranston (1987). Mill's On Liberty The literature on Mill's On Liberty is huge. A very useful introductory book is Thomas (1985). For more detailed criticism, readers should 163

2 164 Guide to Further Reading consult Himmelfarb (1974), Gray (1983) and Rees (1985). Rees provides an excellent account of the nineteenth-century reception of On Liberty and also makes telling criticisms of Himmelfarb's version of the 'two Mills' thesis. However, his most important contribution to the debate is his interpretation of Mill's principle and its distinction between selfregarding and other-regarding actions. Gray's book wrestles with the thorny problem of Mill's utilitarianism, and concludes that the liberty principle is itself an application of the principle of utility. Modern writings One of the most stimulating contributions is Raz (1986). The final chapters provide a convincing defence of a theory of toleration founded on the value of autonomy. Elements of this defence are also to be found in Raz (1982, 1988). Over the years Ronald Dworkin has written extensively about practical problems of toleration. Many of his most important articles (on pornography, racial equality and civil disobedience) are now collected together in Dworkin (1985). These articles discuss the foundation of liberalism in a principle of equal concern and respect. They also examine the practical consequences which Dworkin believes to follow from such liberalism. A useful general book on liberalism is Arblaster (1984). Articles on toleration in the history of political theory are gathered together in Mendus (1988).

3 Bibliography Ackerman, B. A. (1980) SociaiJustice in the Liberal State (Yale University Arblaster, A. (1984) The Rise and Decline of Western Liberalism (Blackwell, Oxford). Ashcraft, R. (1986) Revolutionary Politics and Locke's 'Two Treatises of Government' (Princeton University Barry, B. (1965) Political Argument (Routledge & Kegan Paul, Bates, M. S. (1945) Religious Liberty: An Inquiry (International Missionary Council, New York). Benyon, J. (ed.) (1984) Scarman and After: Essays Reflecting on Lord Scarman's Report, the riots and their aftermath (Pergamon, Berlin, I. (1969) Four Essays on Liberty (Clarendon, Oxford). Bossy, J. (1985) Christianity in the West (Oxford University Burgess, A. (1984) Ninety Nine Novels: The Best in English since 1939 (Allison and Busby, Cooper, D. (1983) 'The Free Man' in A. Phillips Griffiths (ed.) Of Liberty, Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series: 15 (Cambridge University Cranston, M. (1987) 'John Locke and the Case for Toleration' in S. Mendus and D. Edwards (eds) On Toleration (Clarendon, Oxford). Dunn, J. (1969) Political Thought of John Locke (Cambridge University Dunn, J. (1984) Locke (Oxford University Dunn, J. (1985) Rethinking Modern Political Theory (Cambridge University Dworkin, A. (1981) Pornography: Men Possessing Women (Women's Press, Dworkin, R. (1977) Taking Rights Seriously (Duckworth, Dworkin, R. (1983) 'What Liberalism Isn't', New York Review of Books, January. Dworkin, R. (1985) A Matter of Principle (Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Mass.). Ecdeshall, R. et al. (1984) Political Ideologies: An Introduction (Hutchinson, Edwards, D. S. (1985) 'Toleration and the English Law of Blasphemy' in 165

4 166 Bibliography J. Horton and S. Mendus (eds) Aspects of Toleration (Methuen, Gentile, G. (1960) Genesis and Structure of Society (Illinois University Press, Urbana). Gray, J. (1983) Mill on Liberty: A Defence (Routledge and Kegan Paul, Himmelfarb, G. (1974) Of Liberty and Liberalism (Borzoi Books, Knopf, New York). Horton, J. (1985) 'Toleration, Morality and Harm' in Horton and Mendus (eds) Aspects of Toleration (Methuen, Horton, J. and Mendus, S. (eds) (1985) Aspects of Toleration (Methuen, Hume, D. (1975) A Treatise of Human Nature, L. A. Selby-Bigge (ed.) (Clarendon, Oxford). Jones, P. (1989) 'The Ideal of the Neutral State' in R. Goodin and A. Reeve (eds) Liberal Neutrality (Routledge, Kant, I. (1949) 'What is Orientation in Thinking?', in L. W. Beck (trans. and ed.) Kant's Critique of Practical Reason and Other Writings in Moral Philosophy (Chicago University Kant, I. (1966) Groundwork for a Metaphysic of Morals, trans. H. J. Paton as The Moral Law (Hutchinson, Kant, I. (1968) Critique of Pure Reason, J. Kemp Smith (ed. and trans.) (Macmillan, Kappeler, S. (1986) The Pornography of Representation (Polity Press, Oxford, Cambridge). Kelly, P. (1984) John Locke: Authority, Conscience and Religious Toleration (M. A. Dissertation, University of York). Kerner (1968) Report of the National Advisory Commission on Civil Disorders (Bantam Books, New York). King, P. (1976) Toleration (George Allen and Unwin, Locke, J. (1983) A Letter Concerning Toleration, Tully, J. (ed.) (Hackett, Indianapolis). Mazlish, B. (1975) James and John Stuart Mill (Basic Books, New York). Mendus, S. (1985) 'Harm, Offence and Censorship' in Horton and Mendus (eds) Aspects of Toleration (Methuen, Mendus, S. and Edwards, D. (1987) On Toleration (Clarendon Press, Oxford). Mendus, S. (1988) Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives (Cambridge University Mill, J. S. (1984) Essays on Equality, Law and Education, Collected Works, Vol. XXI (University of Toronto Mill, J. S. (1962) Utilitarianism, M. Warnock (ed.) (Fontana, Mill, J. S. (1962) 'Bentham', M. Warnock (ed.) Utilitarianism (Fontana, Mill, J. S. (1983) The Subjection of Women, K. Soper (ed.) (Virago, Mill, J. S. (1978) On Liberty (Penguin, Harmondsworth). ed. G. Himmelfarb.

5 Bibliography 167 Mill, J. S. (1973) A System of Logic, in Collected Works Vol. VIII (University of Toronto Miller, D. (1988) 'Socialism and Toleration' in Mendus (ed.) Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives (Cambridge University Murdoch, I. (1961) 'Against Dryness' in Encounter. Newman, J. (1982) Foundations of Religious Tolerance (University of Toronto Nicholson, P. (1985) 'Toleration as a Moral Ideal' in Horton and Mendus (eds) Aspects of Toleration (Methuen, Packe, M. St John (1954) The Life of John Stuart Mill (Secker and Warburg, Passmore, J. A. (1986) 'Locke and the Ethics of Belief' in Anthony Kenny (ed.) Rationalism, Empiricism and Idealism, British Academy Lectures on the History of Philosophy (Clarendon, Oxford). Pateman, C. (1984) 'The Shame of the Marriage Contract' in J. Stiehm (ed.) Women's View of the Political World of Men (Dobbs Ferry Transnational Publishers, New York). Pateman, C. (1988) The Sexual Contract (Polity Press, Oxford, Cambridge). Pe1czynski, Z. and Gray, J. (1984) Conceptions of Liberty in Political Philosophy (Athlone, Phillips, A. (1984) 'Fraternity', in B. Pimlott (ed.) Fabian Essays in Socialist Thought (Heinemann, Phillips Griffiths, A. (1983) Of Liberty, Royal Institute of Philosophy Lecture Series: 15 (Cambridge University Raphael, D. D. (1988) 'The Intolerable', in S. Mendus (ed.) Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives (Cambridge University Rawls, J. (1971) A Theory of Justice (Oxford University Raz, J. (1982) 'Liberalism, Autonomy, and the Politics of Neutral Concern' Mid-West Studies in Philosophy, 7, pp Raz, J. (1986) The Morality of Freedom (Clarendon, Oxford). Raz, J. (1988) 'Autonomy, Toleration and the Harm Principle' in S. Mendus (ed.) Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives (Cambridge University Rees, J. C. (1985) John Stuart Mill's 'On Liberty' (Clarendon Press, Oxford). Robson, J. (1968) The Improvement of Mankind (University of Toronto Sandel, M. (1982) Liberalism and the Limits of Justice (Cambridge University Sandel, M. (ed.) (1984) Liberalism and its Critics (Blackwell, Oxford). Scarman, L. (1986) The Scarman Report: The Brixton Disorders, April, 1981 (Penguin, Harmondsworth). Scarman, L. (1987) 'Toleration and the Law' in S. Mendus and D. Edwards (eds) On Toleration (Oxford University Smith, G. W. (1984) 'J. S. Mill on Freedom' in Z. Pe1czynski and J. Gray

6 168 Bibliography (eds) Conceptions of Liberty in Political Philosophy (Athlone, Stephen, J. Fitzjames (1967) Liberty, Equality, Fraternity (Cambridge University Taylor, C. (1979) 'What's Wrong with Negative Liberty?' in A. Ryan (ed.) The Idea of Freedom: Essay in Honour of Isaiah Berlin (Oxford University Thomas, W. (1985) Mill (Oxford University Tuck, R. (1988) 'Scepticism and Toleration in the Seventeenth Century' in S. Mendus (ed.) Justifying Toleration (Cambridge University Tully, J. H. (1983) John Locke: A Letter Concerning Toleration (Hackett, Indianapolis). Waldron, J. (1987) 'Theoretical Foundations of Liberalism' Philosophical Quarterly, 37,147, pp Waldron, J. (1988) 'Locke, Toleration and the Rationality of Persecution' in S. Mendus (ed.) Justifying Toleration: Conceptual and Historical Perspectives (Cambridge University Warnock, M. (1987) 'The Limits of Toleration' in S. Mendus and D. Edwards (eds) On Toleration (Oxford University Weale, A. (1985) 'Toleration, Individual Differences and Respect for Persons' in J. Horton and S. Mendus (eds) Aspects of Toleration (Methuen, Williams, B. (1973) Problems of the Self (Cambridge University Williams, B. (1985) Ethics and the Limits of Philosophy (Fontana, Wolff, R. P. et al. (1965) A Critique of Pure Tolerance (Beacon Press, Boston).

7 Index Ackerman, B. 75, 86, 112, 114, , 165 Arblaster, R. 3,164,165 Ashcraft, R. 25, 163, 165 Autonomy 51-9,62-8,81,87, 116, 148, and liberalism and liberty and rationality 93-5 condition of definition of development of , 111 Kant's account of renouncing Barry, B. 79,117,165 Bates, M.S. 7, 22, 165 Bentham, J. 61-2,92 Benyon, J. 2, 165 Berlin, I. 12, 13, 72-3, 93-4, 155, 165 Blasphemy 33 Bossy, J. 6,165 Brixton 1,5 Burgess, A. 82, 165 Choice (see also Preferences) , 160 Collectivism 66-7 Contract 153 Cooper, D. 73,165 Cranston, M. 9,39, 163, 165 Diversity 26,27,37,44-68,69, 77,81,86-7 Dunn, J. 24,25, 70,. 91, 165 Dworkin, A ,128,157,165 Dworkin, R. 71-2, 80-2, 86> , 119, 123-4, 126, ', 149, 157, Eccieshall, R. 70, 165 Edict of Nantes 6, 7, 23 Edwards, D. 33, 165 Equality 130-2, Freedom see Liberty Gentile, G. 165 Good (conceptions of) Gray, J. 95,104,121,164,166 Harm 120-6, 127-9, 131 Heteronomy 97 HimmeJfarb, G. 45, 164, 166 Horton, J. 120, 126, 166 Human nature 50-5, 54, 58, 65-6,70,81,86-7,88,92,142 Hume, D. 11, 166 Jones, P. 118, 166 Kant, I. 53,89-91,116, 142, 166 Kappeler, s. 128, 166 Kelly, P. 24,166 Kerner Report 1,2,166 King, P. 163, 166 Letter on Toleration Liberalism 3,5,22,38,56-7,63, 65-7, and autonomy and diversity 78, and scepticism 75-9, 80-2,

8 170 Liberalism - continued definition of 70--5, 79 role of liberty in 72-4, Liberty 8,9,42, 44, 55-6, 66, 71 and autonomy negative and positive 72-4, principle of Locke, J , 48, 55-6, 69-70, 74,77,83,88,91,106,130, 144,146-7, 155, 163, 166 Mazlish, B. 45, 166 Mendus, S. 125,164,166 Mill, J. S. 4,21,27,37,43,44-70,74,77,86,88,91-5,98-100, 104-7, 111, , 142, 146-7,153, 163, 166 Mounce, H. O. 150 Murdoch, I. 95, 166 Needs Neutrality 79-88, , 148, 162 consequences of 83-4, 113, 130 causal definition of 83-6 intentional negative positive requirements of role of reasons in 38-9, 56, 83-4, 113, scope of test of Newman, J. 163, 166 Nicholson, P. 10, 166 Nisbet, R. 133 Nozick, R. 71,117 Offence On Liberty 4,21,27,37,43-68, 88,98,104,121,146 O'Neill, O. 40, 101 Packe,M. Stjohn 66-7,166 Passmore, J. 33, 166 Index Pateman, C. 153, 167 Paternalism Perfectibility 57-68,86-7 Phillips, A , 156, 167 Phillips, D. Z. 150 Pluralism 12-14,77,107 Population policy 63 Pornography , 127-9, 138-9, 141, Preferences (see also Choice) Public opinion (tyranny of) 4,48-9,50,53-4 Puritanism 23,25, 29, 41 Race Relations Acts 8, 38 Raphael, D. D. 19,20,161, 167 Rationality Rawls, J. 3, 71, 86, 116, 119, 133, 143, 167 Raz, J. 3, 13, 14,56,69, 79, 95-6, 106-7, 122, 156, 164, 167 Rees, J. 45,48, 164, 167 Right (priority of) Rights 39-42, Robson, J. 45,167 Sandel, M. 65, 86, 92, 112, 167 Scarman, Lord 1-5, 83--5, 131, 158, 167 Scepticism 8,15,75-82,87,148-9 Self-determination see Autonomy Sexual Offences Act 4,9 Smith, G. W. 63,167 Socialism Stephen, J. F. 45,49,51,58, 167 Subjection of Women 62-4 Taylor, C. 74, 167 Thomas, W. 49,163,167 Thompson, W. 153 Toleration circumstances of 8-9, 15,20, 159 concept of 4-6 legal 4-5

9 Index Toleration - continued paradox of , 56, 161 racial 1-4,15-17, religious 5, 6-8, 18, 19, 22-43,83 requirements of 5,15-17, 131,159 scope of sexual 3-4,9,18 Tocqueville, A. de 48 Toleration Acts 7 Transparency Tuck, R. 76-7, 167 Tully, J. 27,167 Utilitarianism 60-1,91, 100 Utility (principle of) 60-2 Voltaire Waldron, J. 3,29--33,36,41, 74, 112,117, 151-3, 163, Warnock, M , 13-14, 16, , 125, 150, 168 Weale, A. 85,87, 168 Williams, B. 31-2, 149, 152, 168 Williams Report 123-5, 168 Wolff, R. P. 164, 168