A Review of Various Shapes Microstrip Patch Antenna for High Frequency Applications

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1 ISSN A Review of Various Shapes Patch Antenna for High Frequency Applications #1 Gokani Deepbhai Kamaleshkumar, #2 Prof. A.A. Randive 1 dee_ec.engineer@yahoo.com 2 aarandive@aissmscoe.com #1 Pune University, A.I.S.S.M.S. COE, Kennedy Road, Pune, India #2 Assistant Professor, Department of Electronics, A.I.S.S.M.S COE, Pune, India ABSTRACT The area of micro strip antennas has seen some inventive work in recent years and is currently one of the most dynamic fields of antenna theory. The micro-strip patch antenna are used for various applications in many high performance wireless communication system. They have several drawbacks such as low efficiency, low bandwidth, and low gain and can only be used at microwave frequency. Due to these parameters, there is complexity in tunings. Thus to improve them, different slots are introduced. Variety of shapes of slots are available like E, L, C, U, S, H shapes etc. which make patch antenna suitable for high frequency applications. This paper presents a brief overview of Comparison among the most conventional shaped microstrip patch antennas. In this work, most conventional shaped microstrip patch antennas are identified from previous literature to establish a total efficiency comparison in terms of gain and bandwidth between the antennas on the basis of surface wave concept. ARTICLE INFO Article History Received: 10 th May 2016 Received in revised form : 10 th May 2016 Accepted: 14 th May 2016 Published online : 15 th May 2016 Keywords: Micro-strip patch antenna, slots, Gain, Bandwidth I. INTRODUCTION patch antenna is a key building in wireless communication and Global Positioning system since it was first demonstrate in 1886 by Heinrich Hertz and its practical application by Guglielmo Marconi in Future trend in communication design is towards compact devices [1]. patch antenna have been well known for its advantages such as light weight, low fabrication cost, mechanically robust when mounted on rigid surfaces and capability of dual and triple frequency operations. All these features, attract many researchers to investigate the performance of patch antenna in various ways. However, narrow bandwidth and gain are the major disadvantage for this type of antenna. The bandwidth of microstrip antenna may be increased using air substrate [3]. However, dielectric substrate must be used if compact antenna size is required. A few approaches can be applied to improve the microstrip antenna bandwidth. These include increasing the substrate thickness, introducing parasitic element either in coplanar or stack configuration, and modifying the shape of a common radiator patch by incorporating slots. The last approach is particularly attractive because it can provide excellent bandwidth improvement and maintain a single-layer radiating structure to preserve the antenna s thin profile characteristic. The successful examples include E-shaped patch antennas, U-slot patch antennas, and V-slot patch antennas. Sr. No Characteristics patch Antenna Slot Antenna 1 Profile Thin Thin 2 Fabrication Very easy Easy 3 Polarization Both linear and circular Both linear and circular 4 Dual frequency Possible Possible Operation 5 Shape Flexibility Any Shape Mostly rectangular and circular 6 Spurious radiation Exists Exists 7 Bandwidth Table 1: Characteristics comparison between microstrip patch antenna and microstrip slot antenna 2015, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 1

2 This Literature is organized as follows. Section II describes the antenna geometry, Section III discuses on the results and finally, Section IV concludes the work. II. ANTENNA GEOMETRY 1) C-Shaped microstrip patch antenna The structure consists of a monopole arrangement. The radiator patch combined by three C (English alphabet) arranged in a manner to reduce total as well as to increase the effective half wavelength dipole of the radiator within the compact area [8]. Simulation Tool: Mentor Graphic IE 3D 3) E-Shaped microstrip patch antenna Initially the rectangular patch is designed to resonant at a frequency near the upper limit of the required bandwidth. The for the main rectangular patch was selected to be 5.8 GHz as the aim was to achieve a bandwidth between GHz. After designing the main patch, the two slots were inserted into it to make it E-shaped. The slot widths and lengths were adjusted so that the lower antenna resonant frequency should be near to the lower edge of the required bandwidth i.e. 5.2 GHz [10]. Figure 1.compact triple C shaped antenna structure [8] Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): Simulation Tool: CST Microwave Studio 2) U-Shaped microstrip patch antenna The antenna consists of simple planar structure having a U- shaped radiating patch and ground plane on the substrate layer. The radiating patch is connected to feed line as shown in figure 2. The proposed U-shaped antenna is fed by CPW feed line [9]. Figure 3. Optimized Dimensions - E-Shaped Antenna [10] Substrate Material: RT/duroid-5880 Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): Simulation Tool: Agilent ADS Momentum Simulator 4) L-Shaped microstrip patch antenna Firstly, a rectangular microstrip patch antenna, based on the standard procedure, is designed to determine the width (W) and length (L) at 1.8GHz. In order to perturb the surface current path, two perpendicular slots are incorporated, introducing inductive effect [11]. Figure 2. Geometry of proposed U slot shaped antenna (All dimensions in mm) [9] epoxy Figure 4. Geometry of proposed L slot shaped antenna (All dimensions in mm) [11] 2015, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 2

3 5) H-Shaped microstrip patch antenna 2 Parallel and 1 perpendicular slot etched on a Rectangular patch to make it H shape that resonant at three different frequencies using the concept multi resonating cavity. [12]. 7) W-Shaped microstrip patch antenna The W slot MSA is suitable for high speed WLANs applications. By using different approach of bandwidth enhancement such as stacked configuration, cutting slot and changing the position of the coaxial probe bandwidth equal to 25.78% is achieved. The antenna is fed by coaxial probe feeding technique. Figure 5. Geometry of proposed L slot shaped antenna (All dimensions in mm) [12] 6) P-Shaped microstrip patch antenna The geometry of P-shape microstrip patch antenna is shown in Figure 6. Parametric analysis is performed under the resonant behavior of the antenna by changing the radius of circular slot of P shaped patch [13]. Figure 7. Geometry of proposed W slot shaped antenna [14] Figure 7 depicts the antenna geometry. The Antenna is designed using air as a dielectric of height 10 mm between the ground plane and patch. The Length and width of the ground plane is 17.2mm by 20 mm. (L W) from the ground plane at a height of 10 mm a parasitic patch of W slot is digged of dimensions 7.2mm by 10 mm (L1 W1). The slot cutting and stacking is done to improve the bandwidth of the microstrip antenna which in this case is achieved to 25.78% [14]. Substrate Material: Air Substrate Material Dielectric constant ( ): Substrate Material Loss Tangent: 0.00 Simulation Tool: Zeland IE 3D Simulator III. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION This section provides comparative analysis of different slots shaped microstrip patch antenna. Table 2 shows the obtained Return loss & at a particular resonant frequency and merits of using slots shapes in terms of improved Gain and Bandwidth. U shaped & E Shaped slot antenna proved to best suitable for a single band operation where a high bandwidth is concerned whereas L shaped slot antenna is suitable for multiband operations. Figure 6. P-shaped microstrip patch antenna [13] 2015, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 3

4 Title Concept ing Results Merits Compact Triple C Shaped Patch Antenna for WLAN, WiMAX & Wi- Fi Application at 2.5 GHz [8] Design of U-Shaped CPW Fed Antenna with Modified Ground Plane for WiMAX/WLAN Applications [9] Wideband E-Shaped Antenna Design for WLAN Applications [10] The arms of the proposed antenna along a meandered path, a configuration is produced with distributed capacitive & inductive reactance which globally affect the antenna input impedance. 2 Parallel and 1 perpendicular slot etched on a Rectangular patch that resonant at three different frequencies using the concept multi resonating cavity. After designing Rectangular patch two slots were inserted into it to make it E Shaped, As both the slots are incorporated in the rectangular patch,the current starts flow around the slots that allows the antenna to resonant at another frequency lower than original frequency. Co-Planar Waveguide Probe ing db at 2.5GHz : db, dB, db respectively at 3.77GHz, 5.46GHz, 7.32GHz db at 5.3 GHz Improved Gain and Efficiency. Bandwidth : 2.5 GHz 2.65 dbi, 1.73 dbi, 2.70 dbi respectively at 3.77GHz,5.46 GHz,7.32GHz 6.7 dbi at 5.3 GHz. Efficiency: L-shaped multiband microstrip patch antenna for DCS and WLAN applications [11] 2 Perpendicular slots are incorporated to make it L shape. In order to achieve multiband operation, surface current perturbed (as two slots presents) introducing inductive effect which necessary for excitation of a second resonant mode -17 db, - 28 db, -22 db respectively at 1.8 GHz, 3.7GHz, 5.2GHz ; Improved Gain 1.2 db, 1.9 db, and 7.2 db respectively at 1.8 GHz, 3.7GHz, 5.2GHz A Tri-Band H-Shaped Patch Antenna for DCS and WLAN Applications [12] Design of a Novel P-shaped Patch Antenna for Bluetooth Applications [13] Bandwidth Enhancement of W Slot Antenna using Stacked Configuration [14] The H-shape has been etched from a rectangular patch to achieve Tri-Band characteristics. Parametric analysis is performed under the resonant behavior of the antenna by changing the radius of circular slot of P shaped patch. Slot cutting and Stacking is introduced to improve the bandwidth of MPA. Probe Probe db, db, -22 db respectively at 1.8 GHz, 3.7GHz, 5.2GHz -20 db at 2.5GHz -16 db at 5.3 GHz ; Improved Gain 1.6 dbi, 1.9 dbi, and 2.1 dbi respectively at 1.8 GHz, 2.45GHz, 5.2GHz Improved Gain and Efficiency. Bandwidth : 120 MHz 6 dbi at 5.3 GHz. Efficiency: Table 2: Comparative Analysis of different Shapes of Slots 2015, IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 4

5 IV. CONCLUSION A comparative study of effect of shape on Bandwidth, Gain and Return loss of patch antenna is presented in this paper. It was observed that, only dielectric constant and thickness of patch antenna does not affects the BW but also its shape plays an important factor to enhance the BW & Gain. The resonance frequency gets shifted due to change in current path occurs due to slots introduction in path. So, cutting the slots in the patch affects the resonance frequency of higher modes and hence it realizes higher BW & also the higher gain. REFRENCES [1] G. A. Deschamps, microwave antennas, Presented at the Third USAF Symposium on Antennas, [2] Balanis, C. A. Antenna Theory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., [3] Pozar, D. M., \ antenna,"proc. IEEE, Vol. 80, 79-81, [4] Indrasen Singh, V.S. Tripathi, Patch Antenna and its Applications: a Survey International Journals of Computer Applications in Technology, Vol. 2, No.5, pp [5] N. Herscovici New considerations in the design of microstrip antennas. IEEE Transactions on Antennas and Propagation, AP-46, 6 (Jun. 1998), [6] Makhluk Hossain Prio, Md. Mamun Ur Rashid, Liton Chandra Paul, Ajay Krishno Sarkar, Total Efficiency Comparison of Different Shaped Patch Antennas having Defected Ground Structure. 1 st International conference on Electrical & Electronics Engineering (ICEEE) November [7] Ayoub, A. F. A., Analysis of rectangular microstrip antennaswith air substrates, Journal of Electromagnetic Waves and Applications, Vol. 17, No. 12, , [8] Diponkor Dutta, Avijit Hira, Fahim Asjad, Tarique Ibne Haider, Compact Triple C Shaped Patch Antenna for WLAN, WiMAX & Wi-Fi Application at 2.5 GHz. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, [11] W. Afzal, M. M. Ahmed and F. A. Mughal, L-Shaped Multiband Patch Antenna for DCS and WLAN Applications. International Conference on Computing, Communication and Automation (ICCCA 2104). [12] W. Afzal, U. Rafique, M. M. Ahmed, Senior Member IEEE, M. A. Khan, Member IEEE and F. A. Mughal, A Tri- Band H-Shaped Patch Antenna for DCS and WLAN Applications.MIKON 2012, 19th international conference on Microwaves, Radar, and Wireless Communications, May 21-23,Poland. [13] M.Naveena Rama Krishna, M.Sivaji Ganesh, M. Prasanth Kumar Reddy, N.Venkatesh, K. Jagadeesh Babu, Design of a Novel P-shaped Patch Antenna for Bluetooth Applications. International Conference on Electrical, Electronics, Signals, Communication and Optimization (EESCO) [14] Zakir Ali, Vinod Kumar Singh,Ashutosh Kumar Singh, Shahanaz Ayub, Bandwidth Enhancement of W Slot Antenna using Stacked Configuration. International Conference on Communication Systems and Network Technologies, [15] H. Zewdu, comparative study on bandwidth enhancement techniques of microstrip patch antenna, Research publications report, Addis Ababa University, January [16] M.T. Islam, M.N Shakib, and N. Misran, "Multi-slotted microstrip patch antenna for wireless Communication," Progress in Electromagnetics Research Letters, vol.10, pp.11-18, [17] G. Kristensson, P.Waller, and A. Derneryd, Radiation efficiency and surface waves for patch antennas on inhomogeneous substrates, CODEN: LUTEDX (TEAT- 7100)/1-48/ (2001), Revision no. 1, May [18] A.K. Arya, M.V. Kartikeyan, and A. Patnaik, "Efficiency enhancement of microstrip patch antenna with defected ground structure," Proc. International Conference on Recent Advances in Microwave Theory and Applications, pp , [9] Ashish Chandelkar, T. Shanmuganantham, Design of U- Shaped CPW Fed Antenna with Modified Ground Plane for WiMAX/WLAN Applications. IEEE Transaction on Antennas and Propagation, [10] Asghar Abbas Razzaqi, Muhammad Mustaqim2 and Bilal A. Khawaja, Wideband E-Shaped Antenna Design for WLAN Applications. IEEE Antennas and Wireless Propagation Letter, , IERJ All Rights Reserved Page 5