Authors Jagdale M.R. 1, Puranik V.G. 2 1 PG student of Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering

Transcription

1 Volume 4 Issue 04 April-2016 Pages ISSN(e): Website: DOI: An Ultrasonic Sensor Based Low-Power AcousticModem for Underwater Communication Authors Jagdale M.R. 1, Puranik V.G. 2 1 PG student of Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Bhivarabai Sawant Institute of Technology& Research, Wagholi Pune, Maharashtra, India 2 Associate Professor, Department of Electronics & Communication Engineering Bhivarabai Sawant Institutes of Technology & Research, Wagholi Pune, Maharashtra, India - madhuri3jagdale@gmal.com vishalpura@gmail.com ABSTRACT: There is a growing interest in the usage of underwater networked structures for oceanographic applications. These networks frequently depend upon acoustic communication, which poses some of demanding situations for reliable data transmission. Commercial underwater modems that do exist have been layout for sparse, lengthy range software as opposed to for small dense, sensor nets. The modulation method like ASK. This design makes use of industrial ultrasonic transducer of two hundred khz bandwidth. Massage from transmitter can be displayed in visual format as well as it may be analyzed the usage of one of a kind simulation gear at base station. This paper offers the layout attention, implementation information and demanding situations in layout attention. Keywords: Field Programmable Gate Array, Acoustic modem, ASK modulation techniques etc. 1. INTRODUCTION Creation current advances in processors, reminiscence, and radio generation have made clever, tiny, and cheap nodes possible. Wireless sensor networks composed of these nodes may be utilized in promising community architectures. These sensors also gather a number of beneficial information in an unattended manner. Programs of underwater sensor networks are composed of environmental monitoring, disaster prevention and aid detection. Because the importance of those packages has currently grown, underwater sensor networks made of sensor nodes must be in addition investigated. But, little studies have been conducted in growing the underwater sensor node with verbal exchange functionality. In an underwater environment, common RF-primarily based verbal exchange is not appropriate due to statistics. The primary reality is that radio waves require large antennae and excessive transmission power. the other fact is that the Berkeley Mica 2 Motes, the most famous experimental platform, have been pronounced to have a transmission range of 120cm in underwater at 433MHz. therefore, we've concluded that underwater communication has to use an acoustic or ultrasonic wave in preference to a radio wave. 1.1 Traits of underwater acoustic sensor community: It uses acoustics waves, electromagnetic waves or optical waves: Transmission loss: it is related to attenuation and Geometric spreading that is proportional to distance and impartial of frequency. Noise: It of two type guy made noise and ambient noise. Multipath: a couple of propagation reason to degradation of acoustic communication sign due to (ISI) Inter symbol Interference. Doppler unfolds: It reasons degradation in overall performance of virtual communication. It generates outcomes: a easy frequency translation and continues spreading of frequency Jagdale M.R., Puranik V.G. IJSRE Volume 4 Issue 4 April 2016 Page 5244

2 The underwater modem consists of 3 major components as underwater transducer, analog transceiver and digital platform for control and signal processing.the transducer is an ultrasound sensor for dependable verbal exchange. The sensor has frequency of 200 khz and it has excessive performance and excessive reliability. The analog transceiver includes a high energy transmitter and a pretty sensitive receiver each of that are optimized to function inside the transducer resonance frequency variety. The transmitter is answerable for amplifying the modulated signal from the virtual hardware platform and sending it to the transducer in order that it is able to be transmitted via the water. The receiver amplifies the signal that is detected with the aid of the transducer so that the digital hardware platform can effectively demodulate the sign and analyze the transmitted statistics. Due to its high linearity, the transmitter may be used with any modulation method that can be programmed into the virtual hardware platform. The main purpose of a communication system is to transfer information from a source to a Destination. A message signal containing information is used to control parameters of a carrier signal i.e. the information is embedded onto the carrier. The carrier could either a sinusoidal wave or a pulse train. At the destination the carrier plus message must be demodulated so that the message can be received. 2. BLOCK DIAGRAM OF ACOUSTIC MODEM An Acoustic Transmitter and an Acoustic Receiver Details about the ultrasonic transmitter and receiver are explained in which we can understand the basic function of Acoustic Transmitter and Receiver. Fig.1 Block diagram of acoustic modem The ultrasonic transmitter consists of three components: a frequency generator, an amplifier, and an ultrasonic sensor. The frequency generator makes a forty khz frequency and uses an ASK modulation/demodulation technique that mixed an on-off voltage degree with a carrier wave. Then, the modulated signals in the frequency generator are dispatched to the amplifier. The amplifier amplifies these enter alerts. Ultrasonic sensor pressure circuit: The inverter is used for the power of the ultrasonic sensor. For more transmission electric power, join inverters in parallel.the segment with the voltage to use to the fine terminal and the terrible terminal of the sensor has been 180 ranges difference. Because it gives the direct cutting-edge with the capacitor, about two instances of voltage of the inverter output are implemented to the sensor the voltage level of the amplified indicators is "6V <" +6V. Finally, the ultrasonic sensor transmits these amplified signals. The ultrasonic receiver is composed of five components: an ultrasonic sensor, an amplifier, an envelope detector, and two comparators. The ultrasonic sensor receives the transmitted indicators and sends them to the amplifier. Because the received indicators are a minute sign, to system them inside the subsequent step, they need to be amplified. So, the amplifier amplifies the obtained indicators. Then, the comparator removes the noise from the amplified indicators and Jagdale M.R., Puranik V.G. IJSRE Volume 4 Issue 4 April 2016 Page 5245

3 sends the indicators to the envelope detector. The envelope detector detects the authentic indicators from the amplified alerts. The principle purpose of a conversation device is to switch records from a supply to a vacation spot. A message sign containing records is used to control parameters of a carrier signal i.e. the information is embedded onto the provider. The carrier may want to both a sinusoidal wave or pulses teach. On the vacation spot the provider plus message should be demodulated so that the message can be acquired. ASK modem: The ASK modem s time and frequency parameters which were selected based on the properties of the transducer. The mark frequency represents the frequency used to represent a digital 1 when converted to baseband and the space frequency represents the frequency used to represent a digital 0 when converted to baseband. The sampling frequency is used for sending and receiving themodulated waveform on the carrier frequency while the baseband frequency is used for all baseband processing. Table 1. ASK modem parameter 3. ULTRASOUND SENSORS: The transducer is the device that converts electrical energy to/from acoustic energy, which is equivalent to the antenna in radios. The T40-16 and R40-16 are matched pair ultrasonic transmitter and receiver respectively operated at 40 KHz center frequency with 16mm diameter. This transducer utilizes the piezoelectric properties of engineering ceramic that provides high sound. Pressure and high sensitivity Specifications of sensor: It is dual use i.e. Transreceiver High perforamce, high realiability Diameter:16mm. Centeral frequency (KHz): Bandwidth (-6db): 200KHz Receiving sensitivity at 20cm: -56db Range (m): Resolution: 2mm Capacitance :380pF Operating Temperature: C Storage Temperature: C These sensors are small in size and simple to use. It doesn t need any high security measures. Also it can be automated with the controller or FPGA. Capacitive transducer act as both transmitter and receiver for communication. Sensor is of higher efficiency and has very high reliability. These are safe for use with simple operation. This can be interfaced with the display devices easily. They can perform easily as they are small in size. Ultrasound waves are more noise free than the other waves of communication. Jagdale M.R., Puranik V.G. IJSRE Volume 4 Issue 4 April 2016 Page 5246

4 4. CIRCUIT DIAGRAM: Fig. 2. Ultrasonic sensor Fig. 3 Circuit diagram of acoustic modem 5. HW/ SW PLATFORM Papilio One XC3s250 Spartan3 we can be the usage of. Arduino IDE we will use and Language of programming is relatively exceptional than VHDL however it ultimately gets converted into Bit document which can be loaded into FPGA. This IDE better handles floating factors and could provide u higher effects that why we have selected this Spartan-3E FPGA family. A. Spartan-3E FPGA Family Fig.4 Kitsetup XC3s250 Spartan3 Specifications Densities up to 33,192 logic cells, including optional shift register or distributed RAM support Efficient wide multiplexers, wide logic Fast look-ahead carry logic Enhanced 18 x 18 multipliers with optional pipeline Jagdale M.R., Puranik V.G. IJSRE Volume 4 Issue 4 April 2016 Page 5247

5 IEEE /1532 JTAG programming/debug port Hierarchical Select RAM memory architecture Up to 648 Kbits of fast block RAM Up to 231 Kbits of efficient distributed RAM Up to eight Digital Clock Managers (DCMs) Clock skew elimination (delay locked loop) Frequency synthesis, multiplication, division High-resolution phase shifting Wide frequency range (5 MHz to over 300 MHz) Eight global clocks plus eight additional clocks per each half of device, plus abundant low-skew routing. B. Arduino Arduino it's far a single board microcontroller supposed used for interactive items or environments more available. Open supply hardware board designed around an eight-bit Atmel AVR microcontroller, or a 32-bit Atmel ARM is most important block of board. Current models consists of USB interface, for connect numerous extension forums it provide 6 analog pins for enter, as well as 14 digital I/O pins. 1) Hardware: An Arduino board includes an Atmel 8-bit AVR microcontroller with complementary components to facilitate programming and incorporation into other circuits. Some shields talk with the Arduino board without delay, however many shields are for my part addressable, permitting many shields to be stacked and used in parallel. ReliableArduinos have used the mega AVR collection of chips. A boot loader simplifies uploading of packages to programmer an Arduino's microcontroller with the on-chip flash reminiscence. 2) Software program: The Arduino integrated improvement surroundings (IDE) is a move-platform application used programming language as Java, and is derived from the IDE for the Processing programming language and the Wiring projects. It s far used to introduce programming beginners surprising with software program improvement. It includes a code editor. The Arduino IDE comes with a software library known as Wiring, which makes many commonplace input/output operations a good deal simpler. C. Terminal: Terminal emulation application for RS-232: useful and small terminal emulation application for the Serial port verbal exchange. Its makes use of seven com ports, you may use Transmit Macros. It is com port development device Terminal is easy serial port (COM) terminal emulation software. For communicating specific devices terminal makes use of. For serial verbal exchange applications, it's far very useful debugging tool. Features: - Without set up, best unmarried and small.exe record ~300KB. simple record send -Rx and TX characters counter baud price up to 256kbps & custom baud price as much as 64 COM ports -log to document (hex & string) scripting (with graph/visualization guide) Remote manipulate over TCP/IP telnet -run applications from macro commands. 6. RESULTS: Test Environment for Underwater Data Communication: To test we have used an Aquarium for Underwater data communication. The test environment for this acoustic data experiment setup used as a fixed two sensors which is act as transmitter sensor (in fig. shows input transducer) on one side and another is act as receiver sensor (in fig. shows output transducer) and water as transmission medium. Jagdale M.R., Puranik V.G. IJSRE Volume 4 Issue 4 April 2016 Page 5248

6 It transmit any alphabet 8-bit data from transmitter and at receiver receive that data here, one example is character A is transmitted at transmitter and it work from transmitter to receiver to give output waveform in each block the result shown in below: yellow color waveform indicate as transmit data and blue waveform indicate as receiver data. Fig. 5 Water as transmission medium and the ultrasonic transducer setup The communication experiment is done in following steps from transmitter part to receiver part. Data transmitted in the laptop it contain serial port. Digital data transmit from transmitter side sensor. The transmitted signal propagated through the water. Receiver receives this digital data at the receiver side sensor. Finally this signal is in digital signal and displayed on the Terminal simulation programmer window. Fig. 6 Snapshot of wave forms of transmitter & receiver Result display on terminal software: Here, sending message to transmitter is WELCOME TO PUNE IN JSPEM COLLAGE WAGHOLI it receive at receiver side of modem Fig. 6.1 Snapshot of input on Terminal (Message displayed at transmitter) Jagdale M.R., Puranik V.G. IJSRE Volume 4 Issue 4 April 2016 Page 5249

7 Fig 6.2. Snapshot of output on Terminal (Message displayed at receiver) 7. CONCLUSIONS: Through related work, we knew the requirement that the underwater sensor networks must perform the acoustic communication. According to this requirement, this research with regard to an acoustic modem has significant meaning when performing acoustic communication. However, the hardware to support acoustic communication did not exist at all prior to our work. This work developed an acoustic modem as hardware to perform acoustic communication. Thus, the advantages of our acoustic modem are as follows. First, our acoustic modem is a low- powered acoustic modem. In the energy consumption perspective, our modem was the best of all the others. Second, our modem is a low cost based acoustic modem with the capability of digital data communication. Because there had been no prior existing modem with this capability based on low-cost, our modem is significant in this regard. Acknowledgement The authors would like to graciously thank Principal and Dr. Angle sir Head of the Department BSIOTR PUNE, for their extended support in project. Finally I would like to thank V.G. Puranik, Associate professor BSIOTR PUNE, who has provided me with the best knowledge about the project. REFERENCES 1. Heungwoo Nam &Sunshin An, Low Power Acoustic Modem for UWC in UWSN, Korea University, Anam-dong, Sungbuk-gu, seoul, korea, Post Code MilicaStojanovic, Underwater Acoustic Communication, North Eastern University, Boston, MA B.Benson, Y.Li, R.Kastner and B.Faunee, K.Domand, D.Kimball, C.Schurgers, Design of Low cost UWAM for Short Range Sensor Network LA Jolla, LA Ian F.Akyildiz, Dario Pompili and TommaroMelodia, Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: Research Challenges, Atlanta, GA 30332, USA. 5. Akyildiz, I.F., Pompili, D., Melodia, T.: Underwater Acoustic Sensor Networks: Research Challenges. Elsevier s Journal of Ad Hoc Networks 3(3), (2005) 6. Benthos, Inc., Fast And Reliable Access To Undersea Data, 7. Link Quest, Inc., Underwater Acoustic Modems, hr.pdf 8. ya, Engel, J., Chen, J., Fan, Z., Liu, C.: CORAL: Miniature Acoustic Communication Subsystem Architecture for Underwater Wireless Sensor Networks. In: The 4th IEEE International Conference on Sensors (October 2005) Jagdale M.R., Puranik V.G. IJSRE Volume 4 Issue 4 April 2016 Page 5250

8 9. Zhang, J., Huang, Z., Liu, X.: Acoustic Communication in Wireless Sensor Networks. In: CS651, Wireless Sensor Networks, pp. 1 8 (December 2005) 10. Crossbow Technologies, Inc., Wills, J., Ye,W., Heidemann, J.: Low-Power Acoustic Modem for Dense Underwater Sensor Networks. In: Proceedings of the First ACM International Workshop. Jagdale M.R., Puranik V.G. IJSRE Volume 4 Issue 4 April 2016 Page 5251