Networks at the Speed of Light pave the way for the tactile internet

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Ethel Ross
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1 pave the way for the tactile internet Walter Haeffner Vodafone Distinguished Engineer Symposium Das Taktile Internet 1 October 2013 Vertretung des Freistaats Sachsen in Berlin

We have no Warp like Star Trek- We cannot go faster In vacuum (or air) the

In one millisecond light travels about 300 km in vacuum.

In one millisecond light travels about 200 km in fibers.

2 We have no Warp like Star Trek- We cannot go faster In vacuum (or air) the speed of light is about km/sec. In one millisecond light travels about 300 km in vacuum. In a fiber the speed of light is about km/sec. In one millisecond light travels about 200 km in fibers. Research: hollow fibers which allow for 97% speed of light! Similar, in cooper signals (not electrons) travel with about about km/sec. 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 2

Networks must transfer Data faster and faster Fast browsing requires more than just bandwidth Today, an average web browser session has to deal with multiple TCP

Typically, the response time should be less than 50 milliseconds (ms) for each individual TCP/IP connection.

In video calls / conferences lip synchronization enters the scene. A skew of less than 20 ms is considered imperceptible.

3 Networks must transfer Data faster and faster Fast browsing requires more than just bandwidth Today, an average web browser session has to deal with multiple TCP connections to different resources, without being able to load everything in parallel. Typically, the response time should be less than 50 milliseconds (ms) for each individual TCP/IP connection. Video & voice calls are strongly affected by delay For fluid calls, the mouth to ear delay should be less than 150 ms. In video calls / conferences lip synchronization enters the scene. A skew of less than 20 ms is considered imperceptible. Above 50 ms, viewers will begin to notice the audio/video mismatch Cloud-based applications are very delay sensitive The time difference between a player performing an action and the result of that action appearing on the screen should be less than 100 ms. In some fast action games, latency in excess of 70 or 80 ms may be unacceptable. 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 3

Some Applications require Responses in the Milliseconds Remote controlled robotic surgery Earliest remote surgery conducted 7 Sept.

Working with force feedback handles and a mean lag of 155 ms required a lot of training. Aim is latency well below 10 ms.

care, and research. Would need < 10ms latencies for sensorial actions that require dynamic reactions. Typically 1ms results in a mm.

4 Some Applications require Responses in the Milliseconds Remote controlled robotic surgery Earliest remote surgery conducted 7 Sept between New York and Strasbourg over dedicated fiber for guaranteed connectivity and minimal lag. Working with force feedback handles and a mean lag of 155 ms required a lot of training. Aim is latency well below 10 ms. Collective robotic mind in the cloud Provide cloud scale computation at extremely low latency to bring the efficiency of robotic assistance to manufacturing, health care, and research. Would need < 10ms latencies for sensorial actions that require dynamic reactions. Typically 1ms results in a mm. Real time memory for the disabled Collect, store and process real time audio and visual impressions. Deliver context relevant information real time to assist people with brain injuries or Alzheimer. Give context dependent instructions in real time to remind the disabled to perform necessary actions. 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 4

5 Our current Internet is not close to support tactile Apps RTT 500 ms 400 ms 300 ms 200 ms 100 ms 0 ms RTT 50 ms 40 ms 30 ms 20 ms 10 ms 0 ms Recent Customer Experience Source: Cisco Analysis of Ookla Speedtest Data, 2011 Mobile (3G) Fixed MEA LAT APAC CEE NAM WE Expected Customer Experience in LTE Source: Epitiro Ltd.: LTE Real World Performance Study (TeliaSonera) 2013 Germany 6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm 6am 6pm DSL Internet RTT - today: Germany: ~ 10 msec 60 msec Transatlantic: ~ msec LTE Internet RTT - today: Germany ~ 35 msec 40 msec Transatlantic: ~ msec 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 5

More Bandwidth Doesn t Matter (Much) HTTP Page Load Time strongly depends on Round

HTTP Page Load Time Bandwidth constant at 5 Mbps Bandwidth Round Trip Time Above 5

50 ms 250 ms independent on available bandwidth Music, videos, other large files

6 More Bandwidth Doesn t Matter (Much) HTTP Page Load Time strongly depends on Round Trip Time (RTT) PLT (ms) HTTP Page Load Time Packet Loss 0%, RTT 60 ms PLT (ms) HTTP Page Load Time Bandwidth constant at 5 Mbps Bandwidth Round Trip Time Above 5 Mbps for web page downloads RTT more important than bandwidth Internet Today: RTT 50 ms 250 ms independent on available bandwidth Music, videos, other large files utilize bandwidth much better than web pages 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 6

7 RTT cannot always be improved by just more Bandwidth parts of a web page round trip time (ms) video stream diameter ~ bandwidth Most important: Design your networks for low latencies! 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 7

8 Policies control Content Delivery, Caching, Pre-Fetching RTT 20 ms 40 ms RTT 5 ms 10 ms RTT 10 ms 200 ms Mobile Core Cloud Access Cache Backbone Cache World Wide Internet Edge LTE: RTT UE enb ~ 10 ms HSPA: RTT UE NB ~ 20 ms 5th Gen: RTT UE - enb ~ 1 ms ~ 100µs latency for a 16 Byte RPC between modern Linux servers Core Delay within network equipment is order of µsec. Using caches and by that avoiding some thousand km Internet can potentially improve page load times by some hundred milliseconds 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 8

Tactile Internet Applications require new Architectures Speed of light requires to move tactile application

fast memory with by now unseen high storage density All that with low power consumption, small heat

9 Tactile Internet Applications require new Architectures Speed of light requires to move tactile application close to the user Invent new silicon architectures allowing massive parallel computing power Invent super fast memory with by now unseen high storage density All that with low power consumption, small heat dissipation Build a high performance computer center in a cabinet Move this as close as possible to the radio How many CPU kernels do we need? RTT 3 ms 5 ms micro cloud tactile apps low latency apps mini cloud supporting a radio cluster Backbone Network micro cloud RTT 10 ms 20 ms micro cloud 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 9

Mini and Micro Cloud Centers in a Box Building blocks of a network in a box (mini/micro mobile network cloud) Cloud Platform for User

etc.. Network control functions policy control, optimizers, security etc.

But low latency, beyond 4G networks for the next decade 2020 2030 will require new high performance silicon for radio and powerful mini/micro

10 Mini and Micro Cloud Centers in a Box Building blocks of a network in a box (mini/micro mobile network cloud) Cloud Platform for User Applications Cloud Platform for Network Functions 3GPP Access Functions tactile apps (traffic steering), low latency apps (gaming) Web caches etc.. Network control functions policy control, optimizers, security etc. 3GPP interfaces to radio equipment Typical cloud paradigm builds on inexpensive commodity computing hardware. But low latency, beyond 4G networks for the next decade will require new high performance silicon for radio and powerful mini/micro clouds to ensure requested computing power and package density in combination with new, more distributed system and network architectures to fight the speed of light limit in todays networks architectures. 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 10

11 And beyond if Physics allows And for this kind of mobile networking... we have to wait some more time 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 11

12 1 October 2013 Dr. Walter Haeffner Public - C1 12

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