Demand Response: Passive Proximity Electric Sensing EECS Department and the Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center (BSAC)
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1 Demand Response: Passive Proximity Electric Sensing EECS Department and the Berkeley Sensor & Actuator Center (BSAC) Technology to enable California households to modify their energy use during periods of peak demand / short supply system elements include inexpensive wireless revenue metering, plus electricity use ( sub-metering ) and temperature / humidity monitoring and control inside houses based on knowledge of present and short-range future weather conditions and electric power prices respond automatically to time- and location-dependent price and contingency signals to reduce / shift loads Use of self-organizing wireless sensor platforms is key
2 Demand Response: Passive Proximity Electric Sensing Sensors (White /BSAC ) 0.12 Voltage Sensor Measured Voltage (V) Input Current (A) Traditional Current Sensors PASSIVE PROXIMITY CURRENT SENSOR MOTE ADC ENERGY SCAVENGING APPLIANCE Current Sensor Measured Voltage (V) Input Voltage (V)
3 Demand Response System House with Demand Response: Conventional House: Weather Price NEW THERMOSTAT Receives temperature data from wireless sensor motes, price & weather data from utility; user inputs desired comfort and costefficiency unit controls heating and A/C E T CONVENTIONAL THERMOSTAT Measures temperature; with user setpoints, controls heating and A/C E C T T Wirelessly controlled outlets and appliances T Temperature sensing wireless nodes T C T T WATT-HOUR METER (read monthly on site) NEW METER (reports usage + time wirelessly ~ every 15 minutes)
4 Power Measurement Elements AC voltage sensing AC current sensing Wireless data transmission Goals Passive (no external power source required) Proximity non-conductive coupling for inexpensive installation Low cost (<$50 goal for entire meter) Proposed voltage sensor Uses capacitive coupling Measured Voltage (V) Input Voltage (V) Macro-scale proof-of-concept: Output vs. input of capacitive voltage sensor (two metal sleeves coupled to energized opencircuited zip cord). Note linear response.
5 Proposed MEMS Current Sensor Electric current (magnetic field) measurement techniques: Inductor Hall effect not passive Giant Magnetoresistance Magnetic force on MEMS sensor appliance zip cord magnetic material on MEMS cantilever 120 Hz output signal Note: To extent the MEMS sensor is small enough to be considered as acting at a point, use of two such sensors enables distance to center of the conductor to be determined I out I in 60 Hz AC current MEMS cantilever with piezoelectric film AC current sets up time-varying magnetic field whose gradient exerts force on high-permeability magnetic material at end of MEMS cantilever resonator, which vibrates and generates piezoelectric output voltage
6 Passive Proximity Current Sensing Macro-scale Proof-of-Concept Position a magnet or ferromagnetic material in contact with a piezoelectric member near a conductor carrying AC current. Vibration due to magnetic force causes piezoelectric to produce a voltage proportional to magnetic field and hence to current.. Sensor can be placed over both wires for higher output. Piezoelectric crystal or piezoelectric-coated member Insulated AC current - carrying wires I inst I inst Magnetic material out in Output AC voltage
7 Passive Proximity Current Sensing Data Measured Voltage (V) Input Current (A)
8 Passive Proximity Voltage and Current Sensing
9 BSAC Demand-Response Demos 1. Macro proof-of-concept passive proximity AC voltage sensor 2. Macro proof-of-concept passive proximity AC current sensor 3. Simulated sensor output handling by Smart Dust mote 4. Wireless transmission of sensor data to Smart Dust base station 5. RMS calculations in Smart Dust mote 6. AC-powered Smart Dust mote, Smart Dust controlled power outlet 7. Macro proof-of-concept clip-on wireless current sensing 8. (Coming) Calculation of power consumption carried out on a Smart Dust mote
10 Sensor Output Handling by Mote A Smart Dust mote is input voltages representing AC voltage and current waveforms from those respective sensors. The waveforms are sampled and digitized by the A/D converter on the mote under control of the Atmel microcontroller. It has been shown that one can sample one period of the voltage or current waveforms to obtain data for determining rms values and phases for power computations After wireless transmission to the base station (connected presently to a laptop computer), the waveforms can be re-constituted for display and analysis. In the future, with Smart Dust motes we will do these calculations on the mote and transmit only the results wirelessly.
11 AC Powered Wireless Motes and Controlled Outlets
12 Clip-on AC Current Sensor A current sensor that clips onto a conventional appliance cord is under construction. The voltage produced by its AC current sensor will be digitized by the A/D converter on the on-board mote, processed, and transmitted wirelessly to the base station in the dwelling to indicate current consumption by specific appliances and wirelessly controlled outlets. PASSIVE PROXIMITY CURRENT SENSOR ENERGY SCAVENGING APPLIANCE MOTE ADC
13 Metered Wireless Controlled Outlet PROXIMITY CURRENT SENSOR VOLTAGE CONDITIONER I V POWER IC MOTE AD/DC CONVERTER
14 Metered Outlet with Hall Effect Current Sensor HALL EFFECT CURRENT SENSOR VOLTAGE CONDITIONER I V POWER IC MOTE AD/DC CONVERTER
15 Guides for the BSAC Electric Sensor Demos Jonathan Foster Xin Yang
16 BSAC People Involved Students: Jonathan Foster (graduate student researcher, Applied Science and Technology Program) Justin Black (graduate student researcher, EECS Department) Xin Yang (undergraduate CS and Math major) Vikram Gowrish (undergraduate, EECS Department, support from NSF) Technical staff: Ferenc Kovac (Manager, EECS Electronics Support Group) Tho Nguyen (Associate Engineer) Thomas Oberheim (formerly Research Engineer, EECS Department) Faculty: Dick White (BSAC and EECS Department)
17 Additional Features to be Explored at BSAC Use of novel RFID tag and MEMS technology for sensing voltage, current, temperature, etc. Use of low-power-drain transmitters or transceivers for wireless sensor network in dwelling or workplace employing -- Sensor output conditioning directly at radio frequency for transmission -- Scavenging power for transmitter operation from proximity to AC power circuits Application of passive proximity AC sensing to determination of switch and circuit breaker settings, motor excitation, etc.
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