UNCLASSIFIED NTP 2 SECTION 2 (E) NAVAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROCEDURES NAVY ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS NTP 2 SECTION 2 (E)

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1 UNCLASSIFIED NTP 2 SECTION 2 (E) NAVAL TELECOMMUNICATIONS PROCEDURES NAVY ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS NTP 2 SECTION 2 (E) NAVAL COMPUTER AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMAND 4401 MASSACHUSETTS AVE., N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C DISTRIBUTION AUTHORIZED TO U.S. GOVERNMENT AGENCIES ONLY FOR OPERATIONAL USE (1 JULY 1992). OTHER REQUESTS FOR THIS DOCUMENT SHALL BE REFERRED TO COMNAVCOMTELCOM. JULY 1992 THIS PUBLICATION CONTAINS U.S. MILITARY INFORMATION AND RELEASE TO OTHER THAN MILITARY AGENCIES WILL BE ON A NEED-TO- KNOW BASIS U.S. UNCLASSIFIED I ORIGINAL (Reverse Blank)

2 UNCLASSIFIED NTP 2 SECTION 2 (E) UNCLASSIFIED I ORIGINAL (Reverse Blank)

3 FOREWORD NTP 2 1. Naval Telecommunications Publication (NTP) 2, Section 2 (E) Navy Ultra High Frequency Satellite Communications is basically an unclassified procedure document published 1 July There are two classified annexes issued under separate cover. 2. This NTP may be carried in an aircraft. There are no specific requirements for storage or safeguarding of this publication, or accounting for loss or compromise beyond that associated with any official, unclassified naval publication. 3. Extracts of this NTP are permitted. Superseded editions of this NTP should be destroyed upon receipt of this July 1992 version. 4. This publication contains allied military information. 5. Additional copies of the classified annexes may be ordered through the supply system from Naval Publications and Forms Center (NAVPUBFORMCEN), Philadelphia, PA. III ORIGINAL (Reverse Blank)

4 DEPARTMENT OF THE NAVY NAVAL COMPUTER AND TELECOMMUNICATIONS COMMAND 4401 MASSACHUSETTS AVENUE, N.W. WASHINGTON, D.C LETTER OF PROMULGATION 1 July NTP 2, Section 2 (E) Navy Ultra High Frequency Satellite Communications, was developed under the direction of the Commander, Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command, and is promulgated for use by the U.S. Navy and U.S. Marine Corps. This publication is designed to provide information and guidance relative to employment of UHF satellite communications for naval operations. The procedures established herein are applicable for all elements concerned with management, control, utilization, testing, and operation of naval UHF satellite communications resources. 2. NTP 2, Section 2 (E) is an unclassified, nonregistered publication. Two classified annexes are issued under separate cover. 3. NTP 2, Section 2 (E) is EFFECTIVE UPON RECEIPT and supersedes NTP 2, Section 2 (D). 4. Comments or recommendations concerning this publication should be addressed, via the normal military chain of command, to the Commander, Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command (Code N321), 4401 Massachusetts Avenue, N.W., Washington, D.C The last page of this document is a Feedback Report form which may be duplicated and used for providing comments. 5. This NTP has been reviewed and approved in accordance with SECNAVINST A. V ORIGINAL (Reverse Blank)

5 RECORD OF CHANGES AND CORRECTIONS Enter Change or Correction in Appropriate Column NTP 2 SECTION 2 (E) Identification of Change or Correction; Reg. No. (if any) and date of same Change Correction Date Entered By whom entered (Signature; rank, grade or rate; name of command) VII ORIGINAL

6 RECORD OF CHANGES AND CORRECTIONS Enter Change or Correction in Appropriate Column NTP 2 SECTION 2 (E) Identification of Change or Correction; Reg. No. (if any) and date of same Change Correction Date Entered By whom entered (Signature; rank, grade or rate; name of command) VIII ORIGINAL

7 NAVY ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS TABLE OF CONTENTS NTP 2 Title Page I Foreword III Letter of Promulgation V Record of Changes and Corrections Table of Contents VII IX PARAGRAPH SUBJECT PAGE CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 101 Purpose Scope Direction Background Future Applications Related Documents CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION 201 General Space Segment Earth Segment RF Terminals Primary UHF Antenna Subsystems UHF SATCOM System Future Developments - UHF SATCOM Subsystems Baseband Equipment CHAPTER 3 NAVY ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY (UHF) SATELLITE COMMUNICATIONS (SATCOM) CONTROL 301 General Authority Responsibilities for Operational Management System Control Satellite Channelization IX ORIGINAL

8 PARAGRAPH SUBJECT PAGE CHAPTER 4 ULTRA HIGH FREQUENCY (UHF) OPERATIONS PROCEDURES 401 General Satellite Access Procedures Priority Structure Power Control Radio Frequency Interference (RFI) Crisis and Contingency Communications CHAPTER 5 ADMINISTRATIVE PROCEDURES 501 General Integrated MILSATCOM (Military Satellite Communications) Management Information System (IMMIS) ISDB Submissions Reporting Requirements Operational Training ANNEXES A FLEET SATELLITE BROADCAST A-1 B OFFICER IN TACTICAL COMMAND INFORMATION EXCHANGE SUBSYSTEM (OTCIXS)/TACTICAL DATA INFORMATION EXCHANGE SUBSYSTEM (TADIXS) B-1 C COMMON USER DIGITAL INFORMATION EXCHANGE SUBSYSTEM (CUDIXS) AND NAVAL MODULAR AUTOMATED COMMUNICATIONS SUBSYSTEM (NAVMACS) C-1 D TACTICAL INTELLIGENCE SUBSYSTEM (TACTICAL) CONFIDENTIAL ISSUED UNDER SEPARATE COVER..... D-1 E DEMAND ASSIGNED MULTIPLE ACCESS (DAMA) SUBSYSTEM E-1 F SUBMARINE SATELLITE INFORMATION EXCHANGE SUBSYSTEM II (SSIXS II) F-1 G FLEET IMAGERY SUPPORT TERMINAL (FIST) G-1 H PROCEDURES FOR THE TACTICAL RECEIVE EQUIPMENT (TRE) AND TACTICAL RELATED APPLICATIONS (TRAP) BROADCAST, SECRET ISSUED UNDER SEPARATE COVER H-1 I ACRONYMS I-1 J GLOSSARY J-1 INDEX INDEX-1 LIST OF EFFECTIVE PAGES LEP-1 COMMUNICATIONS PROCEDURES FEEDBACK REPORT X ORIGINAL

9 PARAGRAPH SUBJECT PAGE LIST OF FIGURES 1-1 FLTSATCOM Relationships Pillars of the Copernicus Architecture FLTSAT Coverage Areas Deployed FLTSAT FLTSAT Communications Subsystem Block Diagram LEASAT Coverage Areas Deployed LEASAT LEASAT Communications Subsystem Block Diagram UFO Deployed Satellite GAPFILLER Coverage Areas Deployed GAPFILLER Deployed INMARSAT AN/FSC-79 Antenna AN/WSC-5(V) Communications Subsystem Block Diagram AN/WSC-3(V) Communications Subsystem Block Diagram OE-82B/WSC-1(V) Antenna Group OE-82C/WSC-1(V) Antenna Group AN/WSC-5(V) Shore Station Antenna HR9NP Antenna Andrew Antenna TACO H-124 Antenna TACO H-084 Antenna HSFB Block Diagram Mini-DAMA Configuration FLTSATCOM Control System Equatorial Satellite Antenna Pointing Group A-1 Fleet Satellite Broadcast Subsystem A-3 B-1 TACTINTEL Shore Configuration B-1 B-2 TADIXS A Network B-2 B-3 OTCIXS Block Diagram B-3 B-4 TADIXS A Block Diagram B-5 C-1 CUDIXS and NAVMACS C-3 D-1 TACINTEL Shore Configuration D-3 D-2 TACINTEL Subscriber Configuration D-5 E-1 A Typical OK-454(V) WSC Installation E-4 E-2 A Typical Ok-455(V) WSC Installation E-5 E-3 A Typical OK-481(V)/FSC Installation E-6 E-4 OW-101/FSC Installation E-7 E-5 Basic DAMA Frame Format E-8 XI ORIGINAL

10 PARAGRAPH SUBJECT PAGE LIST OF FIGURES (Continued) E-6 Typical DAMA Frame Format E-10 F-1 SSIXS F-2 G-1 Fundamental FIST Satellite Circuit G-2 G-2 FIST UHF SATCOM Shore/Afloat Configurations..... G-3 G-3 Functional Block Diagram G-4 H-1 Worldwide TRAP Network H-3 H-2 TRAP Offset Frequency Concept and Channel Time Sharing Time H-5 H-3 TRAP to TADIXS A Gateways H-6 LIST OF TABLES 2-1 FLTSAT, LEASAT, and UFO Key Characteristics FLTSAT Frequency Plan FLTSAT Channel 23 Wideband Frequency Plan LEASAT Frequency Plan LEASAT Channel 2 Wideband Frequency Plan Channel 1 Frequency Plan UFO Frequency Plan GAPFILLER 500-kHz Bandwidth Frequencies INMARSAT Frequency Plan NATO IV Characteristics NATO Terminals SKYNET 4 Payload Characteristics AN/WSC-3 Variations AN/TSC-96(V) Terminal Equipment ON-143(V)/USQ Variations U.S. Navy UHF SATCOM Control Activities FLTSAT Channel Allocation LEASAT Channel Allocation User Priority Values Satellite Identification Data PQS for UHF SATCOM A-1 Fleet Satellite Broadcast Transmission Modes.... A-3 A-2 Fleet Satellite Broadcast Subsystem Equipment Configuration A-5 A-3 Fleet Satellite Broadcast RF Terminal Installations A-6 A-4 BCS/ABCS Assignments A-6 D-1 TACINTEL Nets and Link Control Facilities D-2 XII ORIGINAL

11 Paragraph Subject Page LIST OF TABLES (Continued) E-1 DAMA Control-Monitor Group Configurations E-2 F-1 SSIXS II Equipment F-4 F-2 SSIXS II Shore Locations F-5 H-1 TRAP Broadcast Node Locations and Functions......H-4 H-2 FLTSATCOM Space Assets H-8 H-3 TRAP Management H-12 H-4 TRAP Broadcast Nodes H-13 H-5 NCTAMS/FTOC H-14 XIII ORIGINAL

12 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION NTP PURPOSE The purpose of this section is to promulgate information concerning direction, management, and control of the ultra high frequency (UHF) satellite communications (SATCOM) system. It is applicable to airborne, afloat, and ashore (fixed or mobile) subscribers of the Fleet Satellite Communications (FLTSATCOM) system (including Fleet Satellite (FLTSAT), Leased Satellite (LEASAT), GAPFILLER, and UHF Follow-on (UFO)) SCOPE This section of the Naval Telecommunications Procedures 2 (NTP 2) is intended as a source of information to assist in the planning of FLTSATCOM operations. It is an applicable information source for naval staffs at all echelons and for supervisors of terminal operators. It is intended to complement existing directives, publications, and other NTP's. NTP 2, Sections 1 and 3 provide operating procedures for super high frequency (SHF) and extremely high frequency (EHF) SATCOM, respectively DIRECTION a. The FLTSATCOM system is a resource of the Department of Defense (DOD), which is managed and operated by the U.S. Navy in accordance with priorities established by the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff (CJCS). U.S. Air Force capabilities are employed to execute stationkeeping tasks for the space segment. It is in this joint context that the policies and procedures which govern FLTSATCOM system operations must be considered. The relationships of these parties are reflected in figure 1-1 and described in the following paragraphs. b. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff. The 1-1 ORIGINAL

13 Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff allocates military satellite communications (MILSATCOM) resources to satisfy national defense requirements and specifies operational procedures and responsibilities for system managers, operators, and users. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff also recommends to the Secretary of Defense those actions required for shared use of MILSATCOM assets and services and reviews proposed cooperative agreements between the Department of Defense and other agencies or governments relative to shared use. The Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff also reviews and approves user connectivity requirements, defines the process for requirements documentation, and approves positioning/repositioning of satellites. Figure 1-1 FLTSATCOM Relationships c. Commander in Chief, U.S. Space Command 1-2 ORIGINAL

14 (USCINCSPACE). This unified commander is responsible to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for maintaining the health, status, and survivability of the SATCOM space segment. In this role, USCINCSPACE plans and executes UHF spacecraft tracking, stationkeeping, ephemeris data generation, and payload control. d. Defense Information Systems Agency (DISA). This agency (formerly the Defense Communications Agency) is the DOD-designated manager of the Defense Communications System (DCS). DISA designs, engineers, and develops the DCS to satisfy validated requirements. DISA has overall responsibility for planning, developing, and supporting the command, control, communications (C3), and information systems that serve the needs of the National Command Authorities. The Director, DISA is responsible to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for operational matters as well as requirements associated with the joint planning process. e. Chief of Naval Operations (CNO). The Department of the Navy (DON) is the FLTSATCOM system manager. Acting for DON, CNO approves and directs the implementation of the FLTSATCOM system programs. Within the Navy staff, the Director, Space and Electronic Warfare (OP-094) is tasked with overall responsibility for SATCOM planning and development, and for the sponsorship of the FLTSATCOM program in the budgeting process. The Director, Information Transfer Division (OP-941) provides policy for operation, maintenance, and management of the Naval Computer and Telecommunications System (NCTS). OP-941 sponsors and authorizes development and procurement of general communications equipment, and determines personnel and training requirements for communications systems. The Director, Navy Space Systems Division (OP-943) is responsible for program coordination and acquisition of space systems. OP-943 also assesses future SATCOM concepts, policies, and applications. This office also coordinates U.S. Navy requirements with the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, the other Services, and DISA. This includes managing the functions of development, procurement, installation, operation, and logistical support of SATCOM systems. 1-3 ORIGINAL

15 f. Commandant of the Marine Corps (CMC). CMC approves and directs implementation and usage of UHF SATCOM resources assigned to the U.S. Marine Corps. Within Headquarters, U.S. Marine Corps (HQMC), the Assistant Chief of Staff, Command, Control, Communications, Computers, Intelligence, and Interoperability is tasked with the overall responsibility for management and oversight of U.S. Marine Corps SATCOM requirements. (1) The Commanding General, Marine Corps Combat Development Center (CG, MCCDC) approves and submits Fleet Marine Force requirements for FLTSATCOM support to HQMC for further processing. (2) The Commanding General, Marine Corps Systems Command, is responsible for the acquisition of U.S. Marine Corps UHF SATCOM terminals including the required logistics support. g. Unified and Specified Commanders. These warfighting commanders are assigned either geographic or functional areas of responsibility. They are responsible to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for the preparation of war plans which may include the use of UHF SATCOM in support of assigned missions, contingency plans, and crisis response. h. Fleet Commanders in Chief (FLTCINC's). The FLTCINC's define their requirements and submit them via the supported commander in chief (CINC) to the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff for validation. FLTCINC's manage assigned UHF assets and those allocated to other naval users in their assigned area. They exercise operational direction over assigned UHF SATCOM assets through their supporting Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Station (NCTAMS) and prepare UHF SATCOM communications plans (COMMPLAN's) in support of the operations plans of unified or specified commanders. i. Commanding Generals, Fleet Marine Forces (CG's, FMF's). These commanders define their satellite requirements for naval operations and submit them via the 1-4 ORIGINAL

16 FLTCINC for further validation. Requests in support of U.S. Marine Corps operations are submitted to CG, MCCDC for approval and further processing by HQMC and the Joint Staff. j. Commander, Naval Space Command (COMNAVSPACECOM). This commander is the system operational manager for communications satellite systems for which the U.S. Navy is the system manager. As operational manager, COMNAVSPACECOM exercises control of assigned satellites by planning for location and relocation. COMNAVSPACECOM also determines parameters required for operation of the satellite system, such as power, bandwidth, and operating frequencies. COMNAVSPACECOM coordinates with DISA and Commander, Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command (COMNAVCOMTELCOM) concerning naval SATCOM operations and planning. COMNAVSPACECOM is also the Naval Component Commander under USCINCSPACE. k. COMNAVCOMTELCOM. This commander exercises authority over all elements of the Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command and is the communications manager for SATCOM systems and subsystems. As the communications manager, COMNAVCOMTELCOM operates the earth segment within assigned parameters in accordance with prescribed procedures, and schedules access time for authorized users of SATCOM services. NCTAMS's personnel act on behalf of the FLTCINC's to manage SATCOM assets allocated to those FLTCINC's. COMNAVCOMTELCOM retains command of all subordinate commands providing communications services to the FLTCINC's. l. Commanding Officer, NCTAMS. Under the authoritative direction and control of the respective FLTCINC, each NCTAMS will maintain for COMNAVCOMTELCOM, the operational direction and management control of those assigned assets of the NCTS BACKGROUND a. From the early 1900's, the U.S. Navy relied on high frequency radio as the principal transmission media for long distance communications. This situation began 1-5 ORIGINAL

17 to change in 1965 when the three Services initiated studies on the use of SATCOM. Lincoln Laboratory Experimental Satellite 5 (LES 5), a UHF repeater satellite was placed into high orbit on July 1, In September 1968, LES 6 was launched in further support of the tactical communications study program. An experimental tactical communications satellite (TACSAT-1) was launched in February TACSAT-1 was used by all the military services in the assessment of the tactical role of SATCOM. Three Maritime Satellite (MARISAT) system satellites developed by the Communications Satellite (COMSAT) Corporation were placed in orbit over the Atlantic (LANT), Pacific (PAC), and Indian Oceans (IO) during The U.S. Navy leased the UHF transponder of each satellite and referred to these assets as GAPFILLER. This title distinguished the U.S. Navy leased capability from the rest of MARISAT and identified their function as a gap filling measure pending the launch of FLTSAT's. The six FLTSAT's launched between 1978 and 1989 provided the initial FLTSATCOM system. In addition, four satellites were leased between 1984 and 1990 from Hughes Aircraft Company (now Hughes Communication Services, Incorporated) under the LEASAT program. b. The FLTSATCOM system has been redefined to include the FLTSAT's, LEASAT's, and GAPFILLER satellites. Three LEASAT's are now property of the Department of Defense, and the remaining LEASAT will become DOD-owned at a future date. The UFO program will provide satellites to replenish the aging FLTSATCOM system. The FLTSATCOM satellites are in four equatorial geosynchronous orbits over the LANT, continental United States, PAC, and IO areas thus providing worldwide UHF coverage. Details on the FLTSATCOM satellites are in chapter 2. c. Air Force Satellite Communications (AFSATCOM) Program. This program provides reliable, enduring, worldwide C3 to designated Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP)/nuclear capable forces for emergency action message (EAM) dissemination, CJCS/CINC internetting, force direction, and force reportback communications. Additionally, AFSATCOM provides support for 1-6 ORIGINAL

18 contingency/crisis operations, exercises, and training for a limited number of high priority non-siop users. The AFSATCOM space segment consists of U.S. Air Force managed transponders (offering 500-kilohertz (khz) wideband channels and 5-kHz narrowband channels) installed on FLTSAT's and LEASAT's and a terminal segment consisting of a family of modular UHF or SHF ground and airborne terminals. The U.S. Air Force is the system manager for this system. The Satellite Data System (SDS) also provides satellite platforms for AFSATCOM transponders. The satellites of this system are in highly inclined elliptical orbits that provide coverage over the north polar regions. The AFSATCOM transponder aboard SDS consists of twelve 5-kHz narrowband channels. Control of these channels is exercised by the U.S. Air Force Primary Control Center. Additional AFSATCOM information is in chapter 2. d. UFO. The UFO satellite system is designed to provide continuous, reliable, global UHF SATCOM to mobile and shore-based users. Launching of UFO satellites is scheduled to commence in 1992 and will eventually replace the existing FLTSAT and LEASAT satellites. When launching is complete in 1996, the CJCS-approved constellation will comprise eight UFO satellites over four ocean areas and one on-orbit spare. All UFO satellites have UHF and SHF capabilities. In addition, satellites 4 and beyond will have an EHF capability. The UHF payload consists of twenty-one 5-kHz channels, seventeen 25-kHz channels, and a broadcast channel with an SHF uplink. e. North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) UHF SATCOM Subsystem. The NATO UHF SATCOM subsystem consists of two UHF channels on the NATO IV SHF satellite. It provides a transmission media for connectivity between subscribers and the NATO Integrated Communications System. U.S. Navy vessels operating in NATO areas may be required to enter the NATO UHF SATCOM subsystem. Additional information regarding the NATO UHF SATCOM subsystem is discussed in chapter 2. f. International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT). The commercial INMARSAT system can be used to provide 1-7 ORIGINAL

19 support to surface units at sea. The CNO has established guidance and procedures for acquiring INMARSAT equipment. See NTP 10 (NTP 4 after October 1992) and chapter 2 of this NTP for additional information regarding INMARSAT FUTURE APPLICATIONS a. The increasing requirement to provide nearreal-time information to afloat commanders has necessitated a reevaluation and realignment of the means available to satisfy naval circuit requirements. Future applications of UHF SATCOM are being refined to meet these requirements. b. Copernicus Architecture. The Copernicus Architecture involves a major restructuring of U.S. Navy command, control, communications, computers and intelligence (C 4 I) to put the warfighter at the center of the command and control universe by providing the information needed, when it is required. The Copernicus Architecture accomplishes this by collecting, correlating, and fusing data to produce and efficiently disseminate (only once) that information that is required by the battle group/battle force commander in a format that can be readily used. The four major components of Copernicus are the CINC Command Complex (CCC) ashore, the Tactical Command Centers (TCC) afloat, the Global Information Exchange Systems (GLOBIXS), and Tactical Data Information Exchange Systems (TADIXS). The U.S. Navy SATCOM architecture will support Copernicus by providing the media for data collection and for the TADIXS networks. The Communication Support System (CSS) is the major vehicle for integrating all of the U.S. Navy's SATCOM assets into Copernicus. Figure 1-2 illustrates the major components (pillars) of the Copernicus Architecture. The following paragraphs briefly describe the TADIXS and the CSS. (1) TADIXS. These systems are not the physical nets currently in use, but rather logical nets, established at the request of, and in the mix desired by, the tactical commander. This operational flexibility is at the heart of the Copernican philosophy of placing the 1-8 ORIGINAL

20 Figure 1-2 Pillars of the Copernicus Architecture operator at the center. Technologically, this will be accomplished by addressing data packets across the GLOBIXS, over the CCC local area network, to the CSS, onward via the TADIXS to the TCC for assimilation and further dissemination as required. (2) The CSS. CSS is a communications subarchitecture that enhances battle force communications connectivity, flexibility, and survivability through multi-media access and media sharing. The CSS permits users to share total network capacity on a priority demand basis in accordance with the tactical commander's current COMMPLAN. Automated network monitoring and management capabilities are also provided by the CSS to assist operators in the real-time allocation of communications resources according to selected criteria (e.g., suitability, antijam, priority, etc.) RELATED DOCUMENTS 1-9 ORIGINAL

21 The following documents provide guidance or assistance in the planning and implementation of U.S. Navy UHF SATCOM systems. a. CJCS Memorandum of Policy (MOP) 37 Military Satellite Communications (MILSATCOM) Systems. This MOP is published to establish operational policy and procedures and provide guidance on MILSATCOM systems as directed by DOD Directive Procedural provisions of this document apply to all users of MILSATCOM systems. It concerns overall MILSATCOM policy and objectives; responsibilities of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff, Military Departments, MILSATCOM system managers, the CINC's, the Joint Communications Satellite Center, Director, DISA; and operational policy and procedures relative to MILSATCOM systems planning and employment. b. Allied Communications Publication (ACP) 176 NATO Supplement 1 (NATO Naval and Maritime Air Communication Instructions and Organization). This publication (classified NATO CONFIDENTIAL) amplifies the basic provisions of ACP 176 by describing NATO naval and maritime communications instructions and organizations. Chapter 6 of the supplement specifically addresses satellite systems for naval and maritime use. c. Integrated SATCOM Database (ISDB). This database (formerly User Requirements Database) is administered by DISA under direction of the Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff and is the single source of information concerning validated SATCOM requirements. ISDB submissions are addressed in chapter 5. d. Communications Annexes to FLTCINC Operation Orders. These documents are the FLTCINC's COMMPLAN's to support the joint and naval component commanders' requirements. The communications systems, procedures and coordinating instructions for communications operations during exercises and wartime are identified in the communications annexes. e. Fleet Telecommunications Procedures (FTP). FTP's are publications issued jointly by NCTAMS Eastern Pacific (EASTPAC) and NCTAMS Western Pacific (WESTPAC) for the PAC/IO areas and by NCTAMS LANT and NCTAMS Meditteranean (MED) for the LANT and MED areas. The FTP's promulgate standard telecommunications procedures specific to these ocean areas, and amplify information in the NTP's. Changes to the FTP may initially be promulgated by Communications Information Bulletins 1-10 ORIGINAL

22 (CIB's). f. CIB's. CIB's are promulgated by the NCTAMS to provide accurate and readily accessible reference information on specific tactical communications subjects. CIB's provide communications personnel with current procedural information applicable to a specific communications area and normally are promulgated by message. Changes in UHF satellite operations, procedures, or channelization, for example, may initially be identified via the CIB's before incorporation into an FTP or NTP. Ships and units are required to maintain a complete and current file of CIB's ORIGINAL

23 CHAPTER 2 SYSTEM DESCRIPTION NTP GENERAL The U.S. Navy Ultra High Frequency (UHF) Fleet Satellite Communications (FLTSATCOM) system, consisting of Fleet Satellites (FLTSAT's), Leased Satellites (LEASAT's), and portions of leased Maritime Satellites (MARISAT's), provides worldwide communication connectivity with all naval ships and submarines, certain land and air platforms, and fixed shore sites. The portion of MARISAT leased by the U.S. Navy is referred to as GAPFILLER to distinguish the special management and control functions from that of the MARISAT. The UHF Follow-on (UFO) program will provide replacement satellites for the aging FLTSAT constellation beginning late in The FLTSATCOM system comprises space, earth, and control segments. The space and earth segments consist of satellites, earth terminals, subscribers, and subsystems described in this chapter. Some satellite systems discussed in this chapter (e.g., the United Kingdom SKYNET 4 and North Atlantic Treaty Organization IV (NATO IV) satellites) are not part of FLTSATCOM but may be called upon to provide service. The control segment is described in chapter SPACE SEGMENT The space segment comprises four FLTSAT's, four LEASAT's, and two GAPFILLER satellites, positioned to provide worldwide coverage between 70 o north latitude and 70 o south latitude. Table 2-1 compares key characteristics of the FLTSAT, LEASAT, and UFO space segments. a. FLTSAT. FLTSAT is an element of the U.S. Navy FLTSATCOM system and is part of the worldwide Department of Defense (DOD) communication system. FLTSAT coverage areas are illustrated in figure 2-1. The satellite is comprised of two major components: a payload module and a spacecraft module with a solar array. The payload module contains the UHF and super high frequency (SHF) communications equipment (including antennas), and the telemetry, tracking, and command (TT&C) antennas. The communications equipment is mounted on the underside of panels that cover the payload section of the spacecraft. The earth sensors, attitude and velocity control, electrical power and distribution, TT&C, and reaction control equipment are part of the spacecraft module. 2-1 ORIGINAL

24 FLTSAT's 7 and 8 also have an extremely high frequency (EHF) capability as discussed in Naval Telecommunications Procedures (NTP) 2 Section 3. (1) Satellite Characteristics. The spacecraft is a three-axis stabilized satellite. The antennas are oriented toward the center of the earth by the earth sensor subsystem and the solar array is oriented toward the sun by a clocked drive subsystem. The expected design life for the spacecraft is ten years. Figure 2-2 illustrates a deployed FLTSAT. (a) Attitude and Velocity Control. The attitude and velocity control subsystem together with the reaction control subsystem automatically maintain spacecraft stability. A low-level thrust system corrects for roll or pitch errors, detected by the earth sensor, with two sets of thrusters and a reaction wheel. Momentum of the stored reaction wheel and the angular rate of orbit provide static interaction to control yaw. When large velocity corrections are needed, the yaw attitude is controlled by the high-level reaction control thrusters. Two sets of eight thrusters provide the highlevel thrust. 2-2 ORIGINAL

25 SATELLITE CHARACTERISTICS Effective Isotropic Radiated Power (EIRP) SATELLITE FLTSAT LEASAT UFO Two 25-kHz channels (FLTBCST) with EIRP of 28 dbw Eight 25-kHz channels with EIRP of 26 dbw Twelve 5-kHz channels with EIRP of 16.5 dbw One 500-kHz channel with EIRP of 27.1 dbw Six 25-kHz channels with EIRP of 26 dbw One 25-kHz channel (FLTBCST) with EIRP of 26 dbw Five 5-kHz channels with EIRP of 16.5 dbw One 500-kHz channel with EIRP of 28 dbw Seventeen 25-kHz channels EIRP: Two channels 28 dbw Fifteen channels 26 dbw One 25-kHz channel (FLTBCST) with EIRP of 28 dbw Twenty-one 5-kHz channels with (FLTBCST) EIRP of 20 dbw UHF Earth Coverage Antenna 19o 19 o 19 o Frequency Plans Satellite On- Orbit Weight 2,300 pounds 2,868 pounds 2,364 pounds Receive Gain-to- Noise Temperature (G/T) Lifetime (expected design life) -16 db/ o k Six 25-kHz, One 500-kHz, and Five 5-kHz channels -18 db/ o k One 25-kHz channel -20 db/ o k 10 years 10 years 14 years FLTSAT, LEASAT, and UFO Key Characteristics Table db/ o k for 5- khz and 25-kHz channels 2-3 ORIGINAL

26 (b) Electrical Power and Distribution. The solar array provides primary electrical power. The solar array contains approximately 23,000 solar cells which are estimated to be capable of 1,435 watts after five years in use. Three nickel-cadmium (NiCd) batteries are also included in the power subsystem. Each battery is capable of delivering a constant 20 volt (V) power source. Two of the 24 sealed NiCd 24 ampere-hour cells within each battery can fail before causing a reduction in power. The power subsystem converts the unregulated direct current (dc) to regulated dc to support the design requirements of all spacecraft equipment. (c) TT&C. The TT&C subsystem provides the capability to command the satellite and transmit TT&C data over redundant control links through the Remote Tracking Stations (RTS's) operated by the Air Force Satellite Control Network (AFSCN). The TT&C is a secure (encrypted) telemetry link used primarily for command and control (C 2 ) of communications payload operations and onorbit testing. (2) Frequency Plan. The frequency plan for FLTSAT's is listed in tables 2-2 and 2-3. Each FLTSAT has the capability to relay communications on 23 separate radio frequency (RF) channels using 3 different frequency plans containing separate uplink and downlink frequencies. Ten of the 23 channels are allocated for U.S. Navy use. Through proper frequency selection, this capability precludes interference at points in which coverage of one satellite overlaps the earth coverage of an adjacent satellite. 2-4 ORIGINAL

27 Figure 2-1 FLTSAT Coverage Areas Figure 2-2 Deployed FLTSAT 2-5 ORIGINAL

28 CHANNEL/ NOMINAL BAND- WIDTH PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) CHANNEL/ NOMINAL BAND- WIDTH PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) 1 25 khz A B C SHF* SHF* SHF* 13 5 khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz A B C khz ** A B C khz A B C Notes: * Uplink frequency is SHF from 7.9 to 8.4 GHz on Channel 1. ** See table 2-3 for discrete frequency breakdown of channel 23. FLTSAT Frequency Plan Table ORIGINAL

29 SUB CHANNEL PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) SUB CHANNEL PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) 1 A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C A B C Table 2-3 FLTSAT Channel 23 Wideband Frequency Plan 2-7 ORIGINAL

30 (3) Satellite Configuration. Each satellite has 23 channels consisting of ten 25-kilohertz (khz) channels; twelve 5-kHz channels; and one 500-kHz channel. Each 25-kHz UHF downlink channel has its own separate transponder. The SHF RF uplink signal is translated to a UHF downlink frequency for the fleet satellite broadcast. The FLTSAT radiated RF output power is fixed as listed in table 2-1. The 500-kHz transponder (divided into 25-kHz channels) supports multiple users and requires power balancing to avoid adjacent channel interference. The FLTSAT communications subsystem block diagram in figure 2-3 illustrates the functional relationship of the communications components. Figure 2-3 FLTSAT Communications Subsystem Block Diagram (4) Antenna Array. An array of antennas is mounted on the payload module as illustrated in figure 2-3. This array consists of: 1) a 16-foot parabolic UHF transmit antenna with a backfire, bifilar helix feed; 2) an 18-turn helical UHF receive antenna; 3) an SHF horn; and 4) a TT&C antenna. The SHF horn antenna looks 2-8 ORIGINAL

31 through a square hole within the parabolic subreflector of the UHF transmit antenna. The hole is covered with a coarse mesh that is transparent at super high frequencies and reflective at ultra high frequencies. The TT&C antenna is the conical spiral antenna mounted on the end of the UHF transmit antenna mast. b. LEASAT. LEASAT is an element of the FLTSATCOM system and part of the worldwide DOD tactical communications system. Coverage areas are illustrated in figure 2-4. LEASAT's are used by the U.S. Navy, U.S. Marine Corps, U.S. Air Force, Department of Defense, and other government agencies. The initial service date for LEASAT was in Four satellites were leased from Hughes Communications Services, Incorporated (HCSI). The original leases covering LEASAT's-1, -2, and -3 have expired and were purchased by Department of Defense. These assets are currently managed by the U.S. Navy. The LEASAT-5 lease will expire in Figure 2-5 illustrates a deployed LEASAT. 2-9 ORIGINAL

32 Figure 2-4 LEASAT Coverage Areas Figure 2-5 Deployed LEASAT 2-10 ORIGINAL

33 (1) Satellite Characteristics. The LEASAT spacecraft has a spinning and a despun section. The spinning section contains most of the power, propulsion, attitude, and payload orientation control subsystems, and part of the TT&C subsystem. The larger despun section, the earth-oriented platform, contains the communications subsystem and the remaining part of the TT&C subsystem. Stabilization of the spacecraft attitude is accomplished through high gyroscopic stiffness developed by the spin rotor, with adjustments as needed to correct for external disturbances. Azimuth attitude control of the despun platform is provided by an active onboard control loop. (a) Attitude and Velocity Control. The attitude control functions are divided into basic categories: spin-axis attitude determination and control, stabilization, and despun platform pointing control. Three earth and four sun attitude sensors are mounted on the spinning section and provide spin-axis attitude data both during the on-orbit transfer and when on station. Only one earth sensor is required for on station operation. The use of a three-elevation orientation of the earth sensor avoids sun and moon interference and provides adequate sensor redundancy. (b) Electrical Power and Distribution. The LEASAT uses a solar array designed to supply 1,187 watts of power for at least seven years. Three batteries are installed to supply power during the annual vernal and autumnal equinoxes. This three-battery, multiplecell system provides maximum full-load support even with the failure of one battery. (2) Frequency Plan. The frequency plan for LEASAT is listed in tables 2-4 and 2-5. Each LEASAT has the capability to relay communications on 13 separate RF channels using 4 different frequency plans and separate uplink or downlink frequencies. This capability precludes interference at points in which coverage of the satellite overlaps the earth coverage of an adjacent satellite. Seven of the 13 channels are for U.S. Navy use. (3) Satellite Configuration. The satellite features 13 channels and 4 frequency plans in each channel. Channels 1 through 8 (with the exception of channel 2) are 25-kHz channels. Channel 2 is a 500-kHz channel for support of multiple uses. Channels 9 through 13 are 5-kHz channels for support of U.S. Air Force Satellite Communications (AFSATCOM) requirements. The 2-11 ORIGINAL

34 LEASAT communications subsystem block diagram is illustrated in figure 2-6, and reflects the functional relationship of the communications subsystems. c. UFO. The UFO system is the latest in the series of UHF SATCOM systems. It will replace FLTSAT's and LEASAT's as they are phased out. The UFO constellation will consist of two satellites over each of the four earth coverage areas and one on-orbit spare. The first satellite is scheduled for initial operational capability (IOC) in early Each satellite consists of a communications payload and basic spacecraft functions needed to sustain the communications payload. UFO spacecraft four and beyond will include an EHF communications subsystem, which is addressed in NTP 2, Section 3. Figure 2-7 illustrates a deployed UFO without an EHF package, table 2-1 lists key characteristics ORIGINAL

35 CHNL PLAN DOWN- LINK FREQ (MHz) UPLINK FREQ (MHz) BW (khz ) CHNL PLA N DOWN- LINK FREQ (MHz) UPLINK FREQ (MHz) BW (khz) 1 W X Y Z SHF* SHF* SHF* SHF* W X Y Z ** W X Y Z W X Y Z W X Y Z W X Y Z W X Y Z W X Y Z W X Y Z W X Y Z W X Y Z W X Y Z W X Y Z Notes: * Uplink frequency is SHF from 7.9 to 8.4 GHz on Channel 1. ** See table 2-5 for discrete frequency breakdown of Channel 2. LEASAT Frequency Plan Table ORIGINAL

36 CHANNEL/ NOMINAL BAND- WIDTH PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) CHANNEL/ NOMINAL BAND- WIDTH PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) 1 25 khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z khz W X Y Z LEASAT Channel 2 Wideband Frequency Plan Table ORIGINAL

37 Figure 2-6 LEASAT Communications Subsystem Block Diagram Figure 2-7 UFO Deployed Satellite 2-15 ORIGINAL

38 (1) The communications subsystem payload includes receive and transmit antennas, a low noise amplifier, 5-kHz and 25-kHz transmit and receive channels, and an output multiplexer. The receive antenna is a planar, four-element patch array. The nadir transmit antenna is a four-element, short backfire array composed of a reflective cup, reflecting disks, and four crossed dipole elements. The SHF subsystem provides the required SHF antijam (AJ) uplink capability for the fleet satellite broadcast. In the multiplexed AJ broadcast (MAJB) mode on the UFO, two baseband digital data signals and the composite fleet broadcast signal are differentially encoded, multiplexed, and transmitted to the UFO satellite. The uplink transmission is in the SHF range. The received signal is then demultiplexed by the satellite into its three component data signals and retransmitted via separately dedicated UHF channels, to the subscribers. The fleet broadcast SHF uplink and UHF downlink both use horn antennas. (2) Satellite Characteristics. The UFO is a three-axis stabilized satellite weighing approximately 2,364 pounds. The satellites will be located in geosynchronous orbits, and will provide earth coverage between 70 o north and 70 o south latitudes. The TT&C subsystem provides the ground interface and data processing for satellite TT&C services and has three equipment sections: redundant Space-Ground-Link System (SGLS); SHF RF interface; and the digital equipment section. The SGLS transponders and associated equipment provide RF interfaces to support TT&C operations with RTS's within the AFSCN. The SHF RF interface equipment and the MD-942 processor provide the interface with the Navy Satellite Control Stations (NSCS) for secure, AJ satellite command and ranging. The digital equipment section interfaces with all UFO satellite subsystems and performs telemetry data exchange. Satellites four and beyond will have EHF telemetry and command data transmit and receive capability. The electrical power and distribution system consists of two solar array wings, power distribution hardware, batteries, and battery control hardware. A nickel-hydrogen (NiH 2 ) battery provides power during on-orbit eclipse operations. (3) Frequency Plan. Table 2-6 provides a channel 1 frequency plan for UFO satellites. There are four separate frequency plans for UFO satellites as listed in table 2-7. Each UFO satellite is capable of 2-16 ORIGINAL

39 operating 39 RF channels on any one of the assigned frequency plans. One frequency plan will be assigned to each satellite to minimize frequency conflicts, interference, and to maximize overall communications services. CHANNEL/ NOMINAL BANDWIDTH 1 25 khz PLAN UPLINK DOWNLINK (PRIMARY) N O P Q SHF SHF SHF SHF A B C D Channel 1 Frequency Plan Table 2-6 DOWNLINK (ALTERNATE) A B C D CHANNEL/ NOMINAL BAND- WIDTH PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) CHANNEL/ NOMINAL BAND- WIDTH PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) 2 25 khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q ORIGINAL

40 CHANNEL/ NOMINAL BAND- WIDTH PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) CHANNEL/ NOMINAL BAND- WIDTH PLAN DOWNLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FRE- QUENCY (MHz) 9 25 khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q khz N O P Q ORIGINAL

41 UFO Frequency Plan (Continued) Table 2-7 NTP 2 d. GAPFILLER. The GAPFILLER capability (as illustrated in figure 2-8) currently resides on two MARISAT satellites leased from Communications Satellite (COMSAT) Corporation. The satellite payload consists of independent, fully redundant repeaters. The UHF repeater used for U.S. Navy communications is a solid-state assembly consisting of a receiver, channel power amplifier, and a multiplexer. The antenna system consists of a three-element, polarized, bifilar helical array. The TT&C functions are controlled by COMSAT General, the satellite operations arm of COMSAT. GAPFILLER satellites were designed with a life expectancy of 10 years. Figure 2-9 illustrates a deployed GAPFILLER satellite in geostationary orbit ORIGINAL

42 Figure 2-8 GAPFILLER Coverage Areas Figure 2-9 Deployed GAPFILLER 2-20 ORIGINAL

43 (1) Satellite Characteristics. GAPFILLER is spin-stabilized at 100 revolutions per minute, with the antenna array despun and earth oriented. The satellite weighs approximately 1,445 pounds. The U.S. Navy leases one 500-kHz bandwidth transponder per satellite. The 500-kHz bandwidth is subdivided into 21 channels by the use of a frequency division multiple access (FDMA) technique. These channels vary in transmission rates between 75 and 2400 bits per second (bps). The FDMA technique requires balancing of the transmitter power so that each user can eliminate adjacent channel interference. (2) The electrical power subsystem provides power for all spacecraft subsystems from launch through lifespan of the satellite. Primary power is supplied by a cylindrical solar cell array and two 28-cell sealed NiCd batteries. (3) Frequency Plan. The GAPFILLER 500-kHz transponder frequency plan is listed in table 2-8. WIDEBAND CHANNEL DOWNLINK FREQUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FREQUENCY (MHz) WIDEBAND CHANNEL DOWNLINK FREQUENCY (MHz) UPLINK FREQUENCY (MHz) GAPFILLER 500-kHz Bandwidth Frequencies Table ORIGINAL

44 e. AFSATCOM Subsystem. The AFSATCOM subsystem is a UHF system used to disseminate emergency action messages (EAM's) and Single Integrated Operational Plan (SIOP) communications from worldwide command post ground stations and aircraft. The AFSATCOM space segment consists of U.S. Air Force managed transponders of varying capability and capacity carried aboard FLTSAT, LEASAT, Satellite Data System, Defense Satellite Communications System III (DSCS III), Lincoln Experimental Satellites (LES 8 and 9), and other satellites. The transponder receives C 2 communications from ground terminals and airborne command posts on SHF or UHF channels. The AFSATCOM subsystem provides reliable and enduring AJ communications worldwide during crisis and contingencies. The AFSATCOM UHF package on FLTSAT consists of twelve 5-kHz channels on each satellite plus the 500-kHz transponder on three of the four spacecraft. LEASAT provides AFSATCOM with five 5- khz channels and portions of the 500-kHz channel. DSCS III provides a single channel transponder restricted to EAM transmissions. Detailed information and instructions on AFSATCOM operations have been provided to AFSATCOM users by the U.S. Air Force. f. International Maritime Satellite (INMARSAT) Communications System. Although the INMARSAT system falls outside of the U.S. Navy portion of the UHF spectrum, it is discussed here for completeness. The INMARSAT Communications System is a multi-country controlled SATCOM network that links an INMARSAT terminal into existing national or international telephone networks. Two U.S. earth stations operated by COMSAT General are located in Santa Paula, CA and Southbury, CT respectively. INMARSAT service is available to U.S. Navy commands with an authorized installed INMARSAT terminal. (1) U.S. Navy ships equipped with INMARSAT terminals are authorized to establish direct communications with shore commands or other INMARSAT equipped ships (USN/USNS) via INMARSAT earth stations operated by COMSAT General. In these instances, interface via Naval Computer and Telecommunications Command facilities is not required. Use of National Security Agency-approved crypto systems is mandatory. (2) The INMARSAT space segment consists of the satellite and support facilities operated by COMSAT Corporation. There are currently four operational regions, each with its own operational and backup satellite. The satellites are placed in geostationary orbit 22,188 miles above the earth to provide worldwide 2-22 ORIGINAL

45 coverage between 76 o north and 76 o south. Figure 2-10 illustrates a deployed INMARSAT. (3) Frequency Plan. Ship Earth Stations (SES's) transmit and receive signals to and from the satellite using L-band frequencies. Coast Earth Stations (CES's) and Network Control Stations (NCS's) transmit and receive signals to and from the satellite using C- band frequencies. Table 2-9 lists the operational frequencies for the INMARSAT network. SES is always tuned to the Common Signaling Channel to listen for assignments. When not engaged in passing traffic, SES is in an idle state ORIGINAL

46 Figure 2-10 Deployed INMARSAT OPERATION FREQUENCY MHz FREQUENCY BAND SES Transmit SES Receive CES and NCS Transmit CES and NCS Receive L-Band L-Band C-Band C-Band INMARSAT Frequency Plan Table 2-9 (4) Additional INMARSAT characteristics and operating procedures may be found in the current NTP 10 (INMARSAT data is being moved to NTP 4 in the next update scheduled for release in late 1992). g. NATO IV. The NATO IV communications satellite system launched in 1991, is operated by NATO. The NATO IV satellite is three-axis stabilized and weighs approximately 1,452 pounds. The satellite consists of a payload section and platform bus section that services the payload. Two solar array panels supply 1,200 watts of power for the subsystems. Baffles control the temperature of the NiCd batteries which supply power during periods of solar eclipse. The attitude and orbit 2-24 ORIGINAL

47 control subsystems use sun sensor and infrared earth sensors to maintain orbit position. The TT&C is monitored and controlled by the TT&C ground station at Oakhanger, United Kingdom. Design life is seven years. (1) The NATO IV satellite provides communications in the SHF and UHF bands. The SHF transponder provides four channels, and the UHF transponder provides two channels. The NATO IV characteristics are listed in table TRANSPONDER SHF UHF FREQUENCY BAND GHz Uplink: MHz Downlink: MHz CHANNEL ANTENNA EIRP BANDWIDT H Earth Coverage Narrow Beam Wide Beam Spot Beam Earth Coverage Earth Coverage 31 dbw 34 dbw 35 dbw 39 dbw 26 dbw 26 dbw 135 MHz 85 MHz 60 MHz 60 MHz 25 khz 25 khz NATO IV Characteristics Table 2-10 (2) The NATO satellite system consists of the 24 active satellite ground terminals (SGT's), two control centers, and the NATO school segment. Table 2-11 lists the NATO SGT's. F1 Kester, Belgium F13 Izmir, Turkey F2 Euskirchen, Germany F14 Verona, Italy F3 Northwest, Virginia F15 Keflavik, Iceland F4 Oakhanger, United Kingdom F16 Bjerkvik, Norway F5 Eggemoen, Norway F17 Balado Bridge, United Kingdom F6 Ankara, Turkey F18 Folly Lake, Canada F7 Civitavecchia, Italy F19 Gibraltar, United Kingdom F8 Carp, Canada F20 Landau, Germany F9 Schoonhoven, Netherlands F21 Catania, Italy 2-25 ORIGINAL

48 F10 Lundebakke, Denmark F22 Greenland, Denmark F11 Atalanti, Greece F25 T1 (Transportable) F12 Lisbon, Portugal F29 Saxa Vord, United Kingdom NATO Terminals Table 2-11 h. SKYNET 4. SKYNET 4 is the latest in a series of United Kingdom military communication satellites. The SKYNET 4 system consists of the satellites and various fixed and transportable ground stations on land and sea. Each satellite is three-axis stabilized in geosynchronous orbit, weighs approximately 1,452 pounds, and consists of a payload and platform section. The solar array panels supply 1,200 watts of electrical power at a regulated 42 V dc required for the subsystems. Two NiCd batteries, 14 cells each, supply power during periods of eclipse. Sun sensors and infrared earth sensors are used for attitude and orbit control. The TT&C is monitored and controlled from the main control center at the Royal U.S. Air Force Station, Oakhanger, United Kingdom. The antenna array contains a variety of UHF and SHF antennas required for different coverage patterns and communications systems. Characteristics of the SKYNET 4 satellite payload are listed in table TRANSPONDER SHF UHF FREQUENCY BAND GHz Uplink: MHz Downlink: MHz CHANNEL ANTENNA EIRP BANDWIDT H Earth Coverage Narrow Beam Wide Beam Spot Beam Earth Coverage Earth Coverage 31 dbw 34 dbw 35 dbw 39 dbw 26 dbw 26 dbw 135 MHz 85 MHz 60 MHz 60 MHz 25 khz 25 khz SKYNET 4 Payload Characteristics Table ORIGINAL

49 203. EARTH SEGMENT The earth segment of UHF SATCOM consists of the UHF radio terminals (shore, ship-board, airborne, research, development, test and evaluation, and training) developed under the FLTSATCOM program and a small number of terminals that were developed during the Tactical Satellite Communications program. The earth segment includes the earth terminals located at Naval Computer and Telecommunications Area Master Stations (NCTAMS's) Atlantic (LANT), Mediterranean (MED), Western Pacific (WESTPAC), and Eastern Pacific (EASTPAC); Naval Communications Stations (NAVCOMMSTA's); and Naval Computer and Telecommunications Stations (NAVCOMTELSTA's). The earth segment also includes the transmitters, receivers, baseband equipment, and subsystems which are discussed in the remainder of this chapter RF TERMINALS a. AN/FSC-79. The AN/FSC-79 is an SHF SATCOM transmitter designed to support the fleet satellite broadcast uplink. The downlink for the fleet broadcast is UHF. Figure 2-11 illustrates the AN/FSC-79 antenna. The terminal operates on a single channel, tunable in 1- khz increments over a transmitting frequency range of 7.9 to 8.4 GHz, at a maximum output of 8,000 watts. The AN/FSC-79 can simultaneously transmit a spread spectrum carrier and receive a satellite beacon tracking signal. In the primary operating mode, the time division multiplex (TDM) broadcast is converted by the OM-51A/FR modem to a spread spectrum signal for transmission on the AN/FSC-79. For most components, redundancy is built into the AN/FSC-79 to ensure a high level of availability. AN/FSC-79 terminals are installed at all NCTAMS and NAVCOMMSTA Stockton, CA ORIGINAL

50 Figure 2-11 AN/FSC-79 Antenna b. AN/WSC-5(V) Transceiver Terminal. The AN/WSC- 5(V) transceiver provides an eight circuit full-duplex data operation or six full-duplex and two half-duplex, 100-watt channels. Figure 2-12 illustrates the AN/WSC- 5(V) communications subsystem block diagram. Two channels may be used in the frequency modulation (FM) mode. It transmits in the frequency band between to Megahertz (MHz) and receives between to MHz. The AN/WSC-5(V) is also capable of interfacing with the UHF Demand Assigned Multiple Access (DAMA) equipment. The antenna and transceiver provide each channel a nominal EIRP of 27 dbw. Three types of modulation schemes are used with the transceiver: FM for voice; FM for tone group; and differentially encoded phase shift keying (DPSK), using the OM-43A/USC modem for 2-28 ORIGINAL