The road to 5G LTE-A evolution, Internet of Things and first 5G aspects Reiner Stuhlfauth

Transcription

1 The road to 5G LTE-A evolution, Internet of Things and first 5G aspects Reiner Stuhlfauth Technology Marketing Manager Subject to change Data without tolerance limits is not binding. R&S is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG. Trade names are trademarks of the owners ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG Test & Measurement Division ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH reserves the copy right to all of any part of these course notes. Permission to produce, publish or copy sections or pages of these notes or to translate them must first be obtained in writing from ROHDE & SCHWARZ GmbH & Co. KG, Mühldorfstr. 15, Munich, Germany

2 Agenda topics ı LTE evolution aspects: Rel. 13 with outlook on Rel. 14 ı Optimization for IoT (LTE-M, NB-IoT) ı Device to device communication, LTE Direct ı Dual connectivity ı License assisted access and LWA ı V2V/V2X communications Internet of Things IOT aspects Bluetooth low energy WLAN evolution IEEE LPWAN (Sigfox, LoRa, ) The road to 5G requirements and air interface 5G a new air interface technology aspects of new radio in 5G Aspects of 5G new radio, industry trials, pre-5g implementation and 3GPP agreements New multiple access schemes: schemes like NOMA, SCMA, IDMA channel propagation aspects Demystifying massivemimo and testing concepts 2

3 In the year of the LTE Surpass! 3

4 The LTEvolution path: Rel. 8 Rel. 11 RAN enh. for Diverse Data Application NW-based positioning (UTDOA) CA enhancements Carrier Aggregation Service Continuity for embms Dual Layer Beamforming Security enh. (eea3 ZUC) In-device co-existence DL MIMO 8x8 Positioning embms Relays (part 2) Relaying Enh. DL Control CH Public Warning System (PWS) LTE Release 8 FDD / TDD feicic (further eicic) eicic CoMP UL / DL UL MIMO 2x2 Home enodeb Network Energy Saving UL MIMO 4x4 SON enhancements Enhanced SC-FDMA Self Organizing Networks Multi carrier / Multi-RAT Base Stations Rel-9 Rel-10 Rel-11

5 5G - Continuing the Success of LTE Evolution Service: Data +Voice Mobile Broadband (MBB) embb / mmtc / URLLC eicic MTC Cat0 CAT M1 PSM NB- IoT 20 MHz MIMO OFDM Voice MBMS CA 8x8 MIMO CoMP WLAN offload CA enh. CA FDD + TDD DC 256 QAM D2D LAA D2D enh. LWIP LWA SC- PTM V2X Rel8 Rel9 Rel10 Rel11 Rel12 Rel13 Rel / Commercial operation

6 Carrier aggregation: primary + secondary CC Uplink UL-DL frequency Separation is signalled via System information Typical case: asymmetric allocation, more DL than UL Downlink f Primary Component carrier: -PUSCH + PUCCH -PDSCH + PDCCH -Layer 3 signalling Secondary Component carrier: -(PUSCH + PUCCH) -PDSCH + PDCCH (optional)

7 LTE-Advanced Rel12 Release 12 Building Blocks M2M / MTC Support for low cost devices Small Cell enhancements incl. dual layer connectivity (macro/pico) and 256QAM D2D Proximity service detection and communication Additionally: WiFi offloading Joint FDD-TDD Operation Network-Assisted Interference Cancellation Further Enhancements to LTE TDD for DL-UL Interference Management and Traffic Adaptation Coverage Enhancements 7

8 LTE-Advanced InterCell Interference Coordination (ICIC) as of LTE Rel8 Announcement for UL Inter cell interference Scheduled ressource blocks Hello neighbour: I would like to schedule this set of ressource blocks to a UE which is at my cell edge X 2 interface High Interference Indicator, HII Thanks for this info, so I may expect some interferences on this RB set. Maybe I will avoid scheduling them to my set of UEs

9 LTE-Advanced enhanced InterCell Interference Coordination (HetNet) X2 X2 Pico Macro Cell layer A pico cell can schedule a UE in high interference region in those blank subframes time

10 CoMP: coordinated scheduling Cell area normal Power Cell area reduced Power Cell C UE C UE B Cell A UE A Cell B Coordinated scheduling: Cell C reduces power for the benefit Of UE A and UE B. -> same effect as ICIC

11 CoMP: Coordinated beamforming Send NULLs in this direction Coordination about user locations to place NULLs an Weight beams in right directions

12 CoMP: Coherent Joint Transmission 2 neighbour cells or remote Radio heads are synchronized And transmit signals coherently

13 CoMP: Dynamic Point Selection DPS Data transmission from one point In a time-frequency resource Remote radio head Remote radio head enb

14 Requirements for public safety in cellular world Group communication Define priority rules 3GPP work items: Direct Mode between terminals (Discovery, Communication). Group Communication. Off network communication. Push-To-Talk (PTT) including group call / communication with low call setup time. Device to device communication, D2D Video telephony and datatransfer

15 LTE Device-to-Device (D2D) Proximity Services (ProSe) ı Current communication flow in LTE always involves the core network: Security reasons. Policy control (Charging!) ProSe = End to End communication Sidelink = channel structure UE #1 enodeb EPC UE #2 E-UTRAN enodeb UE User Equipment (LTE-capable terminal) enode B evolved Node B (LTE base station) EUTRAN Evolved UMTS Terrestrial Radio Access Network EPC Evolved Packet Core (core network) EPS Evolved Packet System (= EUTRAN + EPC)

16 Overall LTE D2D ProSe Network Architecture ı Network is still in charge! ı New interfaces, new functional entities. ProSe function, P3 interface: Authorization/ Provisioning, Request, Response. PC5 interface: one to many User Equipment (UE) Mobile Equipment (ME) UICC with USIM ProSe application UE B ProSe application UE A PC5 LTE-Uu LTE-Uu PC1 Triggers use of Direct Discovery, Direct Communication E-UTRAN Response PC3 PC3 S1 Request PC4a MME HSS S6a ProSe Function S/PGW PC4b PC2 SLP ProSe Application Server Provision info can be stored on device (public safety, tactical comm.) PC1 Authorizes and provision the device for ProSe

17 Resource Allocation for Direct Discovery, Direct Communication Time D2D D2D D2D D2D Bitmap Prose-SubframeBitmap-r12, e.g. 8 bit 1 ms PUCCH 2015 Rohde&Schwarz cellular e.g. Direct Discovery cellular e.g. Direct Discovery cellular PUCCH Resource Block Start prb-start-r12 Number of Resource Blocks prb-num-r12 Number of Resource Blocks prb-num-r12 Resource Block End prb-end-r12 Information provided by newly introduced System Information Blocks (SIB) ı A device is not required to simultaneously transmit D2D and WAN (generic LTE).

18 LTE-Advanced Release 13 Overview Work is completed in 3GPP ı A new Study Item on V2x will particularly consider the usefulness of new LTE features to the automotive industry - including Proximity Service (ProSe) and LTE-based broadcast services such as Public Warning Systems (PWS) and embms. NB-IoT Single-cell Point-to- Multipoint (SC-PTM) Elevation Beamforming / Full- Dimension MIMO MTC enhancements LTE in unlicensed spectrum (aka LAA) Enhanced multi-user transmission techniques Indoor positioning D2D enhancements LTE-WLAN integration and interworking enhancements CA enhancements 32 CA 18

19 4G spectrum sharing today on the way to 5G 5G New Radio (NR) Sub 6Ghz + mmwave Spectrum aggregation LTE-U / LAA NR based LAA Shared spectrum technologies Technology aggregation Tiered sharing (incumbents) LWA (LTE + Wi-Fi) CBRS, LSA Multi-connectivity: NR,LTE,Wi-Fi NR based tiered sharing Standalone unlicensed MulteFire NR based MulteFire LTE Advanced Pro Spectrum below 6 GHz

20 unlicensed unlicensed: international licensing aspects EIRP limitation -> maximum Tx power: e.g. BS power = max 1W, spectral density of 17dBm/1MHz Limitation to indoor only of certain frequencies Interference aspects, to other radio technologies proof of good neighborhood Spectrum restrictions Avoid conflict with weather radar 20

21 Licensed Assisted Access (LAA) and LTE in Unlicensed Spectrum (LTE-U) UNII-1 UNII GHz 5.25 GHz 5.35 GHz UNII-2e UNII-3 UNII-4 (DSRC) 5.47 GHz 5.725GHz 5.85 GHz GHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz 120 MHz Could become available in US, Europe 20 MHz MHz 20 MHz.. 20 MHz 20 MHz.. 20 MHz Requires Dynamic Frequency Selection (DFS), UNII-2 Licensed Band e.g. Band 13 Uplink 10 MHz Licensed Band e.g. Band 13 Downlink 10 MHz 20 MHz 20 MHz Unlicensed Band e.g. 5 GHz initially as a Supplemental Downlink f [GHz] 777 ı LTE-U Study Item to be completed by June ı LAA included in 3GPP Rel UE f [MHz] 21

22 LAA interference avoiding strategies CSAT: carrier sensing adaptive transmission LBT: Listen before transmit, e.g. source ETSI LBT proposal

23 LTE in unlicensed spectrum LTE-U / LAA: Introduction ı Use Carrier Aggregation to enable LTE also in unlicensed spectrum. Primary Component Carrier always in licensed spectrum. Secondary Component Carrier could be in unlicensed spectrum. ı Good fences make good neighbors! In some regions unlicensed spectrum can be used as is, e.g to 5850 MHz in the U.S., Korea or Japan. Generally all other regions have specific requirements, e.g. apply Listen Before Talk (LBT). Sensing techniques are required Rel13 LAA! 23

24 LBT listen before talk, elaa

25 LWA LTE-WLAN Radio Level Integration Radio Bearer LTE-WLAN Aggregation Adaptation Protocol Specified in TS

26 WLAN offloading and LAA as complement Same motivation, separate ideas & similar results LTE cell WLAN offloading Licensed Band LTE carrier e.g. 10 MHz WLAN WLAN access point ISM Band WLAN carrier LTE cell Unlicensed Band 5 GHz LTE carrier 20 MHz LTE cell + e.g. 10 MHz Licensed Band LTE carrier Link aggregation Carrier aggregation Both solutions will coexist even in same network

27 CBRS Citizens Broadband Radio Services ı MHz Band ı The MHz band is allocated to the Radiolocation Service (RLS) and the ı Aeronautical Radionavigation Service (ARNS) (ground-based) on a primary basis for federal use. I.e. radar application for military usage. ı MHz Band ı The MHz band is also allocated for terrestrial non-federal use 3 tier access model: 1st priority is incumbent owner of spectrum tier can arrange on priority access based on geolocation databases for using the spectrum tier 1: US navy, incumbent can block tier 2: Primary access license PAL can block tier 3: General authorized access GAA 27

28 Multefire industry driven standard, non-3gpp Motivation mainly driven by industry: TD-LTE operation only in unlicensed or shared spectrum 3.5 or 5.7 GHz. No licensed anchor According to LTE Rel. 13 Full range of LTE services: data, voice, MBMS, IoT etc. with the simplicity of Wi-Fi Listen before talk like LAA to behave as good neighbour operates at 20MHz bandwidth with up to 4x4 MIMO and 256QAM Unlicensed Band LTE carrier LTE cell 20 MHz D SUUUDDDDD

29 Multefire fair spectrum usage and carrier aggregation

30 Dual link radio interface UE supports 2 simultaneous LTE radio links Mobility issues in heterogeneous networks -> UE can keep one radio link to the macro cell and second link is added on best effort to add capacity

31 Dual connectivity motivation: handover failure Measurement report Handover to pico cell Handover to macro cell A major concern in HetNets is the issue of radio link failure when handover from pico into macro cell! But now, UE is out of coverage! Radio link failure

32 Dual link radio connectivity Macro #1 Pico #1 Pico #2 Macro #2 Pico #3 SCell Addition SCell Removal PCell Handover SCell Addition SCell Change SCell Removal Mobility situation + capacity improvements due to dual radio functionality

33 Potential step ( ) towards commercial 5G ( 2020) Combinations of Rel12/13 features + advanced antennas + increased below 6GHz ı The below architecture is prepared to addresses future mobile broadband requirements ı LTE/LTE-A provides the controlling layer and specific enhanced requirements are solved by adding in this case adding small cell peak data rate / capacity using the carrier aggregation feature LTE/LTE-A (700 MHz - 2.5GHz) Small Cell 3.5 GHz / ~ 5GHz MeNB in licensed band using carrier aggregation SeNB in licensed or unlicensed band, using carrier aggregation 33

34 3GPP Machine Type Communication Making the network ready for the Internet of Things Overload Control Power Saving Reachability Low Cost Extended Coverage Low Latency 34

35 Trend towards low cost mobile devices for M2M/MTC High end vs low end Low end UEs Complexity: Low end throughput Complexity: high end High end UEs Cost Half duplex Scheduled downlink subframe Transportation block size User data UE not receiving Scheduled uplink subframe Scheduled downlink subframe FEC Maximum size of bits Reduced TBS Small bandwidth Small bandwidth support only Half duplex Type A Single antenna Lower max power Scheduled downlink subframe UE not receiving Scheduled uplink subframe Scheduled downlink subframe Half duplex Type B 35

36 3GPP IoT standardization on the way to 5G Rel. 8 Rel. 9 Rel.10 Rel.11 Rel. 12 Rel. 13 LTE Cat-1 20 MHz/duplex LTE-MTC NIMTC SIMTC LC-LTE/MTCe CAT-0, PSM 20 MHz/half-duplex emtc Cat-M1, edrx, CE 1.4 MHz/half-duplex LP-WAN NB-cIoT NB-LTE + NB-IoT Cat-NB, edrx 200 khz mmtc GSM-MTC NIMTC SIMTC EC-GSM-IoT incl. edrx 36

37 Machine-Type-Communication LTE/LTE-A/LTE-A Pro/NB-IoT Rel. 10 Rel. 11 Rel. 12 Rel. 13 NIMTC SIMTC MTCe/LC_LTE MTCe2/eMTC Delay tolerant access & LAPI Extended Access Barring Power Saving Mode Extended DRX Overload Control Overload Control Battery Life Battery Life Long PRU/PTU Timer per UE Device Triggering Expected UE Behavior Coverage enhancement Signaling Reduction Reachability Signaling Reduction Coverage Minimum periodic search timer Override LAPI UE Category 0 emtc UE Category M1 Signaling Reduction Overload Control Low Cost UE Low Cost UE Attach with IMSI Indicator Signaling Reduction NB-IoT UE Category NB Ultra Low Cost/Low power R&S LTE-M, NB-IoT, LTE-V - June

38 Rel.13: NB-IoT even more streamlined than cat-m1 Objectives Improved indoor coverage: extended coverage of 20 db Support of massive number of low throughput devices e.g. 40 MTC devices per household Reduced complexity Things that cost less than a 2G device Improved power efficiency: more than 10 years battery life time Relaxed Delay characteristics: ~10 sec. Smart Parking Smart Bike Smart Suitcase Sensor Networks Agriculture Sensor 38

39 NB-IoT motivation aspects Link budget of 164dB is requested for better coverage, i.e. deep indoor coverage Power repetitions increase coverage single tone operation allows multiple UEs single tone operation results in a power budget gain frequency Huge number of devices is requested, i.e. goal is around devices per cell 39

40 Rel 13: Narrowband-IoT (standardization still ongoing) The Uplink and Downlink total transmission bandwidth is 180 khz Downlink: OFDM with 15 khz sub-carrier spacing (1PRB) Uplink: SC-FDMA with 3.75 khz and 15 khz for single-tone transmissions and optional multi-tone transmissions with 15 khz subcarrier spacing Only FDD in half-duplex mode (analog to UE cat.0 half-duplex TypeB), no TDD in Rel.13 Reduced downlink transmission schemes: TM1: Single antenna port, TM2: Two antenna ports, using transmit diversity Only mobility in IDLE mode is supported In-Band Operation Guard-band OperationStandalone operation NB-IoT NB-IoT NB-IoT NB-IoT LTE Carrier LTE Carrier e.g. GSM Carriers MTC features like Power Save Mode (PSM), extended DRX (edrx) cycle are valid R&S LTE-M, NB-IoT, LTE-V - June

41 NB-IoT spectrum allocation aspects Downlink: 1 Ressource block, 12 subcarriers à 15kHz Uplink: 1 Subcarrier à 3.75kHz Uplink: 1 Subcarrier à 15kHz Uplink: 3 Subcarriers à 15kHz Uplink: 6 Subcarriers à 15kHz Uplink: 1 Ressource block, 12 subcarriers à 15kHz

42 NB-IoT core network and data transfer Control plane CIoT EPS = data is sent via control messages only, suited for small + sporadic traffic User plane CIoT EPS = data is sent connection oriented, i.e. using a radio bearer + traffic channel There is no QoS profile for NB-IoT, all traffic is assumed to be best effort and delay tolerant! 2 types of traffic: IP based or non- IP based 42

43 NB-IoT inband operation channel bandwidth The inner 6 ressource blocks cannot be used by NB-IoT as overlapping with PSS; SSS and PBCH Frequency possible RBs used by NB-IoT f c = EUARFCN of LTE cell Shift of N * 100kHz = possible position of NB-IoT anchor carrier

44 NB-IoT multi-carrier support: inband + standalone NB-IoT UEs in connected mode may use the NB-IoT non-anchor carrier spectral offset does not need to follow 100kHz raster NB-IoT non- anchor carrier NB-IoT anchor carrier f c of NB-IoT carrier, follows 100kHz raster NB-IoT UEs in idle mode stay tuned to NB-IoT anchor carrier NB-IoT non- anchor carrier maximum spectral offset f = 20MHz frequency

45 NB-IoT multi-carrier support: inband + standalone frequency DL anchor carrier DL non-anchor carrier UL anchor carrier UL non-anchor carrier time, one box = 1 subframe

46 NB-IoT downlink half duplex Scheduled downlink period Scheduled downlink period UE not receiving Scheduled uplink period No simultaneous transmission and reception for the UE Half duplex Type B length of sleeping period depends on length of Tx period, i.e. #subcarriers, content and SC spacing

47 NB-IoT: Narrowband physical channels NPBCH Narrowband Physical Broadcast CHannel NPDCCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Control CHannel NPDSCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared CHannel NPRACH Narrowband Physical Random Access CHannel NPUSCH Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared CHannel Uplink Downlink CCCH DCCH DTCH PCCH BCCH CCCH DCCH DTCH optional optional RACH UL-SCH PCH BCH DL-SCH NPRACH NPUSCH NPDSCHNBCH NPDCCH 47

48 NB-IoT: new physical channels for data and control Narrowband Physical Downlink Control Channel NPDCCH: ı Downlink and uplink scheduling decisions ı Paging indication ı Random access response ı HARQ feedback for UL NPUSCH Narrowband Physical Downlink Shared Channel NPDSCH: l Downlink data + Layer 3 control l System information l Paging information l Random access response message Narrowband Physical Uplink Shared Channel NPUSCH: l Uplink data & Uplink Layer 3 control l Uplink HARQ feedback Narrowband Physical Random Access Channel NPRACH: Uplink channel request There are less number of physical channels to reduce the overall complexity

49 NB-IoT ressource unit Length in frequency domain (consecutive subcarriers): RU N sc A new term is introduced: ressouce unit. Used to carry NPUSCH data in uplink. Defined as a variable number of subcarriers and time slots. (see next slides for details) Length in time domain: UL N symb N UL slots 49

50 NB-IoT UL ressource units various combinations: time & frequency frequency axis: subcarrier spacing = 3.75kHz frequency axis: subcarrier spacing = 15kHz frequency only single tone = 1 subcarrie 4 slots = 2msec 2 slots = 1msec N UL sc T slot 8 slots = 4msec = 12 subcarriers = * Ts = 0,5msec 16 slots = 8msec time axis N UL sc T slot = 48 subcarriers = * Ts = 2msec 4 slots = 8msec (control only) 16 slots = 32msec (data only) 50

51 NB-IoT slot and frame structure O n e ra d io fra m e, T f = T s = 1 0 m s O n e slo t, T s lo t = T s = 0.5 m s subcarrier spacing = 15kHz # 0 # 1 # 2 # 3 # 1 8 # 1 9 O n e s u b fra m e T = 1 ( ) 32.55n sec s O n e ra d io fra m e, T = T f s = 1 0 m s O n e slo t, T s lo t = T s = 2 m s subcarrier spacing = 3.75kHz # 0 # 0 # 4 # 1 9 O n e s u b fra m e

52 Cyclic prefix length 15 khz subcarrier spacing Normal cyclic prefix length: 1st CP is longer Mismatch in time! 1st Cyclic prefix is longer 1 slot = 0,5msec 3.75 khz subcarrier spacing Currently only normal CP length is supported for NB-IoT CP length = 144 * Ts SC-FDMA symbol length = 160 * Ts for first symbol N = 2048 * Ts slot = 2 msec CP length SC-FDMA symbol length = 256 * Ts Guard period N = 8192 * Ts N = 2304 * T

53 NPUSCH formats NPUSCH format 1 Content carry UL- SCH = data spectral bandwidth modulation 1 subcarrier à 3.75kHz or schemes BPSK 1 subcarrier à 15 khz or 3 subcarries à 15kHz or 6 subcarriers à 15kHz or QPSK 15 subcarriers à 15kHz frequency NPUSCH format 2 carry UCI = control 1 subcarrier à 3.75kHz or 1 subcarrier à 15 khz BPSK frequency

54 Resource allocation timing aspects in downlink NPDCCH DCI N1 NPDCCH DCI N2 Downlink grant valid for subframe n+5 if DCI is format N1 NPDCCH k k+1 k+2 k+3 k+4 k+5 subframes NPDSCH reception NPDSCH Downlink grant with delay factor if DCI is format N2

55 NB-IoT Downlink reference signals

56 NB-IoT Downlink: NPSCH and NSSCH Zadoff-Chu sequence, One sequence for all cells 10 ms radio frame Zhadoff-Chu sequence based on the physical cell ID Only sent on even frame numbers Sent on subcarriers: and then the index Sent over the 12 assigned subcarriers and then the index over the assigned last 11 symbols of subframe #9 of symbols of first slot in subframe #5 + all symbols of second slot of each frame

57 NB-IoT mobility procedures No X2 interface for NB-Iot enbs 1. RRC connection activated 2. RRC connection released, UE in idle mode 3. perform cell re-selection 4. RRC connection established To reduce the complexity, there are no handover possible in NB-IoT. Any mobility procedure is based on UE idle mode mobility procedure, i.e. cell selection and cell re-selection principles 57

58 NB-IoT positioning aspects Optional: GNSS support NB-IoT device with location based capabilites SUPL / LPP LTE base station enodeb (enb) S1-U No support of radio based LBS, like OTDOA or LPP or A-GNSS services Serving Gateway (S-GW) S5 Mobile Management Entity (MME) Packet Gateway (P-GW) LCS Server (LS) Secure User Plane SUPL= NB-IoT may use location based services sent over user plane Lup SLP 1) SLs E-SMLC 2) LCS 4) Client GMLC 3) Challenges: For some NB-IoT devices, location based services would provide additional value, but this would also increase the complexity. Compromise: LBS support is UE specific and optional

59 Range of LTE categories to adress diverse IoT use cases LTE Advanced Phones Tablets Cars (media) LTE Cat-1 Cams Wearables Trucks LTE Cat-M Wearables Meters Control Power Consumption/Costs LTE Cat-NB Sensors Pets Bikes Data rate 59

60 LTE-Advanced Pro Rel14 No Signs for Slow-Down! ı Enhanced licensed-assisted access to unlicensed spectrum (elaa) ı Support for V2V services based on LTE sidelink (V2V) ı LTE-based V2X services (V2X) ı Enhancements on Full-Dimension (FD) MIMO for LTE (efd-mimo) ı Downlink Multiuser Superposition Transmission for LTE (MUST) ı embms enhancements for LTE (embms) ı SRS Carrier Based Switching for LTE (SRS_CS) ı Further Indoor Positioning enhancements for UTRA and LTE (IPOS_enh) ı Uplink Capacity Enhancements for LTE (UL_CAP_enh) ı Further Enhanced MTC for LTE (femtc) ı Enhancements of NB-IoT (enb-iot) ı Shortened TTI and processing time for LTE (stti) 60

61 Automotive and LTE / 5G ı Initial Cellular V2X standard completed ı V2V communications are based on D2D communications defined as part of ProSe services in Release 12 and Release 13 of the specification. As part of ProSe services, a new D2D interface (designated as PC5, also known as sidelink at the physical layer) was introduced and now as part of the V2V WI it has been enhanced for vehicular use cases, specifically addressing high speed (up to 250Kph) and high density (thousands of nodes). ı 5G Automotive Association AUDI AG, BMW Group, Daimler AG, Ericsson, Huawei, Intel, Nokia und Qualcomm Inc. launched the 5G Automotive Association (5GAA) The association will develop, test and promote communications solutions, support standardization and accelerate commercial availability and global market penetration. The goal is to address society s connected mobility and road safety needs with applications such as connected automated driving, ubiquitous access to services and integration into smart cities and intelligent transportation 61

62 C-V2X Security aspect: An self-driving car must be able to take decisions standalone! All measurement samples are based inside the system (=car) 62

63 C-V2X Security aspect: An self-driving car must be able to take decisions standalone! All measurement samples are based inside the system (=car) But communication with others (cars, infrastructure, network etc) will make the self-driving cars more comfortable => assume that there will be a mixture of self-contained like radar sensors and communication techniques like DSRC and Cellular V2X. 63

64 C-V2X scenarios for LTE-V, Rel. 14 ı Forward collision warning ı Control loss warning ı Emergency vehicle warning ı Emergency stop ı Cooperative adaptive cruise control ı Queue warning ı Road safety services ı Automated parking system ı Wrong way driving warning ı Pre-crash sensing warning ı Traffic flow optimization ı Curve speed warning ı Vulnerable road user safety ı Enhanced positioning 64

65 C-V2X scenarios for 5G-vehicle, > Rel. 14 ı Vehicle platooning ı Sensor and state map sharing ı Remote driving of vehicles ı Collective perception of the environment ı Information sharing for full/automated driving/platooning ı Dynamic ride sharing ı Intersection safety information provisioning for urban driving 65

66 Automotive Vertical: V2X & Autonomous Driving V2V V2D V2V: Vehicle to Vehicle V2D: Vehicle to Device V2P: Vehicle to Person V2H: Vehicle to Home V2C: Vehicle to Cellular V2I: Vehicle to Infrastructure V2P V2I V2C V2H

67 C-V2X infrastructure

68 C-V2X infrastructure scenario 2 modes possible: MBMS and direct End to End

69 5GAA scenarios for C-V2X Device to device D2D Vehicle to vehicle V2V Vehicle to pedestrian V2P Vehicle to (roadside) infrastructure V2I Device to Cell-tower, V2I Device to network, V2N RAN Evolved nodeb MME PDN PSTN Higher layer + scheduling S-GW P-GW IMS Evolved Packet Core

70 C-V2X some aspects to be discussed: frequency, multi operator and sidelink+eutran single carrier or multi carrier possible, UL / DL single operator scenario multi operator using shared UL/DL multi operator, single UL, multi DL Rx by UE 2 frequencies considered: 2GHz + 6GHz (ISM band) simultaneous / shared operation beween sidelink based and EUTRAN based multi enb transmission, coordinated enb reception

71 C-V2X infrastructure scenario broadcast + cell overlapping 3GPP has defined the concept of temporary mobile group ID, TMGI to send data to a group of UEs via MBMS. But this concept does not support overlapping cell concept. MBMS: broadcast data to different UEs -> addresse centric C-V2X: broadcast data to different UEs depending on their location -> position centric e.g. cell group 2 (green) has to broadcast data relevant for group 1 (red) and group 3 (yellow)

72 V2X Core Issues Feasibility study of Latency Network coordination Resource and energy efficiency Higher Doppler Basic changes Tailored resource allocation mechanism Sync to GNSS Multi-cell multicast / broadcast Frequent handover 72

73 Scenarios ı Enhancing the D2D (PC5) interface In coverage and out-of-coverage ı V2V PC5 uses a dedicated carrier which is only used for V2V communication TR : E-UTRA V2X band /V2X channel bandwidth E-UTRA V2X 1.4 MHz 3 MHz 5 MHz 10 MHz 15 MHz 20 MHz Band 47 Yes Yes ı Time Synchronization via GNSS possible ı New transmission modes: TM3: enb schedules resources Scheduled by DCI format 5A, scrambled with SL-D-RNTI TM4: UE autonomous resource selection 73

74 Scenarios 74

75 Some Important Facts ı DMRS extension to cope with higher doppler shift up to 500 km/h ı New arrangement of resources into resource pools (RPs) RP redesign Control and data packets are in the same SF Subchannel Structure Reducing latency 75

76 C-V2X some aspects to be considered C-V2X will suffer from Doppler effect. Especially on the sidelink we have moving Rx and Tx! => updated reference signal concept is needed more DMRS, demodulation refernce symbols per subframe + shorter time interval

77 Some Important Facts (ct d) ı Channel structure of Sidelink Communication is reused however, no multiplexing between V2X and non- V2X ı Spectrum sensing with semi-persistent transmission for distributed scheduling taking advantage of the often periodic traffic in V2V ı Concept of zones for transmission resources Reducing the near-far problem ı Service continuity optimization on Handover 77

78 The 7 pillars of V2V / V2X 1 Synchronization based on GNSS 2 Additional DMRS New definition of resource pools Control and data in same SF Sensing and collision avoidance 6 Zone concept 7 One or two transmissions plus HARQ 78

79 Two worlds collide 1 Certification / Validation Federal Motor Vehicle Safety Standards (FMVSS) (US) China Compulsory Certification (CCC) ECE homologation (Europe) World Forum for the harmonization of vehicle regulations (WP.29) 79

80 If you want to go fast, go alone. If you want to go far, go together! African proverb 80