RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SF

Transcription

1 Rec. ITU-R SF RECOMMENDATION ITU-R SF Guidance for determination of interference from earth stations on board vessels to stations in the fixed service when the earth station on board vessels is within the minimum distance * (Questions ITU-R 6/9 and ITU-R 54/4) ( ) Scoe This Recommendation rovides guidance to administrations for the determination of the interference otential of earth stations on board vessels (ESVs) to stations in the fixed service. Annex 1 rovides general considerations for this determination. Annex rovides a descrition of the most basic aroach to such a determination. Annex 3 rovides several alternative aroaches based on simulations. Annex 4 contains material that may be considered in bilateral and multilateral discussion when administrations authorize antennas smaller than 1. m in the GHz band to ensure that these smaller antennas are in comliance with the requirements of Resolution 90 (WRC-03). The ITU Radiocommunication Assembly, considering a) that vessels may be equied to oerate FSS ESVs which transmit in the FSS networks in the MHz band (Earth-to-sace) under No. 4.4 of the Radio Regulations (RR); b) that vessels may be equied to oerate as ESVs in the GHz band under RR No. 4.4 or as secondary service in the MSS; c) that some of the bands in considering a) and b) are shared on a co-rimary basis with the fixed service (FS); d) that if ESVs were to be ermitted to oerate in sea-lanes and channels near to shore it would be necessary to define comosite areas for these oerations; e) that Recommendation ITU-R SF.1585 rovides a way to define such an area; f) that stations in the FS within such an area must be examined to determine whether they will exerience more than a ermissible amount of interference; g) that many FS digital systems oerate under automatic transmit ower control (ATPC); h) that interference events of more than a few seconds can result in significant long-term outages in digital FS systems; j) that Recommendations ITU-R SF.1006 and/or ITU-R SM.1448 rovide methods that could be used for the determination of interference otential between stations in the FSS and stations in the FS when the ESVs are stationary (see Note 1); * For the definition of minimum distance, see Recommendation ITU-R SF

2 Rec. ITU-R SF k) that the methodology for determining the level of interference from ESVs to FS stations is a matter for agreement between the administrations concerned; l) that guidance to administrations on the detailed determination of these levels for erforming a reliminary analysis may nonetheless be of value to some in the detailed assessment of interference; m) that Recommendations ITU-R F.696 and ITU-R F.1565 define ermissible interference criteria for stations in the FS; n) that different methods and interference criteria are needed to determine the interference otential from ESVs when these are not fixed, recognizing a) that the World Radiocommunication Conference (Istanbul, 000) (WRC-000) called for ITU-R to urgently comlete its studies related to earth stations on board vessels (ESVs), in articular not to have the otential to cause unaccetable interference to stations of other services of any administration; b) that the RR No A secifies that earth stations on board vessels in the bands MHz and GHz may communicate with sace stations of the fixed-satellite service as long as such use is in accordance with Resolution 90 (WRC-03); c) that the RR No B secifies that earth stations located on board vessels in the bands MHz and GHz may oerate in Algeria, Saudi Arabia, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egyt, United Arab Emirates, the Libyan Arab Jamahiriya, Jordan, Kuwait, Morocco, Mauritania, Oman, Qatar, the Syrian Arab Reublic, Sudan, Tunisia and Yemen on a secondary basis in the maritime mobile-satellite service with the characteristics and under the conditions contained in Resolution 90 (WRC-03), noting a) that the technical limitations for ESV oeration given in Annex of Resolution 90 (WRC-03), in articular the off-axis limits, are alicable in determining the otential for interference; b) that Recommendation 37 (WRC-03) (Oerational rocedures for earth stations on board vessels (ESVs) use) gives the rocedures for the oeration of ESVs, recommends 1 that the guidance described in Annex 1 may be used as a framework for the overall assessment of interference from ESVs oerating within the minimum distance to stations in the FS; that the guidance in Annex may be used as the basis for the calculation of interference from ESVs (see Note and Note 3); 3 that results of the alication of the method in Annex can be used to determine whether ortions of the frequency bands in considering b) may be considered for use by ESVs when oerating within the minimum distance (see Note 3); 4 that the technical material in Annex 4 may be considered by administrations in their bilateral and multilateral discussions when authorizing ESVs oerating with antennas smaller than 1. m in the band GHz to ensure that these smaller antennas are in comliance with the requirements of Resolution 90 (WRC-03).

3 Rec. ITU-R SF NOTE 1 The methods given in this Recommendation make use of FS interference rotection criteria. As an examle, Recommendation ITU-R SF.1006 rovides such criteria but the short-term criteria may only be comliant with ITU-T Recommendation G.81. On the other hand, Recommendation ITU-R SF.1650 rovides FS short-term rotection criteria for u-to-date links designed to meet the requirements of ITU-T Recommendations G.86 and G.88. NOTE When identifying frequencies for ESVs, mitigation techniques may need to be considered. For examle, in the case where the FS frequency arrangements are based on Recommendation ITU-R F.383, the use of the 6 GHz FS central band (close to GHz) by the ESV transmitters can significantly reduce the otential interference to the FS receivers since, when considering interference to any FS channel, there would be benefit from receiver filtering. NOTE 3 The method in Annex may be sulemented by the use of the method in Annex 3. Annex 1 Guidance for identifying and using oints on the oerating contour * for the determination of interference from emissions from an ESV in motion to a station in the fixed service (critical contour oint method) The following method may be used as a framework for the overall assessment of interference from ESVs oerating within the minimum distance to stations in the FS. 1 Introduction The method for assessing interference otential between a station in the FSS and a station in the FS is rovided in Recommendation ITU-R SF.1006, which assumes that the FSS and the FS stations have a fixed satial relationshi. ESVs moving into a ort or harbour to a dock or anchorage have a variable relationshi with FS stations while in motion. Recommendation ITU-R SF.1585 describes a method for using the oerating contour of ESVequied vessels to determine an area which can be used in identifying the FS stations that could exerience unaccetable interference from an ESV as it is travelling along this contour. Under existing rocedures, the otential for such interference would need to be evaluated as if it were stationary at each ossible oint along a vessel s route whenever it is within this area. This Annex rovides a methodology called the critical contour oint method which simlifies the determination of interference otential to FS stations to consideration of a small set of oints on the oerating contour. Each of these oints is designated as a critical contour oint (CCP). Some of these oints are secific to the oerating contour, whereas others are secific to the articular FS station. * The oerating contour is defined in Recommendation ITU-R SF.1585.

4 4 Rec. ITU-R SF Considerations in determining the CCP.1 Stationary oeration For stationary oeration of an ESV, the otential for interference can be assessed using Recommendation ITU-R SF.1006 or ITU-R SM.1448 or by any rocedures agreed between the administrations involved as they would be alied to any new FSS station.. In-motion oeration Each FS station within an area (for examle, as described in Recommendation ITU-R SF.1585) must be examined to determine whether it will exerience more than a ermissible amount of interference. This would normally require assessment of the interference otential with resect to each FS station at each oint along the route of an ESV-equied vessel in motion within the oerating contour. However, the CCP methodology offers an aroach to reducing such comutational requirements by identifying a small number of oints for each FS receiver within a certain area...1 Identification of the CCP for each otentially-affected FS receiver For any interference exosure of a articular FS receiver from an ESV terminal on a moving shi, there are three osition-related variables in the calculation: roagation loss exceeded for all but a ercentage of time. This loss deends on the length of the interference ath, the Radio-Climatic Zones and may include the effects of any blockage that may exist on the interference ath; FS receiver antenna gain; and ESV antenna horizon gain. For every oint within the oerating contour as defined by the dee-draft channel (see Fig. 1), each of these three factors can be readily determined.

5 Rec. ITU-R SF FIGURE 1 Basic interference geometry FS receiver FS ath Dee-draft channel Limits of sea-lanes Pier Interference exosures For the urose of evaluating the otential interference the oerating contour is aroximated by a set of straight-line segments. The identification of the CCPs deends on the osition and alignment of the FS ath with resect to the oerating contour, and several cases need to be distinguished. In those cases where the azimuth of the main beam axis of the FS antenna does not intersect with any ortion of the oerating area of the ESV, the critical contour oints are the oints along the oerating contour where the contour changes direction or reaches the off-shore limit beyond which coordination is not required. In those cases where the azimuth of the main beam axis of the FS antenna intersects the oerating contour it is necessary to augment and/or modify the number of CCPs. In any event, the same CCPs should be used to consider both the long-term and the shortterm interference to any FS station under consideration. Interference from in-motion ESV oerations to any FS receiver within the area where the otential interference from the ESV needs to be evaluated is assessed by consideration of the oeration at each of the CCPs for each receiver using roagation loss models such as those given in Recommendation ITU-R P.45. The goal of this assessment is the identification of frequencies that can be used for in-motion ESV oerations without causing unaccetable levels of interference to FS stations.

6 6 Rec. ITU-R SF For the identification of the CCPs with resect to a secific FS receiver, the following three cases need to be distinguished: Case 1: In this case the main beam axis of the FS receiving antenna does not intersect any ortion of the oerating contour. The only CCPs required for this case are the oints where the oerating contour of the ESV changes direction. Case : In this case, the main beam of the FS antenna (within 10 db of the maximum antenna gain) lies entirely within one segment of the oerating contour. The oints on the oerating contour where the antenna gain is 10 db below the maximum, determine two additional CCPs. The segment of the oerating contour between these two CCPs contains the natural intersection oint (NIP), the oint where the main beam axis of the FS antenna intersects the oerating contour. The NIP is always taken as a CCP. Case 3: In this case, the NIP is close enough to one of the oints where the oerating contour changes direction that the main beam of the FS antenna extends over more than one segment of the oerating contour. This case is most likely to arise when the NIP is close to one of the oints where the oerating contour of the ESV changes direction. The intersection of the oerating contour with the antenna 10 db oints determine two additional CCPs as in Case ; however, in this case the original oint within the main beam does not need to be considered as a CCP. A further ossibility: If there is a oint on the oerating contour of an ESV from which the maximum horizon gain of the ESV antenna is directed toward a FS receiver, that oint on the contour may be identified as an additional CCP for that FS receiver regardless of which of the three cases alies... Consideration of long-term interference The long-term interference is determined by an aggregation of the interference ower from each segment of the oerating contour from the ier to the end of the oerating contour beyond which coordination is not necessary. That is, from a summation of the contributions resulting from oeration between each of the successive CCPs with resect to an FS receiving station *. The rocedure as elaborated in Annex uses the rincile of fractional degradation of erformance (FDP) from Recommendation ITU-R F The only difference is that the roagation loss needed for the calculation is the roagation loss from each CCP that is exceeded for all but 0% of the time. The contribution to the FDP from each segment may be calculated in closed form based on the average interference ower received due to ESV oeration within the segment, including the effect of the duration of time sent in the segment in multile asses of ESVs. For a segment that does not contain an NIP this average is comuted by assuming that the sum of the gain (db) of the FS and the ESV antennas varies linearly over the segment. The average over a segment containing an NIP is determined based on a Gaussian-shaed main beam of the FS antenna as in Recommendation ITU-R F.145. The criterion that is alied to this interference is the ower level taken for long-term interference in Recommendation ITU-R SF.1006 or ITU-R F Consideration of short-term interference The accetability of short-term interference may be determined by considering whether the interference ower due to oerations near any CCP exceeds the value secified by the short-term criterion for more than an accetable ercentage of time, ST. The short-term interference criteria used in Recommendation ITU-R SF.1650 for the 6 and 14 GHz bands may be used for this urose. * The oerating contour is defined in Recommendation ITU-R SF.1585.

7 Rec. ITU-R SF The determination of the short-term interference ower due to ESV oeration near a CCP deends on the roagation loss on the ath from that CCP. In articular, it deends on the roagation loss exceeded for all but a small ercentage of time, a ercentage that is inversely roortional to the ercentage of time, ESVi, associated with the ESV oeration near that CCP. This aroach, described in detail in Annex, is similar to that used in Recommendation ITU-R SF.1485, or in.. of Annex 1 to Recommendation ITU-R SM The ercentage of time associated with ESV oeration near a CCP deends on which situation alies of those that can occur under the three cases described above in..1. In cases where the main beam axis of the FS has a natural intersection oint on the oerating contour of the ESV, the ercentage of time, ESVi, associated with the ESV oeration near that NIP is directly related to the time it takes for an ESV to move along the oerating contour between the two 10 db oints of the FS antenna. Excet for the CCPs that are adjacent to an NIP, which are treated as end oints of the oerating contour, the ercentage of time ESVi deends on the time it takes the ESV to move from the mid-oint of the receding segment of the oerating contour to the mid-oint of the following segment of the contour. Where the CCP is an end-oint of the oerating contour, one of these segments does not exist and its contribution is set to zero. There is also a ossibility that more comlex situations can occur, but these can be addressed using an aroach similar to the one suggested here. 3 Alication of CCP methodology in identifying available sectrum The sectrum available for ESV terminals on shis under way in or near orts can be determined using the CCP methodology to evaluate whether use of a articular frequency will result in more than a ermissible amount of interference between the ESV and stations in the FS. After the CCPs have been determined for an FS receiving station, Annex may be used to determine whether both the long-term and short-term interference levels are accetable. Those frequency ranges where ESV oeration can be shown not to cause unaccetable interference to any FS receiver can then be assigned for use by ESVs that visit that articular ort. Annex The calculation of interference from ESVs 1 Introduction Resolution 8 (WRC-000) is concerned with rovisions for ESVs oerating in the frequency bands MHz and MHz. Three new Recommendations were develoed in WP 4-9S, two of these only require consideration of short-term interference criteria. These are Recommendation ITU-R SF.1650 which addresses the off-shore distance beyond which interference into the fixed service need not be considered and Recommendation ITU-R SF.1585, which addresses the determination of the area within which the interference otential of ESVs needs to be considered in instances where the ossibility of oerations within the off-shore distance are contemlated. The third, this Recommendation, addresses the determination of the otential of ESVs to interfere when oerating within the offshore distance.

8 8 Rec. ITU-R SF Annex 1 addresses the determination of oints for the determination of otential interference from ESVs. Once this determination has been made, it is necessary to consider interference into stations beyond the radio horizon as well as interference into stations that have line-of-sight couling to the oerating ositions of an ESV in motion. In the case of fixed transmitting earth stations, the interference into FS receivers beyond the horizon is limited by alying short-term interference criteria, and interference into receivers with line-of-sight couling is limited by alying long-term interference criteria. Recommendation ITU-R SF.1006 rovides the methodology and interference criteria for both long- and short-term interference assessment and recommends that both criteria be met in the determination of interference otential. While ESVs add comlexity to the determination of interference otential, the rinciles remain the same: distant stations are rotected from shortduration high-ower interference by short-term criteria; nearby stations are rotected by long-term criteria, which rotect the fade margin of the receiver. This Annex rovides the basis for determining the interference otential in all cases of interest. Section below describes the statistics of the roagation loss between two stations on the surface of the Earth, and shows, for different length aths, the relation between the loss exceeded for all but a ercentage of the time and the long- and short-term interference criteria that are alied when the transmitting earth station is at a fixed location. Section 3 considers how to determine the interference otential in the resence of the additional comlexity caused by introducing motion to the osition of the interfering station and develos an aroach derived from the use of the FDP aroach of Recommendation ITU-R F.1108 in conjunction with the CCP methodology of Annex 1 to this Recommendation. It is shown in 4 that this aroach leads to a method for determining the accetability of the otential interference based on existing long-term interference criteria. An aroach to the consideration of short-term interference based on the same set of CCPs is develoed in 5. Minimum required roagation loss for a fixed ercentage of time with stationary stations The minimum required roagation loss required to meet a ermissible level of interference ower at the antenna terminals of a receiving fixed station for a ercentage of time,, may be obtained with Recommendation ITU-R SM.1448, where the minimum required loss is the loss that needs to be equalled or exceeded by the redicted ath loss for all but % of the time 1. Thus: L b (): Lb( ) = Pt + Gt + Gr Pr ( ) db (1) : maximum ercentage of time for which the ermissible interference ower may be exceeded P t : P r (): roagation mode (1) minimum required loss (db) for % of the time; this value must be exceeded by the roagation mode (1) redicted ath loss for all but % of the time maximum available transmitting ower level (dbw) in the reference bandwidth at the terminals of the antenna of a transmitting terrestrial station or earth station ermissible interference ower of an interfering emission (dbw) in the reference bandwidth to be exceeded for no more than % of the time at the 1 When is a small ercentage of the time, in the range 0.001% to 1.0%, the interference is referred to as short term; if 0%, it is referred to as long term.

9 Rec. ITU-R SF terminals of the antenna of a receiving terrestrial station that may be subject to interference, where the interfering emission originates from a single source G t : gain (db relative to isotroic) of the antenna of the transmitting terrestrial station or earth station. For a transmitting earth station, this is the antenna gain towards the hysical horizon on a given azimuth G r : gain (db relative to isotroic) of the receiving antenna of the terrestrial station or earth station that may be subject to interference. For a receiving terrestrial station, the maximum main beam axis antenna gain is to be used. For long-term interference the ercentage of time is usually taken as 0% and the ermissible interference ower is given, in accordance with Recommendation ITU-R SF.1006, as: Pr(0) = 10 log (k Te B) + J dbw () k: Boltzmann s constant, J/K T e : thermal noise temerature of the receiving system (K), at the terminal of the receiving antenna B: the reference bandwidth (Hz), i.e. the bandwidth in the receiving station that is subject to the interference and over which the ower of the interfering emission can be averaged J: ratio (db) of the ermissible long-term interfering ower from any one interfering source to the thermal noise of the receiving system. For short-term interference the ercentage of time is an aroriate ortion of the total ercentage of time allowed for interference. For the urose of the resent discussion, we take the ercentage as 0.001%, and write: M s P (0.001) = 10 log ( k T B) + 10 log (10 1) dbw (3) r e where M s is the link erformance margin (db). Note that the ermissible ower for short-term interference is significantly larger than the ermissible ower for long-term interference. That is: M P P s/10 r (0.001) r (0) = 10 log (10 1) J db (4) Recommendation ITU-R SF.1650 used a value of 19 db for M s in develoing a short-term ermissible interference ower. Assuming 10 db as a reresentative value for J, the difference in equation (4) would be: P r ( 0.001) P r (0) 9 db (5) These ermissible interference owers can be used in equation (1) to determine minimum required roagation loss, which must be exceeded by the redicted ath loss for all but the same ercentage of time. The redicted ath loss that is exceeded for all but a ercentage of time may be calculated by the rocedure in Recommendation ITU-R P.45, and denoted as L 45 (). The deendence with distance of the redicted ath loss exceeded for all but 0% of the time and for all but 0.001% of the time tyically aears as shown in Fig.. For the chosen antenna heights, the roagation ath from the interfering source to the FS receiver is just grazing at the ath distance d h. At larger distances the receiver is beyond the radio horizon and the redicted loss exceeded for all but 0% of the time, L 45 (0), increases raidly with distance. At the critical distance d c, the difference between the redicted loss exceeded for all but 0% of the time is larger than that exceeded for 0.001% of the time by 9 db. Hence at this /10

10 10 Rec. ITU-R SF distance, the long-term and the short-term interference criteria for these time ercentages are both met or neither is met. At larger distances the long-term interference criterion is always met if the short-term criterion is met. At shorter distances the short-term interference criterion is always met if the long-term criterion is met. It is for this reason that only short-term interference criteria are used in the determination of coordination area. FIGURE Distance deendence of the redicted ath loss for all but 0% and 0.001% of the time (estimated) L est (0) L est (), calculated loss all but % of time (db) 9 db L est (0.001) d h d c Path length (km) (logarithmic scale) Imlications of time variations in arameters other than roagation loss In the case of ESVs, the interfering ower at the receiving antenna is subject to changes due to movement of the transmitting earth station as well as those due to a roagation loss that changes with time. The considerations for long-term and short-term interference can be addressed by adating techniques used in other sharing scenarios. The searate treatments that are necessary for the consideration of short-term and long-term interference for ESVs in motion are rovided in the following subsections. 3.1 Short-term interference consideration The considerations of short-term interference from ESVs are not unlike, although more comlex than, those used for the determination of coordination area for a receiving fixed station with resect to earth stations oerating to non-gso sace stations. For the non-gso case, only the horizon gain, G t, shown in equation (1), varies with time. The time-varying gain (TVG) method in..1 of Recommendation ITU-R SM.1448 is suggested as a sulementary method for these scenarios (see also Recommendation ITU-R SF.1485). The alication of the TVG method requires the determination of the cumulative distribution of the horizon gain in the direction of the fixed station

11 Rec. ITU-R SF exceeded for ercentages of time, n. For each ercentage n the associated horizon gain and the ermissible interference ower, P t () are used in equation (1), to determine a minimum required loss that should be exceeded for all but ν % of the time, with the constraint: ν 100 / = 50 n for for n n < The redicted ath loss for ν % of the time must exceed this loss for each n at the coordination distance, in the determination of coordination area. The ESV case is more comlex in that the interfering ath from the ESV to the fixed station also changes as the vessel moves. Thus, there is no unique association with the ercentages n and the gains, G n. For the determination of interference otential, it is necessary to consider a number of oints along the oerating contour of the ESV as CCPs and to associate a transmit antenna horizon gain and a ercentage of time with each of these oints. 3. Long-term interference consideration The consideration of long-term interference from ESVs is necessary only for the determination of interference otential. This scenario is not unlike the scenarios of sace-to-earth interference from non-gso satellites into FS receivers, for which the concet of FDP was develoed. Recommendation ITU-R F.1108 defines FDP as: fiii i Averageinterference ower FDP = = NT NT N T : effective noise ower at the receiver inut in bandwidth B (db(w/b)) B: reference bandwidth I i : i-th level of interference ower resent at the receiver inut in bandwidth B (W/B) f i : fraction of time that the i-th interference level is resent. In the case of interference from non-gso satellites, it is usually assumed that the satellite emissions roagate under free-sace conditions, although atmosheric losses have been included in some cases. Thus, the FDP is determined with equation (7) by using a simulation to obtain the values of interference ower and the fraction of time for which they occur. In considering interference between fixed terrestrial stations and fixed earth stations, the usual rocedure is to use a roagation model such as that of Recommendation ITU-R P.45 for the determination of roagation loss. A comosite aroach can be develoed by using Recommendation ITU-R P.45 to determine the roagation loss, exceeded for all but 0% of the time, to a CCP. By scaling this loss in accordance with the distance-squared deendence of the free-sace loss, the contribution to the FDP from oerations along ortions of the track of an ESV can be determined in closed form by direct integration. To conform more closely to the methodology used with earth stations for the determination of interference otential, the interference otential will be determined on the basis of the average interference ower the numerator of the exression in equation (7). This average ower can be comared directly with the ermissible value of long-term interference. The aroach is described more fully in 4. % (6) (7)

12 1 Rec. ITU-R SF Detailed consideration of long-term interference To consider the long-term interference from ESVs oerating on a roosed contour within the off-shore distance, it is first necessary to break the oerating contour into a set of straight-line segments. The ends of these straight-line segments rovide the basis for the determination of all of the CCPs defined using the method of Annex 1 needed to determine the average interference ower. In the cases where the main beam axis of the FS antenna intersects one of the segments, the intersection oint is also a CCP for that FS station. The average interference ower is develoed as the sum of the contributions from each segment of the oerating contour. Following the usage and notation of Recommendation ITU-R SF.1650, it is assumed that f ESV vessels er year traverse the oerating contour, each at a constant seed of ν ESV km/h. When a segment contains an intersection with the main beam axis of the FS antenna, the contribution due to the assage of the ESV through the main beam is likely to dominate the contribution from that segment to the average interference ower. The contributions due to a main beam assage and due to assage through a segment that has no main beam axis intersection are considered in the following two subsections, resectively. The overall rocedure for including all contributions to the average interference ower is contained in a third subsection. 4.1 Contribution from a main beam assage to the average interference ower Recommendation ITU-R F.699 or ITU-R F.145 may be used to rovide the functional form of the FS antenna gain (dbi) at an angle of ϕ d (degrees) from boresight as: 3 D Gr ( ϕd ) = Gmax.5 10 ϕd λ D = ( G 7.7)/ 0 10 max (ratio of antenna diameter to wavelength) λ for ϕd < ϕdm 0λ φ dm = Gmax G1 (off-boresight angle to the first side lobe (degrees)) D G 1 = + 15 log (D/λ) (antenna gain at the first side lobe (dbi)). Then the gain ratio in the main beam within an angle of ϕ d (degrees) from boresight is given by : α ϕ g r r ( ϕr ) = gmax e for ϕr < ϕdm (8) ln(10) 3 D α = (.5 10 ) 10 λ Throughout these develoments, quantities in db, dbi or dbw are identified by caital Roman italic symbols. The same quantities, when exressed in ower ratios or ower units, are denoted by the lower-case form of the same Roman italic symbols with the same subscrit. Thus, /10 ln(10)/10 g 10 G max e G max max = =.

13 Rec. ITU-R SF The geometry of the main beam assage is shown in Fig. 3. The oerating route for the ESV is along the x-axis, which crosses the main beam axis at x = 0 with an angle θ 0. The main beam of the antenna has a 10 db beamwidth ( ϕ m ) of less than for an antenna with a maximum gain of 45 dbi which is reresentative for the 6 GHz band. The main beam intersects the ESV track over the range of x between x m and x m. The received ower (Watts in the reference bandwidth) received when the ESV is dislaced from the oint where the main beam axis crosses the ESV track by x km, and from the FS receiver by r km, may be written as: t : g t0 : g r max : l F : l 45 (0): ϕ r : ϕ m : t gt0 gr max r 0 r, x = e l ( 0) 45 l F r α ϕr transmit ower (W) in the reference bandwidth transmit antenna gain (as a ratio) toward the FS receiver when the ESV is at the beam intersection maximum gain (as a ratio) of the receiving antenna feeder loss ratio of the FS receiving system roagation loss ratio to the beam intersection, as calculated with Recommendation ITU-R P.45, that will be exceeded for all but 0% of the time off-main beam axis angle (degrees) off-main beam axis angle (degrees) for which the gain of the receiving antenna is 10 db below its maximum. Note that the transmit antenna gain is assumed to be constant over the narrow (less than ) angular region, and the roagation loss has been scaled for the distance r. (9)

14 14 Rec. ITU-R SF Since the half-width of the main beam is less than 1, one can write aroximately: r = r0 + xcosθ 0 ϕr = ( 180/ π) xsinθ0 /( r0 + xcosθ0) The mean value of the interference ower for a transmitter uniformly distributed over the route from x m to x m is: = 1 xm r,0 r x xm x m, x m where r,x is given by equation (9). With a change in the variable of integration to ϕ r, this becomes: ϕm t gt0 gr max ϕ π = mr ( /180) 1 α ϕ 0 r r,0 e dϕ θ ϕ r (10) l 45(0) l F ( xm x m) sin 0 m ϕ m The term in square brackets is the average gain relative to g r max (as a ratio) of the main beam measured between the angles where the gain is 10 db below the maximum gain. For the reference antenna attern of Recommendation ITU-R F.699 or ITU-R F.145, this quantity has a value of The average given by equation (10) may be converted to an average aggregate ower over a year by multilying by the fraction of a year that this average interference ower is resent. The time in hours for a vessel to ass through the main beam is (x m x m )/ν ESV. If the number of vessels er year assing through the main beam is f ESV, the aggregate average interference ower averaged over a year is given by 3 : ~ I 0, av = l t g 45 t0 g r max (0) l F πϕ 180 ν m ESV r0 sin θ 0 dx fesv (0.565) where is the number of hours in a year. Note that the average long-term interference ower is significantly lower than that which would be ascribed to an earth station with the same characteristics if it were ermanently located at the oint where the FS antenna main beam axis crosses the oerating track of the ESV. For instance, with a 90 crossing angle, which generates the least interference, and with asses of a vessel at a seed of 5 knots (9.61 km/h) at a distance of 0 km, the average interference ower given by equation (11) would be 3.8 db lower. For the same situation, excet with a crossing angle of 0, the average would be only 19.1 db lower. Of course, contributions from ESV oeration on other ortions of the oerating route would need to be taken into account as they would further reduce this db difference. Even if these other contributions could be neglected, it is not clear whether the long-term or the short-term criteria would be controlling for this case, given that the short-term criteria would be alied to the interference ower at the main beam axis intersection with the oerating contour. It is for this reason that both the short-term and the long-term interference criteria must be alied for ESVs in motion. (11) 3 The tilde (~) above the symbol for the average interference ower is used as a reminder that this quantity is a ower with units of Watts in the reference bandwidth.

15 Rec. ITU-R SF Contribution to the average interference ower from a segment without a main beam intersection FIGURE 4 Geometry of the assage of an ESV through a segment of an oerating contour outside of the main beam of the FS antenna x a x x b r a r ab ϕ r ϕ ra r r b ϕ rb FS The geometry and coordinates for this case are shown in Fig. 4. The vessel traverses a segment of the oerating contour between x a and x b. The formulation is similar to that of equation (9), excet that the length of the segment may be much longer than a beamwidth assage. Consequently, in this case the horizon gain of the ESV is relaced by its maximum value on the azimuth to the FS receiver as it asses through the segment. While the actual gain attern of the FS antenna could be included in an integration, a simler aroach is to assume that the FS gain (dbi) varies linearly with the azimuth angle between ϕ a and ϕ b. Note that the azimuth angles in this formulation are measured from the erendicular droed from the FS station location to the line containing the segment from x a to x b. The linear aroximation is conservative in that the reference antenna gain atterns outside the main beam are either flat or concave uward; it will not degrade the accuracy of the results because the difference in the gain from one end of the segment to the other is not usually large. Accordingly, the received ower (in Watts in the reference bandwidth) when the ESV is on such a segment at a distance x from the intersection of the erendicular droed from the FS station to the line containing the segment is given as: t : g t,ab : l F : r, x = l t 45. a g t, ab ra grϕr ab + ( 0) l r x transmit ower (W) in the reference bandwidth F (1) maximum transmit antenna gain ratio toward the FS receiver when the ESV is between x a and x b feeder loss ratio of the FS receiving system

16 16 Rec. ITU-R SF l 45.a (0): roagation loss ratio to the oint x a, as calculated with Recommendation ITU-R P.45, that will be exceeded for all but 0% of the time g ϕ : gain (as a ratio) of the receiving antenna on the azimuth ϕ r to the oint x r r r ab: distance from the FS station to the line containing the segment from x a to x b. Under the assumtion that the gain of the receiving antenna (db), varies linearly from G a at ϕ ra to G b at ϕ rb, the gain ratio g ϕ can be written as: r r ln(10) Grb Gra ( r ra ) 10 ϕ ϕ g e rb ra r g ϕ ϕ ϕ = ra (13) r The mean value of the interference ower r, ab over the segment may be develoed as in equation (10) by integrating equation (1) over the interval x a to x b and dividing by the interval length. Changing the variable of integration to ϕ r where x = r ab tan( πϕr /180) one finds: t gt, ab πra ( ϕrb ϕra) gragrb r, ab = l 45. a (0) l F 180 r ab( xb xa) sinch(( Gb Ga) ln(10) / 0) (14) where the angles ϕ ra and ϕ rb are exressed in degrees: sinh( x) sinch ( x) = x The time in hours for a vessel to ass through this segment of the oerating route of an ESV is (x b x a )/ν ESV. If the number of vessels er year assing through the main beam is f ESV, the aggregate average interference ower from the segment, averaged over a year, is given by: ~ t gt, ab gragrb πra ( ϕrb ϕra) f I ESV ab, av = sinch(( Grb Gra) ln(10) / 0) (15) l 45. a (0) l F 180 r ab8 760νESV The evidence that this develoment began with an exansion of the roagation loss factor at the oint x a resides in the term ra / l 45. a (0) in equation (15). If the average interference ower had been determined from the roagation loss factor at the oint x b, the average interference ower would be identical excet for the relacement of ra / l 45. a (0) by rb / l 45. b(0). If the roagation loss factor exceeded for all but 0% of the time varied inversely with the square of the distance, these two terms would also be identical. A simle aroach that comensates for the deviation from the inverse square-law deendence is to average the two calculations, which gives: I ~ ab, av t gt, ab gragrb π( ϕrb ϕra) f ESV ra r b = + l F 180r ab8 760 ESV 45. a(0) 45. b(0) ν l l (16) sinch(( G G )ln(10) / 0) rb 4.3 Aggregate average interference ower from an oerating contour ra The CCPs are identified by breaking the oerating contour of the ESV into straight-line segments and locating the geograhic locations of the oints where the ends of segments join together. After finding the azimuth to each of these critical oints from a given FS receiver, it can easily be determined whether the main beam axis of the FS antenna intersects any segment.

17 Rec. ITU-R SF If no main beam intersections occur, the average value of the otential interference can be determined by summing the contribution from each segment of the oerating contour using equation (16). If there is a main beam intersection on one of the segments, there will be one, two or three contributions to the total average interference otential from oerations on that intersected segment. These contributions are added to the artial sum develoed from the contributions of each of the remaining segments as calculated by equation (16). The three ossible contributions from the intersected segment are determined as follows: A contribution corresonding to the main beam assage is determined by alying equation (11). If this segment lies entirely within the main beam of the FS antenna, this is the only contribution from this segment. The contribution from the ortion(s) of this segment outside the main beam of the FS antenna may be determined using equation (16) by identifying additional CCP(s) at the edge of the main beam. Throughout these discussions, it has been assumed that the horizon gain of the ESV transmit antenna does not have a strong variation with azimuth. The rocedure can be easily modified to accommodate for variation in the horizon gain with azimuth. When neither antenna gain has a maximum for an ESV osition within a segment, the gain averaging that was alied to the receive gain in 4. can be alied to the roduct of the transmit and receive gain ratios. In this case equation (16) becomes: ~ Iab, av = t gtagragtbgrb l F π( ϕrb ϕra ) fesv 180 r ab8 760νESV ra r + b 45. a (0) 45. b(0) l l sinch(( Gtb + Grb Gta Gra )ln(10) / 0) g ta : transmit antenna gain ratio toward the FS receiver when the ESV is at the CCP at x a g tb : transmit antenna gain ratio toward the FS receiver when the ESV is at the CCP at x b. Alternatively, when the transmit antenna gain has a maximum with resect to an FS receiver when the ESV asses through a segment and the receive gain does not, a more accurate result can be obtained by defining the oint on the segment where a articular FS receiver exeriences the maximum as an additional CCP to be used to determine the interference otential to that receiver. (17) 5 Detailed consideration of short-term interference The considerations of the short-term otential interference from ESVs differ in two significant resects from the short-term interference considerations used in the determination of the offshore distance beyond which interference from ESVs need not be considered. In determining the offshore distance, consideration was limited to cases where the ESV crossed through the main beam axis of the FS receiving antenna. Consideration was further limited to the case where the crossing track was erendicular to the main beam axis. The short-term considerations develoed in this section accommodate all of the ossibilities and, hence, will arallel the develoment in the receding section.

18 18 Rec. ITU-R SF In considering the otential for short-term interference to an FS receiver from an ESV on its oerating contour, it is necessary to determine a short-term otential interference ower from each of the critical oints on that contour in order to determine which oint controls the short-term interference. In the following develoment, it will be assumed that there is a single critical oint that determines the otential interference ower, which is exceeded for a secified ercentage of the time and can be comared to the short-term interference criterion. Because of the inter-relations between the arameters, a direct identification of the controlling oint and the associated ower cannot usually be made directly. While several aroaches are ossible, the one in this section aears to be the most direct. For convenience in the following develoments, the critical contour oint determined by a main beam crossing, when such a crossing exists, will be designated by the number 0. The remaining CCPs, which identify the oints where the oerating contour changes direction, will be numbered in sequence along the contour from 1 to N cc, where N cc is the number of such CCPs on the oerating route of the ESV. In accordance with the discussion in 3.1 and in conformance with the develoments in 4, the ower at the FS receiver (dbw) that is exceeded for ST % of the time when the ESV is oerating near the i-th CCP is given as: I ) = P + G + G L L ( ) (18) ST, i ( ST t t, i r, i F 45. i Li ST : ercentage of time for which the ermissible ower level for short-term interference (see equation (3)) may be exceeded P t : transmit ower (dbw) in the reference bandwidth G t,i : transmit antenna gain toward the FS receiver when the ESV is at the i-th CCP, for i = 1 to N cc (dbi) G r,i : gain of the receiving antenna toward the ESV when the ESV is at the i-th CCP, for i = 1 to N cc (dbi) L F : feeder loss of the FS receiving system (db) L 45.i ( Li ): roagation loss to the i-th CCP, as calculated with Recommendation ITU-R P.45, that will be exceeded for all but Li % of the time, for i = 1 to N cc (db). The ercentage of time, Li, is given by: = 100 / (19) Li ESVi : er cent of time associated with the ESV oeration near the i-th CCP. If necessary the ercentage, Li, should be limited to be contained in the interval 0.001% to 50% as required by Recommendation ITU-R P.45. In the case of a main beam crossing, a direct evaluation of the necessary values is ossible. The ercentage of time associated with the ESV oeration near the main beam crossing is the time to cross the main beam of the FS antenna at a secified gain level relative to the maximum gain. In this Recommendation and in 4 a 10 db width was used. For consistency the same width should be used for the determination of the short-term interference otential. Using the 10 db beamwidth as the basis for calculating the ercentages ESV0, ST ESVi 4 f ϕ 0 0 = 4 10 ESV m r ESV νesv sin θ0 where the symbols were defined in deriving equation (11). (0)

19 Rec. ITU-R SF Using equations (18)-(0), one can determine I ST,0, the value of the ower at the FS receiver that is exceeded for ST % of the time due to oeration of the ESV in the main beam of the FS antenna. Although there may be areas close to another critical oint on the oerating route of the ESV, which could lead to the determination of a short-term ower that would be almost as high for the same ercentage of time, only a single worst-case maximum ower will be considered. The alternative would be to artition the ermissible ercentage of time, ST, between these CCPs. In order to determine the otential interference ower from a CCP that is not the result of the intersection of the main beam with a segment of the oerating contour, one must first determine the associated ercentage of time that the ESV oerates close to that CCP. The most direct and conservative aroach is to associate with a given CCP half of each of both adjacent oerating segments. Thus, denoting by x i,i+1 the length of the segment between the CCP numbered i and an adjacent CCP numbered (i+1), the ercentage of time associated with this CCP is: f (, 1 +, + 1) = Lesser of ESV xi i xi i ESVi and 100% (1) 87.6ν ESV The values of each of the critical short-term otential interference owers can be determined (i 0) using equations (1) and (19) with (18). The largest of these short-term owers is the controlling ower to be used in comarison with the ermissible short-term interference ower. 6 Summary This Annex describes a set of rocedures that can be used to determine the interference otential of emissions from an ESV oerating on a rescribed contour near land. Although this rocedure concentrates on the 6 GHz band, the same aroach may also be alicable to the 14 GHz band, which is also addressed in Resolution 8 (WRC-000). The erformance of fixed service links in the 14 GHz band is affected by multiath fading and by reciitation fading, and the relative imortance of the two mechanisms deends on the radiometeorological climate. With other considerations constant, sharing conditions are more restrictive when multiath fading controls the erformance of a fixed service link. Hence this rocedure should also be aroriate for the 14 GHz band. The table of arameters to be used as guidance in alying the method may be found in Recommendation ITU-R SF The arameters for ESVs should reresent the actual system arameters, which should conform to those in Recommendation ITU-R S.148. The arameters for fixed links should also reresent the actual system arameters. Regarding the interference criteria, Recommendations ITU-R SF.1006 and ITU-R SF.1650 may be referred to. Annex 3 Alternative method for calculation of interference from ESVs 1 Introduction This Annex further develos the method in Annex so that it can be imlemented as a full simulation of ESV oerations. This method requires additional comuting time. It may lead to more accurate results when there are terrain features along the oerating contour that would rovide different shielding of the FS receiver from the ESV than the features between the receiver and the critical contour oints. The rocedures in this Annex may be alied to the entire oerating contour, or to ortions of the contour with the rocedure of Annex alied to the remainder of the contour.

20 0 Rec. ITU-R SF Simulation rocedure Initially, the oerating contour is subdivided into a large number R of small straight-line segments so that r i is the length of the i-th segment in km with (i = 1,,, R). In general, these segment lengths are much smaller than the segment lengths considered in Annex. In the simulation aroach it is assumed that the interference contribution due to oerations of ESVs within any segment can be attributed to oeration at the mid-oint of that segment. When the main beam axis of the FS antenna intersects the oerating contour at the NIP, the number of segments must be large enough to ensure that the mid-oint of at least one segment is close enough to the NIP so that the antenna gain at the mid-oint of the segment is within one db of the gain at the NIP. 3 Determination of the occurrence of short-term interference through simulation The determination of the occurrence of short-term interference requires the aggregation of the shortterm interference occurrences from each of the segments of the oerating contour of the ESV. When only one of the segments of the oerating contour will be occuied at any time, the distributions of ercentage of time can be added. Thus: R ST = STiFYi () i= 1 ST : calculated ercentage of time in a year that the interference exceeds the shortterm interference criteria, I STC STi : calculated ercentage of time in a year that the interference ower would exceed the interference criteria, I STC, if the ESV was ermanently located at the osition in the centre of the i-th segment of the oerating contour F Yi : fraction of time in a year that an ESV is in the i-th segment. The ercentage of time STi is determined from the roagation loss, L STi, for the ath from the centre of the i-th segment, which is needed to bring the interference ower at the FS receiver to I STC. That is: LSTi = Pt + Gt, i + Gr, i LF ISTC (3) L STi : roagation loss that must be exceeded by the loss from the centre of the i-th segment to the FS receiver if the required interference ower is to be less than the critical value, I STC (db) P t : transmit ower (dbw) in the reference bandwidth G t,i : horizon gain of the ESV transmit antenna in the direction of the FS receiver when the ESV is at the centre of the i-th segment (dbi) G r,i : gain of the FS receiving antenna toward the ESV when the ESV is at the centre of the i-th segment (dbi) L F : feeder loss of the FS receiving system (db) I STC : the critical ower of the interference at the FS receiver for which the ermissible ercentage of time for short-term interference criterion is secified (dbw).