Scientific activities at the NEMO-SN1 cabled observatory

Transcription

1 Scientific activities at the NEMO-SN1 cabled observatory Paolo Favali (1), Laura Beranzoli (1), Giorgio Riccobene (2), Gianni Pavan (3) (1) Istituto Nazionale di Geofisica e Vulcanologia (INGV), Italy (2) Laboratori Nazionali del Sud Ist.. Naz. di Fisica Nucleare (INFN), Italy (3) CIBRA, Pavia University, Italy

2 Arctic Norwegian Margin Nordic Sea Porcupine Abyssal Plain Azores Islands Iberian Margin Ligurian Sea Western Ionian Sea Hellenic Arc Black Sea Marmara Sea

3 EMSO is A European distributed marine Research Infrastructure: permanent, large-scale, deep-sea laboratory to address the key issues Marine Ecosystems Climate Change Geo-Hazards

4 Running S&T activities Western Ionian Sea Permanent infrastructures Test sites (shallow water)

5 Western Ionian Sea The 1 st cabled prototype node (from 2005) Main goals: Geo-Hazards & Bio-acoustics, Prone site for Neutrino Telescope Optical sensors Partners: Italy, Portugal, Spain, Germany, France Electronic vessels East Sicily (Western Ionian Sea) Synergy between the 2 ESFRI infrastructures: KM3NET and EMSO

6 Synergies between the ESFRI Infrastructures & Sharing facilities (e.g., cables, junction boxex, handling systems, logistics) New developments in marine technology and sensors Approach to newly scientific themes of common interest Impact on education and job creation opportunities (i.e. new expertises )

7 Western Ionian Sea (East-Sicily) Infrastructures realised by by INFN INFN Funds Fundsby by EU, EU, Regione Sicilia Sicilia and and MIUR MIUR Catania Test Test Site: Site: km km East East offshore the the Catania harbour, > 2000-m depth depth Capo Capo Passero Site: Site: km km South South East East offshore Capo Capo Passero, 3500-m depth depth

8 East-Sicily: Capo Passero infrastructure Shore Laboratory in Capo Passero Harbour Capo Passero is an infrastructure suitable for km 3 -scale neutrino telescope installation (KM3NeT) Shore laboratory Power supplier 10 kv - 50 kw Construction Hall Data Acquisition Room Optical fibre to LNS (requested) Submarine cable 100 km - 20 fibres, DC-sea return CP Site The site selected for the km 3 detector lies on a flat and wide plateau Submarine Infrastructure DC/DC Converter 10 kv-375 V NEPTUNE-like design ROV connectors to end users

9 East-Sicily: Catania infrastructure

10 East Sicily: Catania TS infrastructure LNS-INFN Catania Installation at > 2000-m depth Test Site North (TSN) Radio Link (32 Mbps) 5 km INGV 20 km 5 km NEMO JB LNS Test Site Laboratory at Catania harbour Test Site South (TSS)

11 East Sicily: Catania TS North 2005 TSN Frame and SN1 deployments 2008 SN1 recovery for refurbishment 2010 SN1 re-deployment (ESONET LIDO-DM) SN1 connection Frame deployment SN1 recovery SN1 SN1 ( ) Sensors 3-C 3-C broad-band seismometer; Hydrophone (geophysics); Gravity Gravity meter; meter; Scalar Scalar magnetometer; 3-C 3-C single single point point current current meter; meter; CTD CTD

12 East Sicily: Catania TS South 2005 TSS Frame and OνDE installation 2006 Junction Box (JB) and NEMO Phase 1 deployment 2007 Junction Box recovery for maintenance 2008 JB re-deployment. OνDE recovery for refurbishment 2010 LIDO installation (ESONET LIDO-DM) Experiments Sensors OνDE OνDE 4 hydrophones NEMO NEMO Phase Phase optical optical modules, CTD, CTD, ADCP ADCP Frame with OνDE Junction Box NEMO Phase-1 tower

13 East-Sicily: Junction Box

14 P EGASO PEGASO Project INGV Structural Funds Sicily ( ) PotEnziamento di reti Geofisiche e Ambientali Sottomarine (enhancement of geophysical and environmental submarine networks)

15 P EGASO PEGASO handling systems Aims: to service NEMO-SN1 to become NEMO-SN1 an open lab to host other marine experiments Operative depth 4000 m Deep-Sea Shuttle ROV (Remotely Operated Vehicle) with manipulators and 200-m tether for horizontal movements Abyssal station ROV DSS (Deep-Sea Shuttle) vehicle for safe deployment/recovery of ROV garage and heavy platforms (up to 30 kn)

16 ROV - SeaEye Cougar P EGASO

17 Underwater Cherenkov HE neutrino detectors Neutrino astronomy can: probe the far and violent Universe disentangle between pure leptonic and hadronic acceleration models Look at upgoing muons: use the Earth as a filter Only atrmopheric and astrophysical neutrinos can cross the Earth neutrinos Cosmic Microwave and IR radiation Dusts and Clouds Golden channel: E neutrino = ev througoing muon from CC ν µ interaction Array of PMTs A bullet at Mach = 2.5 gammas protons ν µ µ Cherenkov photons ( 42 in water) N W X muon Cable to shore neutrino θ ν µ E 1.5 ν [ TeV] neutrino telescope!

18 Underwater Acoustics HE neutrino detectors Test and study of high energy particles interactions detection in water Many astrophysical models foresee Ultra-High energy (E>10 18 ev) neutrino fluxes UHE neutrino interaction rate in the sea is expected to be events km -2 year -1 At these energies neutrino interactions produce acoustic waves (proton test in Lab): Bipolar (10 40 khz), 10 mpa km, pancacke shape (0.5 aperture) Most of these neutrino events are downgoing (vertical) horizontal sound pancake neutrino (ν) Seawater Weak interaction E= km p Pa ev Eν Hadronic shower local ionization heating Pressure wave ν e e.m.shower f khz G. Riccobene, Acoustic neutrino detection, Journal of Physics, 136 (2008) F. Simeone, Beam-forming and matched filters for acoustic detection of UHE ν, NIM-A, 604 (2009) 196

19 Ocean Noise Detection Experiment Equipped with with 4 hydrophones (10 (10 Hz-40 khz khz bandwidth) synchronised Acoustic signal digitization (24bit@96 khz) khz) at at > 2000-m depth Data transmission on on optical fibres On-line monitoring and and data data recording on on shore Data collected from from January 2005 to to November 2006 Cable from shore hydrophones electronic s housing North 110 H2 H3 H1 Housing 2.5 m H4 connectors Height from seabed : H1, H2, H4: ~ 2.6 m H3: ~ 3.2 m

20 NEMO-SN1 real-time cabled observatory OνDE acoustic array (INFN - Univ.. Pavia) OνDE Deployment 1 animal 2 animals 3 animals >3 animals % of slots with sperm whale sounds per day

21 ...A lot of fun with dolphins and whales! Very good news from OνDE: Almost daily detection of sperm-whales The major environmental agencies declared that sperm-whales disappered in the area

22 Bioacustics: Sperm-whale click analysis with the OνDE data L IPI = 2L cs nose i Air Depth Depth = ± 5 m L = ± m Size Size = m Young Young male male or or female female

23 Geo-Hazards East Sicily is a key site for geo-hazard (M >7 earthquakes & tsunamis, Etna) Seismic and volcanic observatories are present on land and in deep sea Existing tsunami early warning systems are not fully reliable Geophysical models: a) Tsunamis preceded by sub-hz sound waves in the sea b) Earthquakes preceded by geomagnetic field local change Earthquakes and and tsunamis % of Italian Tsunamis in Sicily Volcanic activity monitoring 1990 Earthqauke Magnitude Oceanographic parameters monitoring M= 7.0 M= 5.0 M= 3.0

24 Tsunamis Messina 1908 Original mareograph records

25 SN1 1 st stand-alone alone experiment East Sicily seismicity not-recorded inland Mt. Etna bilateral eruption 213 events Southern Calabria Continent-ocean boundary Malta Escarpment Deep Ionian Basin (subduction) ( ) Sgroi et al., 2007

26 NEMO-SN1 real-time cabled observatory Z Z N T N T E E a b 200 s Off-shore Peloponnesus (Greece, Feb. 14, 2008): a) M W =6.9; b) M W =6.2 Z E M w =8.6 off-shore Sumatra (March 28, 2005) N

27 ETNA Activity

28 Western Ionian Sea new payload Sensor rate Model 3-C broad-band seismometer * 100 Hz Guralp CMG-1T ( Hz) Differential Pressure Gauge (DPG) 10 Hz Prototype Univ. California-St. Diego Hydrophone (Geophysics) 200 Hz OAS E-2PD Hydrophone (Geophysics) 2000 Hz SMID ( Hz) 4+4 Hydrophones (Bio-acoustics) 96 /192 khz ** SMID ( Hz) Absolute Pressure Gauge (APG) * 15 s Paroscientific 8CB4000-I 3-C Accelerometer + 3-C Gyro (IMU) * 100 Hz Gladiator Technologies Landmark 10 Gravity meter 1 Hz Prototype IFSI-INAF Scalar magnetometer 1 Hz Prototype INGV Vectorial magnetometer 1 Hz Marine Magnetics Sentinel (3000 m) ADCP 1 profile/h RDI Workhorse Monitor (600 khz) CTD + Turbidity meter 1 s/h SeaBird SBE-37SM Wet Lab 3-C single point current meter 2 Hz Nobska MAVS-3 * tsunami early warning system ** 96 khz at TSN, 192 khz at TSS

29 Eastern Sicily TS infrastructure LNS-INFN Catania: main storage unit; servers; 1 Gbps connection to internet (new configuration) Test Site North Installation at > 2000-m depth LIDO TS North Radio Link (30 Mbps) 20 km 5 km 5 km New! CREEP of UCL LIDO TS South LNS Test Site Laboratory at Catania harbour: shore data acquisition system; local storage unit Test Site South NEMO JB

30 East-Sicily: CREEP undersea deformation lab Study of accelerations preceeding crustal failure CREEP

31 Prototype CREEP apparatus

32 CREEP - Phase 2 development Power: via deep-sea cable Samples: multiple Parameters: s, e, AE + damage volume Data: real time (via deep-sea cable) Confining pressure: variable to 150 MPa (6 km) Pore pressure: variable to 60 MPa (6 km) PI Phil Meredith, UCL (NERC )

33 Thank you for your attention Paolo Favali on behalf of the Authors