BIRD Internet Routing Daemon
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1 BIRD Internet Routing Daemon Ondřej Zajíček CZ.NIC z.s.p.o. IT 18
2 Úvod Úvod do dynamického routování Představení démona BIRD OSPF a BIRD BGP a BIRD
3 Dynamické routování Sestavení routovacích tabulek vs. forwarding Hledání cest v počítačových sítích Automatické adaptace (např. při výpadku linky) Interní routing - počítačová sít jedné organizace Externí routing - routování v rámci Internetu Routovací protokoly (OSPF, BGP... )
4 OSPF - Open Shortest Path First Protokol pro interní routing OSPFv2 pro IPv4 (RFC 2328) OSPFv3 pro IPv6 (RFC 5340) Router monitoruje dostupnost sousedů Tuto informaci distribuuje ostatním (LSA - Link State Advertisement) Každý router získá kompletní mapu sítě Na jejím základě spočítá nejkratší cesty
5 BGP - Border Gateway Protocol Standardní protokol pro externí routing Používá se BGPv4 (RFC 4271) Router obdrží od sousedů propagované routy Z přijatých rout si zvoĺı jednu pro každý prefix Tu použije a dál propaguje sousedům Předávané routy obsahují mnoho dodatečných informací
6 BIRD Internet Routing Daemon Implementace protokolů BGP, OSPF, RIP, Babel a BFD Podpora IPv4 i IPv6 Podpora IPv6 router advertisements Podpora Linuxu a BSD Jazyk C, licence GPL Aktivní vývoj
7 Výhody BIRDu Programovatelné filtry Přehledné konfigurační soubory Podpora více instancí protokolů Podpora více routovacích tabulek Automatická rekonfigurace za běhu Poměrně obsáhlá dokumentace Nízké pamět ové a CPU nároky Přehledný a stručný kód
8 Nevýhody BIRDu UI a konfigurace odlišné od Cisca Single-thread design Nepodporuje multicast
9 BIRD 2.0 Integrace IPv4 a IPv6 Plně multiprotocol BGP Různé druhy rout VPN routy a MPLS Flowspec routy RPKI-Router protocol Podpora VRF
10 Typické aplikace BIRDu OSPF v podnikové síti či u menších ISP BGP pro externí routing Route server v peeringových centrech BGP Route server: Pouze distribuce routovacích informací Nevhodné pro dedikované hw routery Požadavky na mnoho tabulek a pružné filtrování
11 Nasazení BIRDu Euro-IX 2015: BIRD nejpoužívanější r.s., 64 % instalací
12 Koncepty BIRDu Routy Protokoly Tabulky Kanály Filtry Table Static Kernel OSPF
13 Protokoly Reprezentují routovací protokoly (BGP, OSPF) Nebo jiné zdroje rout (static, kernel, direct) Generují a přijímají routy Jsou napojené kanály na routovací tabulky Protokoly mohou mít více instancí
14 Tabulky Importují a shromažd ují routy z protokolů Pro každý cíl voĺı preferovanou routu Ty následně exportují do napojených protokolů BIRD podporuje libovolné množství tabulek Dvě tabulky je možné propojit rourou (pipe) Vyběr preferované routy podle metrik Tabulka má daný typ rout, které zpracovává
15 Více routovacích tabulek Obvykle jen jedna routovací tabulka (per AF) Linuxové jádro podporuje víc tabulek Hodí se např. pro VRF či policy routing Také pro route servery Kernel 1 Kernel 2 Table A Pipe Table B BGP 1U BGP 1D BGP 2U BGP 2D
16 Kanály Propojují protokoly a tabulky Zajišt ují propagaci route mezi nimi Obsahují import a export filtry Většina protokolů má jeden kanál Vícekanálové protokoly - BGP, Babel
17 Filtry Mohou routy zahodit nebo pozměnit Skriptovací jazyk pro filtrování rout Filtr může přistupovat ke všem parametrům routy Také pro filtrování výpisu tabulek
18 Filtry - příklad filter bgp_in prefix set martians; { martians = [ /8+, / /16+, /16+, /4+, /4+, /32-, /0{25,32} ]; if net ~ martians then reject; if bgp_path.first!= 1234 then reject; if bgp_path.len > 64 then reject; if net ~ [ /16+, /16+] then bgp_local_pref = 500; else bgp_local_pref = 100; bgp_med = 0; accept;
19 Základy ovládání Konfigurační soubor a rekonfigurace Řídící socket, birdc shell a příkazy Logování show route [all] show protocols [all] show interfaces show ospf...
20 Routy - atributy net, net.ip a net.len gw a dest (RTD *) proto a source (RTS *) ifname a ifindex from preference
21 Příkazy - příklady show route /24 show route for show route protocol ospf1 show route where net.ip /16 show route where bgp path.len > 4 show route where proto bpg* show route where ifname = eth0 show route filter myfilter show protocols enable disable restart ospf1 configure [timeout undo confirm] down
22 OSPF - Struktura OSPF areas OSPF interfaces OSPF neighbors Hello packets LSA database Topology graph
23 OSPF - Interface Významné OSPF interface optiony: cost type stub hello, retransmit, wait, wait authentication
24 OSPF - Routy Routy a jejich metriky Interní, inter-area a externí routy Atributy ospf metric1, ospf metric2 Route tag (ospf tag)
25 OSPF konfigurace protocol ospf v2 { ipv4 { import all; export filter { ospf_metric1 = 1000; if source = RTS_STATIC then accept; else reject }; }; area 0 { interface "eth0" { cost 5; hello 5; wait 10; dead 60; }; interface "eth1", "ath*" { cost 100; type pointopoint; }; };
26 IPv6 router advertisements Možnost snadno rozesílat RA z BIRDu Podpora RDNSS a DNSSL Podpora dynamických RA protocol radv { interface "eth*"; rdnss 2001:0DB8:1234::10; dnssl "domain.cz"; trigger 2000::/3; }
27 BFD - Bidirectional Forwarding Detection Protokol pro ověření dosažitelnosti sousedů Podpůrný protokol k OSPF, BGP,... Reakční doba v řádu stovek ms Příkaz show bfd sessions protocol bfd { interface "eth*" { interval 50 ms; multiplier 4; }; }
28 BGP - Struktura BGP topologie BGP session BGP neighbor AS numbers ebgp a ibgp AS path
29 BGP - Routy Významné BGP atributy: bgp path bgp next hop bgp local pref bgp med bgp community
30 Externí BGP F r o m 6 d o w n t o 4 : P 1 : P 3 : 6 3 P 5 : P 6 : 6 P 7 : 6 7 r e s t o f In t e r n e t F r o m 3 t o 4 : P 1 : 3 1 P 3 : 3 6 F r o m 6 t o 7 : F r o m 4 d o w n : 5 F r o m 3 d o w n : P 2 : P 3 : 3 P 4 : 3 4 P 5 : P 6 : 3 6 P 7 : r e s t o f In t e r n e t 1 F r o m 1 u p : 2 P 1 : 1 F r o m 4 t o 3 : P 2 : 4 2 P 4 : 4 P 1 : P 2 : P 3 : 6 3 P 4 : 6 4 P 6 : 6 P 1 : P 3 : 4 3 P 4 : 4 P 5 : 4 5 P 6 : 4 6 P 7 : 4 7 r e s t o f In t e r n e t F r o m 2 u p : P 2 : 2 F r o m 7 t o 6 : P 2 : P 4 : 7 4 P 5 : 7 5 P 7 : 7 4 g e t s 1 : P 1 : 3 1 P 1 : P 1 :
31 Interní BGP 6 G3 R5 R4 AS3 R3 G2 P 4 v ia G 2 : a s p a t h : 4 n e x t h o p : G G1 P 4 v ia R 1 : a s p a t h : 3 4 n e x t h o p : R 1 R1 P 4 v ia R 2 : a s p a t h : 4 n e x t h o p : G 2 R2 P 4 v ia R 3 : a s p a t h : 4 n e x t h o p : G 2 B G P s e s s io n B a c k b o n e
32 Interní BGP a route reflector 6 G3 R5 R4 AS3 R3 G2 P 4 v ia G 2 : a s p a t h : 4 n e x t h o p : G G1 P 4 v ia R 1 : a s p a t h : 3 4 n e x t h o p : R 1 R1 RR P 4 v ia R 2 : a s p a t h : 4 n e x t h o p : G 2 R2 P 4 v ia R 3 : a s p a t h : 4 n e x t h o p : G 2 B G P s e s s io n B a c k b o n e
33 BGP - Protokol Významné BGP optiony: local [IP] as AS neighbor IP as AS multihop, gateway next hop self
34 BGP - Selekce Priority selekce rout: bgp local pref bgp path bgp origin bgp med (jen ze stejneho AS) preferuj externí. IGP metrika Router ID Router IP
35 BIRD jako ebgp router protocol static { import all; } route /16 reject; route /16 reject; protocol bgp { ipv4 { import all; export where source = RTS_STATIC; }; } local as 65100; neighbor as 65200;
36 BIRD jako ibgp router protocol bgp { ipv4 { import all; export where source = RTS_BGP; }; } local as 65100; neighbor as 65100;
37 Dotazy?
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