Introduction to Local and Wide Area Networks

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1 Introduction to Local and Wide Area Networks Lecturers Amnach Khawne Jirasak Sittigorn Chapter 1 1

2 Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 10 : Link-State Routing Protocols Chapter 11 : OSPF Chapter 1 2

3 Link-State Routing Protocols Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 10 Chapter 1 3

4 Objectives Describe the basic features & concepts of link-state t routing protocols. List the benefits and requirements of link-state routing protocols. Chapter 1 4

5 Introduction Chapter 1 5

6 Link-State Routing Link state routing protocols -Also known as shortest path first algorithms -These protocols built around Dijkstra s SPF Chapter 1 6

7 Link-State Routing Dikjstra s algorithm also known as the shortest path first (SPF) algorithm Chapter 1 7

8 Link-State Routing The shortest path to a destination is not necessarily the path with the least number of hops Chapter 1 8

9 Link-State Routing Link-State t Routing Process How routers using Link State Routing Protocols reach convergence -Each routers learns about its own directly connected networks -Link state routers exchange hello packet to meet other directly connected link state routers. -Each router builds its own Link State Packet (LSP) which includes information about neighbors such as neighbor ID, link type, & bandwidth. -After the LSP is created the router floods it to all neighbors who then store the information and then forward it until all routers have the same information. -Once all llthe routers have received all llthe LSPs, the routers then construct a topological map of the network which is used to determine the best routes to a destination Chapter 1 9

10 Link-State t Routing Directly Connected Networks Link Link state This is an interface on a router This is the information about the state of the links Chapter 1 10

11 Link-State Routing Sending Hello Packets to Neighbors Link state routing gprotocols use a hello protocol Purpose of a hello protocol: -To discover neighbors (that use the same link state routing protocol) on its link Chapter 1 11

12 Link-State t Routing Sending Hello Packets to Neighbors Connected interfaces that are using the same link state routing protocols will exchange hello packets. Once routers learn it has neighbors they form an adjacency -2 adjacent neighbors will exchange hello packets -These packets will serve as a keep alive function Chapter 1 12

13 Link-State Routing Building the Link State Packet Each router builds its own Link State Packet (LSP) Contents of LSP: -State of each directly connected link -Includes information about neighbors such as neighbor ID, link type, & bandwidth. Chapter 1 13

14 Link-State Routing Flooding LSPs to Neighbors Once LSP are created they are forwarded out to neighbors. -After receiving the LSP the neighbor continues to forward it throughout routing area. Chapter 1 14

15 Link-State Routing LSPs are sent out under the following conditions -Initial router start up or routing process -When there is a change in topology Chapter 1 15

16 Link-State Routing Constructing a link state data base Routers use a database to construct a topology map of the network Chapter 1 16

17 Link-State Routing Chapter 1 17

18 Link-State t Routing Shortest Path First (SPF) Tree Building a portion of the SPF tree Process begins by examining R2 s LSP information -R1 ignores 1st LSP Reason: R1 already knows it s connected to R2 Chapter 1 18

19 Link-State t Routing Building a portion of the SPF tree -R1 uses 2nd LSP Reason: R1 can create a link from R2 to R5. This information is added to R1 s SPF tree Chapter 1 19

20 Link-State Routing Building a portion of the SPF tree -R1 uses 3rd LSP Reason: R R1 learns that t R2 is connected to /16. This link is added to R1 s SPF tree. Chapter 1 20

21 Link-State Routing Determining the shortest path The shortest path to a destination determined by adding the costs & finding the lowest cost Chapter 1 21

22 Link-State Routing Once the SPF algorithm has determined the shortest path routes, these routes are placed in the routing table. Chapter 1 22

23 Link-State Routing Protocols Advantages of a Link-State Routing Protocol Routing Builds Router can A periodic/ Use protocol Topological map independently determine the Convergence event driven routing updates of LSP shortest path to every network. Distance vector No No Slow Generally No No Link State Yes Yes Fast Generally Yes Yes Chapter 1 23

24 Link-State Routing Protocols Requirements for using a link state routing protocol Memory requirements Typically link state routing protocols use more memory Processing Requirements More CPU processing is required of link state routing protocols Bandwidth Requirements Initial startup of link state routing protocols can consume lots of bandwidth Chapter 1 24

25 Link-State Routing Protocols 2 link state routing protocols used for routing IP -Open Shortest Path First (OSPF) -Intermediate System-Intermediate System (IS-IS) Chapter 1 25

26 Summary Link State Routing protocols are also known as Shortest t Path First protocols Summarizing the link state process -Routers 1ST learn of directly connected networks -Routers then say hello to neighbors -Routers then build link state packets -Routers then flood LSPs to all neighbors -Routers use LSP database to build a network topology map & calculate the best path to each destination Chapter 1 26

27 Summary Link An interface on the router Link State Information about an interface such as -IP address -Subnet mask -Type of network -Cost associated with link -Neighboring routers on the link Chapter 1 27

28 Summary Link State Packets After initial flooding, additional LSP are sent out when a change in topology occurs Examples of link state routing protocols -Open shortest path first -IS-IS Chapter 1 28

29 Chapter 1 29

30 OSPF Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 11 Chapter 1 30

31 Objectives Describe the background and basic features of OSPF Identify and apply ppy the basic OSPF configuration commands Describe, modify and calculate the metric used by OSPF Describe the Designated Router/Backup Designated Router (DR/BDR) election process in multiaccess networks Describe the uses of additional configuration commands in OSPF Chapter 1 31

32 Introduction Chapter 1 32

33 Introduction ti to OSPF Background of OSPF Began in 1987 (by the Internet Engineering Task Force IETF) 1989 OSPFv1 released in RFC 1131 This version was experimental & never deployed 1991 OSPFv2 released in RFC OSPFv2 updated in RFC OSPFv3 published in RFC 2740 Chapter 1 33

and Type code for OSPF packet type IP packet header Contains - Source

34 Introduction ti to OSPF OSPF Message Encapsulation OSPF packet type There exist 5 types OSPF packet header Contains - Router ID and area ID and Type code for OSPF packet type IP packet header Contains - Source IP address, Destination IP address, & Protocol field set to 89 Chapter 1 34

35 Introduction to OSPF OSPF Message Encapsulation Data link frame header Contains - Source MAC address and Destination MAC address Chapter 1 35

36 Introduction to OSPF OSPF Packet Types Chapter 1 36

37 Introduction ti to OSPF Hello Protocol OSPF Hello Packet Purpose of Hello Packet Discover OSPF neighbors & establish adjacencies Advertise guidelines on which routers must agree to become neighbors Used by multi-access networks to elect a designated i t d router t and a backup designated router Chapter 1 37

Introduction ti to OSPF Hello Packets continued

transmitting router OSPF Hello Intervals Usually

0.5) 0 Sent every 10 seconds on multiaccess &

NBMA segments OSPF Dead Intervals This is the time

38 Introduction ti to OSPF Hello Packets continued Contents of a Hello Packet router ID of transmitting router OSPF Hello Intervals Usually multicast ( ) 0 Sent every 10 seconds on multiaccess & point-to point segment Sent every 30 seconds on NBMA segments OSPF Dead Intervals This is the time that must transpire before the neighbor is considered down Default time is 4 times the hello interval Chapter 1 38

39 Introduction to OSPF Hello protocol packets contain information that is used in electing -Designated Router (DR) DR is responsible for updating all other OSPF routers -Backup Designated Router (BDR) This router takes over DR s responsibilities if DR fails Chapter 1 39

40 Introduction ti to OSPF OSPF Link-state Updates Purpose of a Link State Update (LSU) Used to deliver link state advertisements Purpose of a Link State Advertisement (LSA) Contains information about neighbors & path costs Chapter 1 40

found in database is utilized upon execution of Dijkstra SPF algorithm SPF

41 Introduction ti to OSPF OSPF Algorithm OSPF routers build & maintain link-state database containing LSA received from other routers Information found in database is utilized upon execution of Dijkstra SPF algorithm SPF algorithm used to create SPF tree SPF tree used to populate routing table Chapter 1 41

42 Introduction to OSPF Administrative Distance Default Administrative Distance for OSPF is 110 Chapter 1 42

43 Introduction ti to OSPF OSPF Authentication Purpose is to encrypt & authenticate routing information This is an interface specific configuration Routers will only accept routing information from other routers that have been configured with the same password or authentication information Chapter 1 43

44 Basic OSPF Configuration Lab Topology Topology used for this chapter Discontiguous IP addressing scheme Since OSPF is a classless routing protocol the subnet mask is configured in Chapter 1 44

45 Basic OSPF Configuration The router ospf command To enable OSPF on a router use the following command R1(config)#router ospf process-id Process id A locally significant number between 1 and this means it does not have to match other OSPF routers Chapter 1 45

46 Basic OSPF Configuration OSPF network command -Requires entering: network address wildcard mask - the inverse of the subnet mask area-id - area-id refers to the OSPF area. OSPF area is a group of routers that t share link state information -Example: Router(config-router)#networkrouter)#network network-address wildcard-ask area area-id Chapter 1 46

47 Basic OSPF Configuration Router ID This is an IP address used to identify a router 3 criteria for deriving the router ID Use IP address configured with OSPF router-id command -Takes precedence over loopback and physical interface addresses If router-id command not used then router chooses highest IP address of any loopback interfaces If no loopback interfaces are configured then the highest IP address on any active interface is used Chapter 1 47

48 Basic OSPF Configuration OSPF Router ID Commands used to verify current router ID Show ip protocols Show ip ospf Show ip ospf interface Chapter 1 48

49 Basic OSPF Configuration OSPF Router ID Router ID & Loopback addresses -Highest loopback address will be used as router ID if router-id command isn t used -Advantage of using loopback address the loopback interface cannot fail OSPF stability The OSPF router-id command Introduced in IOS 12.0 Command syntax Router(config)#router ospfprocess-id Router(config-router)#router-idip-address Modifying the Router ID Use the command Router#clear ip ospf process Chapter 1 49

50 Basic OSPF Configuration Verifying OSPF Use the show ip ospf command to verify & trouble shoot OSPF networks Command will display the following: Neighbor adjacency -No adjacency indicated by - Neighboring router s Router ID is not displayed A state of full is not displayed -Consequence of no adjacency- No link state information exchanged Inaccurate SPF trees & routing tables Chapter 1 50

51 Basic OSPF Configuration Verifying OSPF - Additional Commands Command Show ip protocols Show ip ospf Show ip ospf interface Description Displays OSPF process ID, router ID, networks router is advertising & administrative distance Displays OSPF process ID, router ID, OSPF area information & the last time SPF algorithm calculated Displays hello interval and dead interval Chapter 1 51

52 Basic OSPF Configuration Examining the routing table Use the show ip route command to display the routing table -An O at the beginning of a route indicates that the router source is OSPF -Note OSPF does not automatically summarize at major network boundaries Chapter 1 52

53 OSPF Metric OSPF uses cost as the metric for determining the best route -The best route will have the lowest cost -Cost is based on bandwidth of an interface Cost is calculated using the formula 10 8 / bandwidth -Reference bandwidth defaults to 100Mbps can be modified using auto-cost reference-bandwidth command Chapter 1 53

54 OSPF Metric COST of an OSPF route Is the accumulated value from one router to the next Chapter 1 54

speed Reason: so routing table has best path information The show interface

55 OSPF Metric Usually the actual speed of a link is different than the default bandwidth This makes it imperative that the bandwidth value reflects link s actual speed Reason: so routing table has best path information The show interface command will display interface s bandwidth -Most serial link default to 1.544Mbps Chapter 1 55

Basic OSPF Configuration Modifying the Cost of a link Both sides of a serial link should be configured with the same bandwidth Commands used to modify bandwidth value Bandwidth command Example:

56 Basic OSPF Configuration Modifying the Cost of a link Both sides of a serial link should be configured with the same bandwidth Commands used to modify bandwidth value Bandwidth command Example: Router(config-if)#bandwidthbandwidth-kbps ip ospf cost command allows you to directly specify interface cost -Example:R1(config)#interface serial 0/0/0 R1(config-if)#ip ospf cost 1562 Chapter 1 56

57 Basic OSPF Configuration Modifying the Cost of the link Difference between bandwidth command & the ip ospf cost command Ip ospf cost command Sets cost to a specific value Bandwidth command Link cost is calculated Chapter 1 57

58 OSPF and Multiaccess Networks Challenges in Multiaccess Networks OSPF defines five network types: Point-to-point Broadcast Multiaccess Nonbroadcast Multiaccess (NBMA) Point-to-multipoint Virtual links Chapter 1 58

59 OSPF in Multiaccess Networks 2 challenges presented by multiaccess networks Multiple adjacencies Extensive LSA flooding Chapter 1 59

60 OSPF in Multiaccess Networks Extensive flooding of LSAs For every LSA sent out there must be an acknowledgement of receipt sent back to transmitting router. consequence: lots of bandwidth consumed and chaotic traffic Chapter 1 60

OSPF in Multiaccess Networks Solution to LSA flooding issue is the use of Designated router (DR) Backup designated router (BDR) DR & BDR selection Routers are elected to

61 OSPF in Multiaccess Networks Solution to LSA flooding issue is the use of Designated router (DR) Backup designated router (BDR) DR & BDR selection Routers are elected to send & receive LSA Sending & Receiving LSA DRothers send LSAs via multicast to DR & BDR DR forward LSA via multicast address to all other routers Chapter 1 61

62 OSPF in Multiaccess Networks DR/BDR Election Process DR/BDR elections DO NOT occur in point to point networks Chapter 1 62

63 OSPF in Multiaccess Networks DR/BDR elections will take place on multiaccess networks as shown below Chapter 1 63

64 OSPF in Multiaccess Networks Criteria i for getting elected DR/BDR 1. DR: Router with the highest OSPF interface priority. 2. BDR: Router with the second highest OSPF interface priority. 3. If OSPF interface priorities are equal, the highest router ID is used to break the tie. Chapter 1 64

65 OSPF in Multiaccess Networks Timing of DR/BDR Election Occurs as soon as 1 st router has its interface enabled on multiaccess network When a DR is elected it remains as the DR until one of the following occurs -The DR fails. -The OSPF process on the DR fails. -The multiaccess interface on the DR fails. Chapter 1 65

66 OSPF in Multiaccess Networks Manipulating the election process -If you want to influence the election of DR & BDR then do one of the following Boot up the DR first, followed by the BDR, and then boot all other routers, OR Shut down the interface on all routers, followed by a no shutdown on the DR, then the BDR, and then all other routers. Chapter 1 66

OSPF in Multiaccess Networks OSPF Interface Priority

Use the ip ospf priority interface command.

Priority number range 0 to 255 0 means the router

67 OSPF in Multiaccess Networks OSPF Interface Priority Manipulating the DR/BDR election process continued Use the ip ospf priority interface command. Example:Router(config-if)#ip ospf priority {0-255} Priority number range 0 to means the router cannot become the DR or BDR 1 is the default priority value Chapter 1 67

More OSPF Configuration Redistributing an OSPF Default Route Topology includes a link to ISP Router connected to ISP Called an autonomous system border router Used to propagate a default route

68 More OSPF Configuration Redistributing an OSPF Default Route Topology includes a link to ISP Router connected to ISP Called an autonomous system border router Used to propagate a default route Example of static default route R1(config)#ip route loopback 1 Requires the use of the default-information originate command Example of default-information f originate command R1(config-router)#default-information originate Chapter 1 68

69 More OSPF Configuration Fine-Tuning OSPF Since link speeds are getting faster it may be necessary to change reference bandwidth values Do this using the auto-cost reference-bandwidth command Example: R1(config-router)#auto-cost reference-bandwidth Chapter 1 69

More OSPF Configuration Fine-Tuning OSPF Modifying i OSPF timers Reason to modify timers Faster detection of network failures Manually modifying Hello & Dead intervals

70 More OSPF Configuration Fine-Tuning OSPF Modifying i OSPF timers Reason to modify timers Faster detection of network failures Manually modifying Hello & Dead intervals Router(config-if)#ip ospf hello-interval seconds Router(config-if)#ip ospf dead-interval seconds Point to be made Hello & Dead intervals must be the same between neighbors Chapter 1 70

71 Summary RFC 2328 describes OSPF link state concepts and operations OSPF Characteristics A commonly deployed link state routing protocol Employs DRs &BDRs onmultiaccess multi-access networks DRs & BDRs are elected DR & BDRs are used to transmit and receive LSAs Uses 5 packet types: 1: HELLO 2: DATABASE DESCRIPTION 3: LINK STATE REQUEST 4: LINK STATE UPDATE 5: LINK STATE ACKNOWLEDGEMENT Chapter 1 71

72 Summary OSPF Characteristics Metric = cost Lowest cost = best path Configuration Enable OSPF on a router using the following command R1(config)#router t ospf process-id use the network command to define which interfaces will participate in a given OSPF process Router(config-router)#network network-address wildcard-mask area area-id Chapter 1 72

73 Summary Verifying OSPF configuration Use the following commands show ip protocol show h ip route show ip ospf interface show ip ospf neighbor Chapter 1 73

74 Chapter 1 74

ITE PC v4.0. Chapter Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public

ITE PC v4.0. Chapter Cisco Systems, Inc. All rights reserved. Cisco Public OSPF Routing Protocols and Concepts Chapter 11 1 Objectives Describe the background and basic features of OSPF Identify and apply the basic OSPF configuration commands Describe, modify and calculate l