Periodic Leaky-Wave Array Antenna on Substrate Integrated Waveguide for Gain Enhancement by

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1 Forum for Electromagnetic Research Methods and Application Technologies (FERMAT) Periodic Leaky-Wave Array Antenna on Substrate Integrated Waveguide for Gain Enhancement by Anirban Sarkar 1, Soumava Mukherjee 2, Animesh Biswas 3 Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur Kanpur , India 1 aniskr@iitk.ac.in, 2 soumava@iitk.ac.in, 3 abiswas@iitk.ac.in Abstract: In this paper, 2-elements and 4-elements substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) based leaky-wave array antennas are presented and their performances are compared. The enhanced gain and scan angles for 2-elements are 15.4 dbi and 45º respectively and for 4- elements the same is 18.4 dbi and 30º respectively. In the final design of 4-elements array antenna, sinusoidal variation of slot length is used to reduce the side lobe level (SLL). A 1x4 cascaded SIW power divider with effective matching port is used to feed the antenna. Simulations of the antennas are carried out using HFSS software and presented here. Keywords: Frequency scanning; gain enhancement; leaky-wave array antenna; substrate integrated waveguide; power divider. References: [1] M. Bozzi, A. Georgiadis and K. Wu, Review of substrate-integrated waveguide circuits and antennas, IET Microw. Antennas Propag., Vol. 5, pp , [2] Z. Kordiboroujeni and J. Bornemann, Designing the width of substrate integrated waveguide structures, IEEE Microwave and Wireless Compon. Lett., vol. 23, no. 10, pp , Oct [3] J. Liu and D.R. Jackson, Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) leaky-wave antenna with transverse slots, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 1, pp , Jan [4] Y. Mohtashami and J.R. Mohassel, A butterfly substrate integrated waveguide leaky wave antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 62, no. 6, pp , Jun [5] S. Dutta, S. Mukherjee, and A. Biswas, Design of broadband power divider based on substrate integrated waveguide technology, IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference (AEMC), Bhubaneswar, Dec

2 [6] F. Xu, K. Wu, and X. Zhang, Periodic leaky-wave antenna for millimeter wave applications based on substrate integrated waveguide, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 58, no. 2, pp , Feb Anirban Sarkar is a Ph. D. student in Dept. of Electrical Engineering with specialization of RF and Microwave at Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur under the supervision of Prof. Animesh Biswas. Mr. Sarkar received the Master of Engineering (M.E) degree in the specialization of Microwave Communication under Electronics and Telecommunication Engineering Dept. at Indian Institute of Engineering Science and Technology, Shibpur, India in 2013 and Bachelor of Technology (B. Tech) degree from Dept. of Electronics and Communication Engineering at Hooghly Engineering and Technology College in His research is supported by MHRD, Govt. of India and his current research primarily involves various Leaky-Wave Antennas (LWAs), Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) and Partial Reflective Surface. Also he holds a graduate membership in IEEE. During his postgraduate study period he published one journal paper in International Journal of Microwave and Optical Technology (2014, published) and two conference papers in IEEE 2015 Asia-Pacific Conference on Antennas and Propagation (Presented) and IEEE Applied Electromagnetics Conference 2015 (accepted). He can be contacted at: aniskr@iitk.ac.in or anirban.sonarpur@gmail.com. *This use of this work is restricted solely for academic purposes. The author of this work owns the copyright and no reproduction in any form is permitted without written permission by the author.*

3 Periodic Leaky-Wave Array Antenna on Substrate Integrated Waveguide for Gain Enhancement Anirban Sarkar1*, Soumava Mukherjee2, Animesh Biswas3 Department of Electrical Engineering Indian Institute of Technology Kanpur India

4 Outline 2 Leaky Wave Antennas (LWAs) and Classifications Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) LWA Array by SIW Based Power Divider Gain Enhancement Side Lobe Level (SLL) Reduction Conclusion References

5 Definition 3 Leaky Wave Antennas (LWAs) (IEEE Standard ) An antenna that couples power in small increments per unit length either continuously or discretely from a travelling wave structure to free space [1-2]. Leaky-wave antenna belongs to the traveling-wave antenna family. Propagation wavenumber is a complex number. The phase constant β of the wave controls the beam angle. The attenuation constant α controls the beamwidth.

6 LWA classifications 4 Based on beam scan: Forward beam scanning Forward/Backward beam scanning 1D-2D beam scanning Based on beam shape: Fan beam Pencil beam Conical beam Wide beam Based on geometry: Uni-dimentional (uinform/periodic) Bi-dimentional(1D array/2d array) Tapered/Nontapered Straight/Curved geometry. Based on waveguiding structures: Metallic, Hybrid, Dielectric, Printed, Planar waveguides Basically-closed/Basically-open structures Microwave/Millimeter-wave guides

7 Advantages and applications 5 Advantages Simple feed-network and easy matching at input and output. Beams of different shapes i.e. conical, fan, pencil beams etc. Can provide very narrow beams. Beam scanning (from backward to forward quadrant). Can be flush mounted (e,g with missile body). Directivity and scanning performances can be comparable to those of array antenna. Applications LWAs can find application in various wireless links (control and monitor systems, WLAN, Radar etc.) particularly in the microwave and mm-wave ranges, Automotive collision avoidance applications.

8 Substrate Integrated Waveguide (SIW) 5 Substrate Integrated Waveguide is an attractive technology which incorporates waveguide circuits in planar form by incorporating rows of metallic vias to implement the side wall of the waveguide. s where, a s Dominant Mode : TE10 Characteristic Impedance of SIW : p Dielectric substrate Z PI 2 8 b a s b Z w a a s d ad a g s 5 p 2d r 2 s 0.95 p

9 1x2 Y-Type SIW Power Divider 6 port2 port1 port3

10 1x4 Cascaded SIW Power Divider 7 port2 port3 port4 port5 port1

11 Design elements SIW based LWAs array. 1x2 Y-type SIW power divider. Proposed geometry specification frequency range : X- band substrate type : polyethylene subs bstrate height (h) : 1mm dielectric constant (Ɛ r ) : 2.25 tanδ : length of the radiator ~ 10λ 0 Periodicity of the slots is chosen as about 1/13 of the guided wavelength to avoid multi-beam operation. a = 10.5 mm, l_slot = 4.55mm, d = 2.5mm, w_slot = 0.45mm, s=1.6mm, r=0.4mm, g=5.71mm

12 Floquet s Theorem for Periodic Structures 10 Floquet s theorem says, in a periodic system, for a given mode of propagation at a given steadystate frequency, the fields at one cross section differ from those one period (or an integer multiple of periods) away by only a complex constant. where, zn z 2 n d here n no. of spatial floquet harmonics n 0, 1, 2,

13 contd.. 11 n 0 k0 n 0 0 n k 0 Phase constant for TE 10 mode d The direction of maximum beam 1 sin m k 0 θ m is the angle of maximum beam direction measured from broadside to end-fire 2

14 contd.. Design 2 12 sinusoidal variation 4-elements SIW based LWAs array. 1x4 cascaded SIW power dividers. The sinusoidal variation of slots amplitude with aperture field distribution Better side-lobe level (SLL) than before.

15 Simulated Response 13

16 contd.. Radiation Patterns 14 antenna 1 antenna 2 Maximum Gain : 15.4 dbi Frequency scanning range : 45º the fast wave region falls under GHz Maximum Gain : 18.4 dbi Frequency scanning range : 30º the fast wave region falls under GHz

17 3-D Polar Plot of Radiation Patterns antenna 2 antenna 1 15

18 Conclusion 16 In this proposed design a 1x4 cascaded SIW power divider fed leakywave antenna is introduced. By transforming the design from 1x2 to 1x4, gain is enhanced by 3 db with acceptable SLL. Due to the mutual coupling between the two adjacent elements with periodic slots, design limits the frequency scan range of 45º to 30º. The proposed design is low profile, low cost and can be easily integrated into microwave and mm-wave circuits.

19 References A. A. Oliner and D. R. Jackson, Ch. 11: Leaky-Wave Antennas, Antenna Engineering Handbook, J. L. Volakis, Ed., New York: McGraw Hill, A.A. Oliner, Ch. 10 : Leaky-Wave Antennas, Antenna Engineering Handbook,R.C. Johnson, 3rd Edition, New York: McGraw-Hill, A. Hessel, Antenna Theory, Part II, R. E. Collin and R. F. Zucker, Eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969, ch T. Tamir, Antenna Theory, Part II, R. E. Collin and R. F. Zucker, Eds. New York: McGraw-Hill, 1969, ch L. O. Goldstone and A. A. Oliner, Leaky-Wave Antennas Part I: Rectangular Waveguides, IRE Trans. Antennas Propagat., vol. AP-7, October 1959, pp D. R. Jackson and A. A. Oliner, Ch. 7: Leaky-Wave Antennas, Modern Antenna Handbook,C. A. Balanis, Ed., New York: Wiley, C. Caloz, D.R. Jackson,and T. Itoh, Ch. 9 : Leaky-Wave Antennas, Frontiers in Antennas, F. Gross, Ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, K. Zhang, D. Li, Electromagnetic theory for microwaves and optoelectronics, Springer, 2 nd edition, Verlag Berlin Heidelberg A. A. Oliner,Radiating periodic structures: Analysis in terms of k versus β diagrams. Jun. 4, 1963, short course on microwave field and network techniques. 10. P. Baccarelli, S. Paulotto, and D. R. Jackson, Broadside radiation properties of 1-D microstrip leaky-wave antennas, ICEAA 05, pp , Turin, Italy, Sept C. Caloz and T. Itoh,Electromagnetic Metamaterials: Transmission Line Theory and Microwave Applications: The Engineering Approach, New Jersey: John Wiley & Sons, S. Paulotto, P. Baccarelli, F. Frezza, and D.R. Jackson, A novel technique for open-stopband suppression in 1-D periodic printed leaky-wave antennas, IEEE Trans. on Antennas and Propagat., vol. 57, pp , Jul Y. D. Dong, and T. Itoh, Composite right/left-handed substrate integrated waveguide leaky-wave antennas, in European Microwave Conf., Munich, Oct. 2009, pp S. Lim, C. Caloz, and T. Itoh, Metamaterial-based electronically controlled transmission line structure as a novel leaky-wave antenna with tunable angle and beamwidth, IEEE Trans. Microwave Theory Tech., vol. 53, no. 1, pp , Jan T. Zhao, D. R. Jackson, J. T. Williams, H.-Y. D. Yang, and A. A. Oliner, 2-D periodic leaky-wave antennas part I: Metal patch design, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propagat, vol. 53, no. 11, pp , Nov C. Caloz, T. Itoh, and A. Rennings, CRLH metamaterial leaky-wave and resonant antennas, IEEE Antennas Propagat. Mag., vol. 50, no. 5, pp , Oct

20 contd M. Guglielmi and D. R. Jackson, Broadside radiation from periodic leaky-wave antennas, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 41, no. 1, pp , Jan L. Liu, C. Caloz and T. Itoh, Dominant mode leaky-wave antenna with backfire to endfire scanning capability, Electronics Letters, vol. 38, no. 23, pp , 7th Nov F. P. Casares-Miranda, C. C. Penalosa and C. Caloz, High-gain active composite right/left-handed leaky-wave antenna, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 54, no. 8, pp , Aug A. Rahman, Y. Hao and C. G. Parini Cross-polar component suppression of interdigital-capacitor and stub-inductor-based leakywave antenna, Electronics Letters., vol. 45, no. 1, 1 st Jan J. Liu, D. R. Jackson and Y. Long, Substrate integrated waveguide (SIW) leaky-wave antenna with transverse slots, IEEE Trans. Antennas Propag., vol. 60, no. 1, pp , Jan M. Majumdar, A. Alphones, J. Cheng and Nasimuddin, Compact leaky-wave antenna with periodical slots on substrate integrated waveguide EuCAP 2014: The 8 th European Conference on Antennas and Propagation, S. Matsuzawa, K. Sato, Y. Inoe and T. Nomura, Steerable composite right/left-handed leaky wave antenna for automotive radar applications Proceedings of the 36 th European Microwave Conference, Sep. 2006, Manchester, UK.

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