Microstrip Antennas Integrated with Horn Antennas
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1 53 Microstrip Antennas Integrated with Horn Antennas Girish Kumar *1, K. P. Ray 2 and Amit A. Deshmukh 1 1. Department of Electrical Engineering, I.I.T. Bombay, Powai, Mumbai , India Phone: , Fax: gkumar@ee.iitb.ac.in 2. RF & Microwave Power System Division, SAMEER, IIT Campus, Hill Side, Powai, Mumbai , India Abstract- Novel high gain antenna configurations by integrating the suspended square microstrip antennas inside the pyramidal horn and suspended circular microstrip antennas inside the conical horn are proposed. These antennas provide flexibility in the bandwidth and the polarization, with higher gain. Index Terms- Pyramidal Horn Antenna, Conical Horn Antenna, Suspended Square Microstrip Antenna, Cavity backed Square Microstrip Antenna, Suspended Circular Microstrip Antenna, Cavity backed Circular Microstrip Antenna I. INTRODUCTION Horn antennas having medium gain, are extensively used in the microwave and millimeter-wave frequency range. These antennas are fed either by rectangular or circular waveguides or by a co-axial feed [1-3]. The feed waveguide governs the bandwidth (BW) and polarization of radiated wave. A co-axial feed which acts as a quarter wavelength (λ/4) monopole antenna, and is backed by a λ/4 shorted section of the wave guide, decides the BW and the polarization. However, using these types of feed networks, it is difficult to obtain either dual or orthogonal or circular polarization. In this paper, new integrated configurations of pyramidal and conical horn antennas fed by microstrip antenna (MSA) are proposed. The fed MSA governs the characteristics of BW, polarization and radiation pattern and thus provides the flexibility for BW and polarization of radiated wave from the horn antenna. The size of the horn antenna decides gain of the antenna. The suspended square MSA (SMSA) in pyramidal horn and circular MSA (CMSA), in conical horn antennas, are proposed for linear, orthogonal and circular polarizations. These configurations were first analyzed using IE3D software followed by the experimental verifications for some of the cases [4]. II. PYRAMIDAL HORN ANTENNA FED BY SMSA The resonance frequency of fed SMSA is decided in such a way that it excites the required mode distribution inside the square wave guide and hence the pyramidal horn. First a metallic suspended SMSA is designed at around 3.3 GHz as shown in Fig. 1(a, b). To support the SMSA, a post of 0.5 cm diameter is used at the center. The simulated BW is 168 MHz (5.1%) with a peak gain of 9 dbi. The pyramidal horn has to be constructed for which this SMSA will act as a feed. Hence, first a collar square cavity is constructed around this SMSA as shown in Fig. 1(c, d). The cavity back SMSA has the simulated BW of 193 MHz (5.8%) with a peak gain slightly less than that of the SMSA. The reduction in the gain is due to the finite distance of the cavity walls from the radiating edges of SMSA. The cavity backed SMSA is not optimized for gain. It is only designed for input impedance match, because a pyramidal horn is constructed on this square cavity. A pyramidal horn antenna constructed using this cavity back SMSA is shown in Fig. 2(a, b). As this pyramidal horn antenna has to be excited by a SMSA, the flaring of the pyramidal horn is kept same from all the sides leading to square aperture of 10 cm x 10
2 54 cm. The BW of the horn antenna is 185 MHz (5.7%). The higher BW can be realized by increasing the BW of the fed SMSA.
3 55 The radiation pattern for pyramidal horn antenna and the comparison of gain with frequency for suspended SMSA, SMSA with a square cavity and SMSA integrated with pyramidal horn antenna, are shown in Fig. 2(c, d). The pattern is in the broadside direction with E and H-planes aligned along Φ = 0 0 and 90 0, respectively and the cross-polarization level is less than 15 db as compared to that of the co-polar level. The peak gain of pyramidal horn MSA is 11 dbi which is larger as compared to the SMSA and cavity backed SMSA. The above results of pyramidal horn antenna are for single fed SMSA, which gives linear polarization. When another feed is placed orthogonal to the first feed, dual polarization is obtained. The second feed does not perturb the field excited by first one, as there is isolation of about 30 db between two orthogonal feeds. Similarly, circular polarization is obtained by feeding the orthogonal feeds by equal amplitude with a phase difference of III. CONICAL HORN ANTENNA FED BY CMSA Analysis of a suspended CMSA, CMSA backed with circular cavity and a suspended CMSA integrated with conical horn antenna are carried out on similar line as discussed for pyramidal horn antenna. The resonance frequency of CMSA is decided in such away that it excites the required mode distribution inside the circular wave guide which finally excites the conical horn. A suspended CMSA and the CMSA backed with circular cavity designed around 2.2 GHz are shown in Fig. 3(a d), and their simulated BW s are 98 MHz (4.5%) and 108 MHz (4.9%), respectively. The conical horn antenna integrated with suspended cavity backed CMSA is shown in Fig. 4(a, b). The simulated and measured return loss plots are shown in Fig. 4(c). The simulated and measured center frequencies are GHz and GHz with the BW of 140 MHz and 138 MHz, respectively.
4 56 The measured and simulated radiation patterns in two principal planes are given in Fig. 5(a, b). The measured E-plane and H-plane half power beamwidths are 53 0 and 52 0, which are in agreement with respective simulated values of 47 0 and The measured cross-polar levels are higher than simulated levels, but it is less than 18 db in the broadside direction in both planes. The pattern measurements were carried out in the laboratory
5 57 leading to some discrepancy between the simulated and measured values. The comparison of gain with frequency for suspended CMSA and CMSA integrated with conical horn antenna is shown in Fig. 5(c). The peak gain of the suspended CMSA is close to 9 dbi. The gain of the conical horn antenna integrated with CMSA is more than 12 dbi over the VSWR BW, and which is approximately 3 db higher than that a CMSA. IV. ORTHOGONAL AND CIRCULARLY POLARIZED CONICAL HORN ANTENNA The dual feed CMSA integrated inside the conical horn antenna for dual orthogonal polarizations is shown in Fig. 6 (a, b). Since the two feed points are orthogonal to each other, the mutual coupling between them is very small, leading to similar input and radiation characteristics as that of a single fed antenna. The measured return loss at two ports is shown in Fig. 6(c). The measured S21 between two feed points (isolation between two orthogonal feed) is approximately db. Small value of S21 ensures the minimum change in the input return loss at two ports with respect to the single feed point case. Likewise, circular polarization is obtained by designing a circularly polarized CMSA element. V. CONCLUSIONS The integrated pyramidal and conical horn antennas with square and circular microstrip antennas respectively have been proposed. This design gives the flexibility in the BW and the polarization of radiated wave. Peak gain of 11 dbi and 12.5dBi has been obtained using pyramidal and conical horn antennas, respectively. The gain of integrated conical horn is more because of larger size of horn antenna. REFERENCES [1] C. A. Balanis, Antenna theory analysis and design, 2nd edition, Wiley and sons, [2] W. L. Stutzman and G. A. Thiele, Antenna theory and design, Jon Wiley and sons, 1981 [3] A.W. Love, Elecrromagnetic horn antennas, IEEE press, 1976 [4] IE3D 7.1, Zeland software Inc., Fremont, CA, USA, 2000.
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