SecureMesh Repeater (RPTR-3000)

Transcription

1 INSTALLATION GUIDE SecureMesh Repeater (RPTR-3000) Contents Introduction... 3 SecureMesh Repeater Components... 4 Accessories... 5 Preparing for Installation Installation Location Preparation for Use of an Optional Remote NAN Antenna Installing the Repeater Mounting Mounting With a Stand-Off Arm AC Power Connection Connecting the External NAN Antenna Installing the Optional Remote NAN Antenna Mounting the Optional Remote NAN Antenna on a Pole Mounting the Optional Remote NAN Antenna on a Wall or Panel Connecting the Optional Remote NAN Antenna to the SecureMesh Repeater Commissioning The Repeater Appendix Sealing Coaxial Cable Connectors BCompliance (RPTR-3000 SecureMesh Repeater) BFCC Statement (US) Industry Canada Statement / Avis d Industrie Canada (Canada) DP-0568_1_3_SecureMesh_RPTR-3000_Installation_Guide_ docx DP-0568

2 SAFETY INFORMATION Trilliant strongly urges that you always follow all locally approved safety procedures and safety instructions when working around high voltage lines and equipment. The instructions in this manual are not intended as a substitute for proper training or adequate experience in the safe operation of the equipment described. Only competent technicians who are familiar with this equipment should install or service it. A competent technician has these qualifications: Is thoroughly familiar with these instructions. Is trained in industry-accepted high- and low-voltage safe operating practices and procedures. Is trained and authorized to energize, de-energize, clear, and ground power distribution equipment. Is trained in the care and use of protective equipment such as flash clothing, safety glasses, face shield, hardhat, rubber gloves, hotstick, etc. The following is important safety information. For safe installation and operation of this equipment, be sure to read and understand all cautions and warnings. Safety Instructions HAZARDOUS VOLTAGE. CONTACT WITH HAZARDOUS VOLTAGE WILL CAUSE DEATH OR SEVERE PERSONAL INJURY. FOLLOW ALL LOCALLY APPROVED SAFETY PROCEDURES WHEN WORKING AROUND HIGH- AND LOW-VOLTAGE LINES AND EQUIPMENT. THE SECUREMESH REPEATER IS DESIGNED TO BE OPERATED IN ACCORDANCE WITH NORMAL SAFE OPERATING PROCEDURES. THESE INSTRUCTIONS ARE NOT INTENDED TO SUPERSEDE OR REPLACE EXISTING SAFETY AND OPERATING PROCEDURES. READ ALL INSTRUCTIONS BEFORE INSTALLING THE REPEATER. THE SECUREMESH REPEATER SHOULD BE INSTALLED AND SERVICED ONLY BY PERSONNEL FAMILIAR WITH GOOD SAFETY PRACTICES IN THE HANDLING OF HIGH-VOLTAGE ELECTRICAL EQUIPMENT. page 2 of 22

3 INTRODUCTION The SecureMesh Repeater serves as an intermediate wireless node to relay messages to and from SecureMesh-enabled electric meters, gas meters, and in-building devices. SecureMesh Repeaters provide an easy way to increase the local density of mesh devices, reduce the range between devices, and improve overall SecureMesh network performance. This document addresses a single model of the SecureMesh Repeater: RPTR-3000 SecureMesh Repeater. Operation of a SecureMesh Neighborhood Area Network requires that its nodes be connected via radio links so that a path from each node of the network can be established to and from the SecureMesh Repeater. Range limitations of SecureMesh devices in low-density rural deployments and obstructed paths in highdensity suburban or urban deployments may require use of a SecureMesh Repeater to provide additional links and mesh routing alternatives. The SecureMesh Repeater is equipped with an enclosure-mounted N-type female connector for connecting the NAN antenna. The NAN antenna can be mounted directly to the unit or may be remotely mounted using an optional external antenna mounting kit. page 3 of 22

4 SecureMesh Repeater Components The following diagram shows the major components of the SecureMesh Repeater. mounting brackets (storage position) identification label with serial number NAN LED enclosure door N-type female connector for NAN antenna wiring conduit fitting for AC power wiring page 4 of 22

5 Accessories The following accessories are available for SecureMesh Repeaters: EM-0067A required external +6 dbi omni NAN antenna for use with RPTR-3000 Repeater DK-0024A optional pole-mount remote antenna kit, including: cable assembly (N-type male connectors; ~2 meters LMR-240 or equivalent coax cable) external +6 dbi omni NAN antenna lightning surge protector antenna mounting bracket for pole mounting DK-0024B optional wall- or panel-mount remote antenna kit, including: cable assembly (N-type male connectors; ~2 meters LMR-240 or equivalent coax cable) external +6 dbi omni NAN antenna lightning surge protector antenna mounting bracket for wall or panel mounting DK-0024C recommended Repeater mounting hardware kit (for use with an installer-supplied stand-off arm) mounting plate hardware to mount the Repeater enclosure and mounting plate to a pole- or surfacemounted stand-off arm stand-off arm is not included (must be provided by the installer) DK-0024D recommended Repeater mounting hardware kit (includes stand-off arm) mounting plate hardware to mount the Repeater enclosure and mounting plate to a pole- or surfacemounted stand-off arm includes ~24" / 61 cm stand-off arm (installer must provide lag screws, bolts, or banding straps to mount arm) page 5 of 22

6 EM-0067A +6 dbi omnidirectional 2.4 GHz NAN antenna. The RPTR-3000 SecureMesh Repeater is provided with an enclosure-mounted N-type female connector to allow connection of an external NAN antenna or an optional remote NAN antenna. The RPTR-3000 SecureMesh Repeater is not shipped with an antenna. Accordingly, unless one of the optional remote antenna kits (DK-0024A or DK-0024B) is ordered, this accessory must be ordered. Current specifications for the EM-0067A antenna are as follows: frequency range 2400 ~ 2483 MHz bandwidth 83 MHz gain +6 dbi horizontal beamwidth 360 vertical beamwidth 25 VSWR 1.5 nominal impedance 50 Ohms maximum power rating 100 Watts polarization vertical connector N-type male length 15 / wind load 120 mph radome UV-stabilized white fiberglass operating temperature -40 F / -40 C to +185 F / +85 C The antenna pattern is shown below: E-plane H-plane page 6 of 22

7 DK-0024A Remote NAN Antenna Kit for Pole Mounting. This kit is used when a remote NAN antenna is to be mounted on a pole. The kit contains the following items: cable assembly (approximately two meters of LMR-240 coaxial cable or equivalent with factory installed N-type male connectors) +6 dbi antenna lightning arrestor and grounding wire antenna mounting bracket and mounting hardware for pole mounting mounting hardware bracket-to-arm bolt and nut lightning arrestor grounding wire pole-mount bracket antenna mounting arm 2.4 GHz antenna coax cable w/ pre-attached N-type connectors page 7 of 22

8 DK-0024B Remote NAN Antenna Kit for Wall or Surface Mounting. This kit is used when a remote NAN antenna is to be mounted on a wall or flat surface. The kit contains the following items: cable assembly (approximately two meters of LMR-240 coaxial cable or equivalent with factory-installed N-type male connectors) +6 dbi antenna lightning arrestor antenna mounting bracket for surface mounting grounding wire mounting hardware lightning arrestor grounding wire surface-mount bracket 2.4 GHz antenna coax cable w/ pre-attached N-type connectors page 8 of 22

9 DK-0024C Repeater Mounting Hardware Kit (for use with an installer-supplied stand-off arm) DK-0024D Repeater Mounting Hardware Kit (includes stand-off arm) These two kits provide hardware to mount the SecureMesh Repeater to a pole- or surface-mounted stand-off arm. The stand-off arm positions the Repeater away from the pole or surface, reducing the degree by which an external NAN antenna connected directly to the Repeater is obstructed. If significant obstructions will still be present even with use of a stand-off arm, then one of the two remote antenna kits (either DK-0024A or DK- 0024B) should be employed. The DK-0024C kit assumes that the installer will provide the stand-off arm, containing the following items: Repeater mounting plate; i.e., a powder-coated steel mounting plate to which the Repeater is attached (item 1 in the adjacent figure) mounting hardware to attach the Repeater enclosure to the Repeater mounting plate (4) x ½ 18/8 stainless steel hex head machine screws (item 4 in the adjacent figure) (4) #10 18/8 stainless steel split lockwashers (item 5 in the adjacent figure) (4) /8 x 1/8 18/8 stainless steel hex machine screw nut (item 3 in the adjacent figure) (1) vertical-hole plastic mounting tab for the RPTR-3000 SecureMesh Repeater enclosure (item 6 in the adjacent figure); note that an additional vertical-hole plastic mounting tab comes with the Repeater and is stored inside the Repeater s enclosure door (1) horizontal-hole plastic mounting tab for the RPTR-3000 SecureMesh Repeater enclosure (item 7 in the adjacent figure); note that an additional horizontal-hole plastic mounting tab comes with the Repeater and is stored inside the Repeater s enclosure door The DK-0024D kit contains all the items of the DK-0024C kit but additionally includes a ~24" / 61 cm stand-off arm made of thick galvanized steel (item 2 in the figure above). With both the DK-0024C and DK-0024D kits, the installer must provide any and all necessary lag screws, bolts, and or banding straps to mount the stand-off arm to the pole or panel, including the bolt and hex nut used to secure the Repeater mounting plate to the stand-off arm itself. Additionally, the installer must provide a grounding wire (14AWG or larger diameter) to properly ground the stand-off arm and Repeater assembly. page 9 of 22

10 PREPARING FOR INSTALLATION Prior to installation of the SecureMesh Repeater, ensure that the following considerations have been observed and that the integral or remote antenna has been appropriately prepared. Installation Location In general, a SecureMesh Repeater should be installed in a location that will not obstruct the radio signals to and from the SecureMesh Repeater. The SecureMesh Repeater should be installed in a different location if any one of the following guidelines cannot be met: Installation and wiring of the SecureMesh Repeater must conform to all local electrical codes and ordinances. The installation location must be either owned by the utility or the utility must have access rights to the location. The installation location must have access to VAC 50/60 Hz power. The installation location should be clear of thick trees or brush growth. The installation location should not create obstruct radio communications (i.e., the location should not block radio coverage or be adjacent to structures that block radio coverage). As necessary, there should be adequate space to use a bucket truck. The installation location should not impede normal electric service maintenance activities (for example, transformer replacement, fuse cut out access, etc.). A minimum mounting height of the enclosure of at least 10 feet (3 meters) is recommended, but radio coverage will generally improve as the mounting height is increased. Preparation for Use of an Optional Remote NAN Antenna If an optional remote NAN antenna is to be used, it should be mounted away from obstacles (e.g., a polemounted transformer) and in a location that will not impair radio transmission. When using one of the external antenna kits, either DK-0024A or DK-0024B: Do not substitute a different length of coaxial cable. The cable provided in the kit is optimized for maximum performance. Substituting a different cable will degrade radio performance. Do not substitute a different antenna. The antenna supplied with the kit is the highest gain omnidirectional antenna compliant with FCC and Industry Canada regulations. Substitution can result in degraded radio performance and/or violation of FCC/Industry Canada regulations. page 10 of 22

11 INSTALLING THE REPEATER Installing the SecureMesh Repeater involves mounting the enclosure and connecting it to a source of power. Mounting Because of its small size and light weight, the Repeater can be mounted in a wide variety of ways: if used with the external NAN antenna directly connected to the Repeater, it can be mounted to a pole or flat surface using a stand-off arm, or if used with an optional remote NAN antenna, it can be mounted directly on a wooden pole or flat surface, using wood screws to fasten the unit to the pole or surface, or it can be mounted on other types of poles or surfaces through the use of appropriate installer-provided hardware, using either an external NAN antenna directly connected to the Repeater or a remote NAN antenna, as appropriate. The SecureMesh Repeater has two mounting tabs that are used to fasten the unit in place. These tabs can be positioned at ether the top and bottom of the unit or at its sides, as shown in the following diagram. The unit is shipped with the mounting tabs stored inside the door of the unit. Open the door of the unit, remove the two mounting tabs and install them in the preferred location. Simply push the tab into the desired slot until the small locating hole locks into the locating tab of the enclosure. The flat surface of the mounting tab should face the rear of the unit. Then, mount the unit in the desired location using appropriate fasteners. mounting tab locations two mounting tabs are provided with each unit use either the top and bottom locations or the left and right side locations page 11 of 22

12 Mounting With a Stand-Off Arm Two kits are available so that the Repeater can be mounted with a stand-off arm: DK-0024C Repeater Mounting Hardware Kit (for use with an installer-supplied stand-off arm) DK-0024D Repeater Mounting Hardware Kit (including a stand-off arm) These two kits provide hardware to mount the SecureMesh Repeater to a pole- or surface-mounted stand-off arm. The stand-off arm positions the Repeater away from the pole or surface, reducing the degree by which an external NAN antenna connected directly to the Repeater is obstructed by the pole or surface to which it is mounted. Both kits include a Repeater mounting plate to which the Repeater enclosure is attached and to which, in turn, the stand-off arm is attached. Dimensions of the Repeater mounting plate are shown below, illustrating how the stand-arm attaches to the mounting plate: [dimensions are indicated in units of inches] page 12 of 22

13 Follow these steps to mount the Repeater with a stand-off arm, using the contents of either the DK-0024C or DK-0024D kit: Step 1: Attach the Repeater enclosure to the Repeater mounting plate. Using the mounting hardware provided with the kit, attach the Repeater enclosure to the Repeater mounting plate. Note that the kit provides additional mounting tabs so that, when combined with the tabs stored inside the Repeater enclosure door, four mounting tabs are used to attach the Repeater to the Repeater mounting plate. Step 2: Install the stand-off arm to a pole or surface. Mount the stand-off arm using lag screws (not supplied), a mounting band (not supplied), or other fastener suitable to the material of the pole or surface and the specific installation circumstances. Step 3: Attach the Repeater mounting plate to the stand-off-arm. Mount the Repeater mounting plate (with the Repeater attached to it) to the stand-off arm, using the appropriate bolt and hex nut. Attach a grounding wire (14AWG or larger diameter) in order to ground the installed Repeater and stand-off arm to a suitable earth ground. Note that the bolt, hex nut, and grounding wire are not supplied with the DK-0024C or DK-0024D kit. page 13 of 22

14 AC Power Connection The SecureMesh Repeater can be powered with VAC, 50/60 Hz. The Repeater is delivered pre-wired with approximately 15 feet (6.8 meters) of 12AWG stranded wire. The unit is supplied with a bulkhead fitting that is designed to be used with either flexible or rigid 3/4 conduit. Connect the Repeater to power as follows: As possible, disconnect the power at the main breaker or fuse panel before proceeding with installation. Install conduit as specified by local codes, ordinances and utility company policy. Run the wiring through the conduit to the source of AC power. Cut the wiring to length as necessary and connect it to the source of power being used. The wiring diagram is shown below: HAZARDOUS VOLTAGE. AS POSSIBLE, DISCONNECT POWER AT THE MAIN CIRCUIT BREAKER OR FUSE PANEL BEFORE INSTALLATION OR SERVICING OF THIS EQUIPMENT page 14 of 22

15 CONNECTING THE EXTERNAL NAN ANTENNA Unless an optional remote NAN antenna will be used, the external NAN antenna (EM-0067A) must be connected to the enclosure-mounted N-type female connector of the Repeater. Step 1: Prepare the Repeater and antenna connectors. Ensure that the connectors are dry and free from dirt and grit, especially the threads. Step 2: Connect the NAN antenna. Screw the N-type male connector of the antenna onto the N-type female connector of the Repeater. To tighten the connector, apply ~15-25 inch-pounds / Newton-meters of torque. Hand tightening is usually not adequate, but a pair of pliers can provide an approximation. Step 3: Seal the connection. Per the procedures provided in the Appendix of this document, seal the connection to weather-proof it. Attaching the antenna prior to installation of the Repeater may be more convenient than attaching the antenna after the Repeater has been installed, but if the antenna is attached prior to Repeater installation, take care that the attached antenna is not damaged in transit and handling of the Repeater. INSTALLING THE OPTIONAL REMOTE NAN ANTENNA Remote antennas are available for SecureMesh Repeaters that have been configured to use them. There are two different antenna mounting kits: one (DK-0027A) for mounting the antenna on a pole, the other (DK-0027B) for mounting it to a wall or panel on a flat surface. Before beginning installation, check to ensure that all components of the correct kit are on hand. Mounting the Optional Remote NAN Antenna on a Pole Follow these steps to mount the remote NAN antenna on a pole: Step 1: Install the mounting bracket on the pole. Mount the pole-mount bracket to the pole using lag screws (not supplied), a mounting band (not supplied) or other fastener suitable to the material of the pole and specific installation circumstances. mounting holes page 15 of 22

16 Step 2: Fasten the antenna to the antenna mounting arm. It is easier if the antenna is mounted to the mounting arm before the antenna mounting arm is attached to the pole-mount bracket. Use the U-bolts, nuts, and washers supplied in the hardware kit to fasten the antenna to the antenna mounting arm as shown in the following picture: U-bolts and mounting hardware antenna antenna mounting arm positioning holes for the antenna mounting arm page 16 of 22

17 Step 3: Mount the antenna mounting arm to the pole-mount bracket. Insert the antenna mounting arm into the pole-mount bracket as shown in the picture below. Use the nut and bolt supplied in the kit to fasten the antenna mounting arm to the pole-mount bracket. There are two holes that can be used for this purpose; choose the hole that provides the desired stand-off distance from the pole. antenna mounting arm pole-mount bracket page 17 of 22

18 Mounting the Optional Remote NAN Antenna on a Wall or Panel Follow these steps to mount the remote NAN antenna on a wall or panel: Step 1: Attach the surface-mount bracket. Attach the surface-mount bracket to the wall or other flat surface using appropriate fasteners (not supplied) for the specific surface material. Step 2: Fasten the antenna to the surface-mount bracket. Use the U-bolts, nuts, and washers supplied in the hardware kit to fasten the antenna to the surface-mount bracket as shown in the following picture: surface-mount bracket mounting hardware holes for mounting the bracket to a surface page 18 of 22

19 Connecting the Optional Remote NAN Antenna to the SecureMesh Repeater Follow these steps to connect the remote NAN antenna to the Repeater: Step 1: Attach the lightning arrestor to the antenna. The antenna has an N-type male connector, and the lightning arrestor has an N-type female connector. Step 2: Connect the lightning arrestor s grounding wire to a suitable earth ground. Use the grounding wire provided in the kit to ground the lightning arrestor. Failure to ground the lightning arrestor will prevent it from protecting the SecureMesh Repeater s electronics if the antenna is struck by lightning. Step 3: Connect the SecureMesh Repeater to the lightning arrestor using the coaxial cable supplied in the kit. Do not substitute with a different cable. Using a different coaxial cable could introduce more loss into the system and result in poor performance. For all indicated connections, follow these substeps: Substep 1: Prepare the coaxial connectors. Ensure that the connectors are dry and free from dirt and grit, especially the threads. Substep 2: Secure the connectors. Screw the N-type male connector onto the N-type female connector. To tighten the connector, apply ~15-25 inch-pounds / Newton-meters of torque. Hand tightening is usually not adequate, but a pair of pliers can provide an approximation. Substep 3: Seal the connection. Per the procedures provided in the Appendix of this document, seal the connection to weather-proof it. NB: the other end of the coaxial cable connects to the N-type female connector of the SecureMesh Repeater page 19 of 22

20 COMMISSIONING THE REPEATER When the Repeater is connected to power, the unit will automatically start. Assuming the device has been properly configured prior to its installation, the Repeater will begin communicating as part of the SecureMesh Neighborhood Area Network. Operation of the Repeater can be monitored by observing the LED labeled NAN (or LAN on some older units) visible when the enclosure door is open. The NAN LED indicates the following states (as supported by current firmware): solid green flashing green (1 Hz) solid orange solid red NAN LED normal operation, NAN radio is functional supercapacitor of NAN radio is charging (normally requiring no more than 60 seconds to reach a full charge) NAN radio is in its initialization process or transmitting NAN radio not functional or in reset process After the power to the SecureMesh Repeater is first applied, observe the NAN LED: The LED will flash red repeatedly for approximately 30 seconds during initialization. The LED will change from flashing red to flashing green. Once fully initialized, the LED will turn solid green. If the NAN LED is solid red, there may be a configuration problem. Return the SecureMesh Repeater so that it can be properly configured. If the LED is off, do the following: Verify that the unit has power. Verify that the circuit breaker is in the on position. If, after correcting any apparent problem, the LED remains off, the SecureMesh Repeater is defective and should be replaced. In normal operation the NAN LED will change from solid red to solid orange during data transmission. This solid orange state will be short if the SecureMesh Repeater is only transmitting or receiving a small amount of data. When communications are complete, the NAN LED again turns solid green. page 20 of 22

21 APPENDIX This appendix provides the following information: Guidelines and procedures for sealing coaxial cable connectors Compliance information for the RPTR-3000 SecureMesh Repeater FCC and Industry Canada compliance statements Sealing Coaxial Cable Connectors N-type coaxial cable connectors are designed to be weather-resistant, but sealing the connection will prevent water from entering the connector and will also prevent UV radiation from degrading the connectors over time. Weatherproof the N-type connector joint by using self-amalgamating (also known as self-annealing) mastic tape to waterproof the connection and electrical tape to protect it from UV radiation. Recommended tapes include: self-amalgamating mastic tape: poly isobutylene or ethylene propylene rubber tapes such as 3M 2242 linerless electrical rubber tape, 3M Scotch 23 rubber splicing tape, or 3M 2212 butyl mastic tape electrical tape: quality vinyl tapes such as 3M Scotch Super 33+ vinyl electrical tape or 3M Scotch Super 88 vinyl electrical tape Always apply tape at temperatures above 32 F / 0 C so that the tape can stretch elastically and will seal properly. Do not stretch the tape to the point where it distorts. Only apply enough pressure to smoothly wrap the tape over the connector, using your hands to smooth each wrap of tap to ensure proper adhesion. Always cut the tape with a sharp knife and never break off segments by stretching it. When wrapping tape over a connector, make sure to wrap it in the same direction as when tightening the connector. For vertical runs, always wrap the final wrap from the bottom to the top, overlapping ~50% of the width of the tape. Wrapped in this way, water will run down across the edges of the tape without entering under the wrapped tape. Observing the above guidelines, seal the connector as follows: 1. First wrap the connector with self-amalgamating tape to water-proof the connection. 2. Then wrap an extra layer or two of electrical tape over the wrapped self-amalgamating to enhance UV protection, especially in warm climates with much exposure to sunlight. 10BCompliance (RPTR-3000 SecureMesh Repeater) radio emissions unlicensed radio operation device IDs safety FCC Part 15 Class B Industry Canada ICES-003 Class B FCC Part Industry Canada RSS-210 FCC device ID: TMB-EM0069 Industry Canada ID: 6028A-EM0069 UL CSA C22.2 No page 21 of 22

22 12BFCC Statement (US) This product has been tested and complies with the specifications for a Class B digital device, pursuant to Part 15 of the FCC Rules. These limits are designed to provide reasonable protection against harmful interference in a residential installation. This equipment generates, uses, and can radiate radio frequency energy and, if not installed and used according to the instructions, may cause harmful interference to radio communications. However, there is no guarantee that interference will not occur in a particular installation. If this product does cause harmful interference to radio or television reception, which can be determined by turning the product off and on, the user is encouraged to try to correct the interference by one or more of the following measures: reorient or relocate the product; increase the separation between this product and other devices; connect this product to an outlet on a different circuit than the other equipment; or consult a dealer or an experienced radio/tv technician for assistance. Industry Canada Statement / Avis d Industrie Canada (Canada) This Class B digital apparatus complies with ICES-003 and RSS-210 of Industry Canada. Operation is subject to the following two conditions: 1. This device may not cause interference, and 2. This device must accept any interference, including interference that may cause undesired operation of the device. Cet appareil numérique de la classe B est conforme aux normes NMB003 et CNR-210 d Industrie Canada. 1. L utilisation de ce dispositif est autorisée seulement aux conditions suivantes: 2. Il ne doit pas produire de brouillage et l utilisateur du dispositif doit être prêt à accepter tout brouillage radioélectrique reçu, même si ce brouillage est susceptible de compromettre le fonctionnement du dispositif. Trilliant Incorporated 1100 Island Drive Redwood City, CA USA Trilliant, CellReader, CellGateway, SecureMesh, SerViewCom, UnitySuite, SkyPilot, SyncMesh, the Trilliant logo, and the SkyPilot logo are trademarks of Trilliant Incorporated and/or its subsidiaries. All other trademarks are the property of their respective owners. This material is provided for informational purposes only; Trilliant assumes no liability related to its use and expressly disclaims any implied warranties of merchantability or fitness for any particular purpose. All specifications, descriptions, and information contained herein are subject to change without prior notice. Copyright 2011 Trilliant Incorporated. ALL RIGHTS RESERVED. page 22 of 22