Theoretical Information About Branch-line Couplers

Transcription

1 Theoretical Information About Branch-line Couplers Generally branch-line couplers are 3dB, four ports directional couplers having a 90 phase difference between its two output ports named through and coupled arms. Branch-line couplers (also named as Quadrature Hybrid) are often made in microstrip or stripline form. 1.DESIGN OF BRANCH -LINE COUPLER: The geometry of the branch-line coupler is shown in Figure1. A branch-line coupler is made by two main transmission lines shunt-connected by two secondary (branch lines). As it can be seen from the figure, it has a symmetrical four port. First port is named as Input port, second and third ports are Output ports and the fourth port is the Isolated port. The second port is also named as direct or through port and the third port is named as coupled port. It is obvious that due to the symmetry of the coupler any of these ports can be used as the input port but at that time the output ports and isolated port changes accordingly. When we analysis the scattering matrix of this coupler we will see also the result of that symmetry in scattering matrix. Considering the dimensions of the coupler the length of the branch line and series line is generally chosen as the one fourth of the design wavelength. As it is shown in Figure 1, if we name the length of series and stub transmission lines as L then L can be find as following: At that point we will se the calculation of the other dimension parameter of transmission lines; w/d ratio. We generally design branch-line couplers in two forms: Microstrip line and Stripline. Geometry of the microstrip line and stripline can be seen from Figure2.

2 According to the impedance choice of the series and stub microstrip transmission lines we can calculate the w/d ratios of the those lines in microstrip form by using the following formulas: Given εr and Z0 Considering the Stripline branch-line coupler design, we can calculate w/d ratios for each (stub and series) transmission line in the branch-line coupler with following calculations: 2.ANALYSIS OF BRANCH-LINE COUPLER 2.1.Even-odd mode analysis and S-parameters

3 In the analysis of the branch-line coupler we consider the scattering matrix of the coupler. In order to find them we use even-odd.mode analysis. In both mode we divide the branch-line coupler symmetrically as in the Figure 3. Generally considering that we give V voltage to the Input port. In the even odd mode analysis we consider it we give that V voltage in even mode of it to Input port and rest to the Isolated port and for the odd mode we give Input port of it and to the isolated port 1/2 of it. Furthermore, while making even-odd mode analysis, for the even mode we think that the stubs of the divided circuit are open circuited and for the odd mode they are short circuited. For this analysis, if we consider the superposition of the incoming voltage, it results as V voltage to the Input and 0 voltage to the Isolated port. Furthermore we have for each mode incident and reflected waves, for even mode it is illustrated in the Figure 4. As it is seen we have an incident wave of the actual voltage and at first stub we have a reflection having a reflection coefficient Γe and at second port a transmitted signal having transmission coefficient Te. Considering the contribution of the even mode to the port waves for first port we have 1/2VΓe, for second port we have 1/2VTe, for third port 1/2VTe, and for the fourth port 1/2VΓe.

4 In addition, for odd mode incident and reflected waves are illustrated in the Figure 5. As it is seen we have an incident wave of the actual voltage at first port and 1/2 of it at fourth port as incoming wave. Also at first stub we have a reflection having a reflection coefficient Γo and at second port a transmitted signal having transmission coefficient To. Considering the contribution of the odd mode to the port waves for first port we have 1/2VΓo, for second port we have 1/2VTo, for third port -1/2VTo, and for the fourth port --1/2VΓo. At this point, we express the emerging wave at each port of the branch-line coupler as the superposition of the even and odd mode waves as following: B1=(1/2Γe+1/2Γo)V 1.7 B2=(1/2Te+1/2To)V 1.8 B3=(1/2Te-1/2To)V 1.9 B4=(1/2Γe-1/2Γo)V 1.10 The ABCD matrix is used to find the overall transmission and reflection characteristics of the network. Having YA=1/ZA and YB=1/ZB we have the ABCD matrix of even and odd mode. For even mode ABCD parameters are as following:

5 Since we have l=λ/4 (and work with our design frequency), βl=(2π/λ)*(λ/4)=π/2 Therefore cosβl=0 and sinβl=1 and the ABCD matrix is following: For the odd mode ABCD matrix: Since we have l=λ/4 and so βl=(2π/λ)*(λ/4)=π/2 So cosβl=0 and sinβl=1 and the ABCD matrix is following At that point we can find Γe, Γo, Te, To by using following equations:

6 Then solving above equations with parameters of even and odd mode ABCD matrixes at center frequency where ƒ=νp/λ=νp/4 : At this time we can say that B1/V=S11, B2/V=S12, B3/V =S13 and B4/V =S14. Therefore S- Parameters are as following:

7 Branch-line coupler is And the scattering matrix of 2.2. Matching Condition Looking above equations if we consider the matching condition; then S11 and S14 becomes zero. In that matching case; the power entering port1is evenly divided between ports 2 and 3 with a 90 phase shift between these output ports. No power is coupled to port 4 (isolated port). Therefore, the isolation and directivity of that matched coupler, which will be mentioned in following part, is very high (for perfect case infinity), at center frequency. 2.3.Coupling, Directivity, Isolation and Power-split Ratio As it can be seen from the matrix above that scattering matrix of branch-line coupler is symmetric and the each row of it is just the transpose of its each column. Considering the coupling which is the ratio of power at port 1 to power at port 3, directivity which is the ratio of power at port 3 to power at port 4 and the isolation which is the ratio of power at port 1 to power at port 4 of the branch-line coupler: Coupling = = 10log(P1/P3) = -20log S13 db 1.31 Directivity = = 10log(P3/P4) = 20log ( S13 / S14 ) db 1.32 Isolation = = 10log(P1/P4) = -20log S14 db 1.33

8 The power split ratio (P) which is used to express the coupling of the branch-line coupler in terms of the ratio of powers to the coupled (port 3) and direct ports (port 2) : = 10log(P3/P2)=-20log ( S13 / S12 ) Behaviour of S-parameters verses frequency In order to define the behaviour of the s-parameters with the frequency change we follow the following way. Let us consider ABCD matrixes of even and odd mode expressed in (1.12) and (1.15), respectively. With those matrixes, in order to calculate s-parameters in center frequency we have taken β value as π/2 and therefore cosβ was 0 and sinβ was 1 (β 2π /λ and λ=νp/ƒ). In this case since we will observe the dependence of s-parameters to the frequency we will take sinβ and cosβ as they are and calculate s-parameters with them. Solving (1.12) and (1.15), then ABCD matrixes are: Solving for Γe, Γo, Te, T o : Putting x for cosβ and y for sinβ in the equations;

9 At this point, if we use (1.25), (1.26), (1.27), (1.28), then we get all the necessary s-parameters in our hand. After finding s-parameters, we can find magnitude of s-parameters and plot the magnitude verses frequency plot. This simulation program can plot the magnitude of s-parameters vs. frequency plot. References: 1. Fooks, E. H. Microwave engineering using microstrip circuits, Prentice Hall New York Pozar, David M. Microwave Engineering Second Edition, Wiley, New York 1998

10 Theoretical Information About Tapered Coupled Line Hybrid Tapered Hybrid junction is a four-port network with a 180 degree phase shift between two output ports but it can also be that output ports are in phase. The 180 degree tapered hybrid can be constructed in several forms such as planar form o like wave guide forms. In this toolkit we shall only deal with planar forms, i.e. microstrip and stirpline forms Here we will use most famous method while analyzing the tapered hybrid, that is even-odd mode analysis. Even-Odd mode Analysis of the Tapered coupled Line Hybrid

11 The tapered coupled line 180 degree hybrid can provide any power division ratio with a bandwidth of a decade or m tapered coupled line hybrid.

12 Figure 1: Schematic diagram of the tapered coupled line hybrid

13 Figure 2: The variation of characteristic impedance The schematic circuit of this coupler is seen above. The ports have been numbered to correspond functionally to the general considerations about 180 degree hybrids. The coupler consists of two coupled lines with tapering characterist lines are weakly coupled so that Z oe (z)=z o (z)= Z o,while at z=l the coupling is such that Z oe (L)=kZ o,where 0<=k<= voltage coupling factor. the even mode of the coupled line thus matches aload impedance of Z o /k(at z=l) to Zo, whil that Z oe (z)z o (z)=z o 2 for all z. The Klopfenstein taper is generally used for these tapered matching lines. For L<z<2L, the impedance Z o ;these lines are required for phase compensation of the coupled line section The length of each section, q long to provide a good impedance match over the desired bandwidth. First consider an incident voltage wave of amplit excitation can be reduced to the superposition of an even-mode excitation and an odd-mode excitation, as shown in Figu

14 Figure 3: Even-mode excitation Figure 4: Odd-mode excitation At the junctions of the coupled and uncoupled line (z=l), the reflection coefficients seen by the even or odd modes of th

15 Then at z=0 these coefficients are transformed to,. Then by superposition the scattering parameters of ports 2 and 4 are as follows: S 44 isequal to and S 24 isequal to. By symmetry, we also have that S 22 =0 and S 42 = S 24. To evaluate the transmission coefficients into ports 1 and 3, we will use the ABCD parameters for the equivalent circ matching sections have been assumed to be ideal, and replaced with transformers.

16 Figure 5: Even-mode case Figure 6: Odd-mode case The ABCD matrix of the transmission line-transformer-transmission line cascade can be found by multiplying the three in it is easier to use the fact that the transmission line sections affect only the phase of the transmission coefficients. The A [ 0;0 1/ ], for the even mode, and [1/ 0;0 ], for the odd mode. Then the even- and odd-mode transmission coefficients are

17 T e =T o =2 /(k+1)e -2j q, Since T=2/(a+B/Z o +CZ o +d)=2 /(k+1) for both modes; the e -2j q Factor accounts for the phase delay of the two transmission line sections. We can then evaluate the following Sparamet S 34 becomes equal to S 14 becomes equal to. The voltage coupling factor from port 4 to port 3 is then b= S 34 =, 0<b<1 while the voltage coupling factor from port 4 to port 2 is a= S 24 =, 0<a<1. Power conservation is verified by the fact that S S 34 2 =a 2 +b 2 =1. If we now apply even- and odd-mode excitations at ports 1 and 3, so that superposition yields an incident voltage wave parameters. With a phase reference at the input ports, the even- and odd-mode reflection coefficients at port one will be,. Then we can calculate the following S parameters:

18 S 11 is, S 31 becomes equal to and they are equal to ae -2jq. From symmetry, we also have that S 33 =0, S 13 =S 31, and that S 14 =S 32, S 12 =S 34.The tapered coupled line 180 o hybrid thus So finally S matrix has the following form e -2j q.