JPEG format (.jpg,.jpeg) Izabela Gucunski. Seminarski rad u okviru predmeta Računalna forenzika 2016/2017

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1 JPEG format (.jpg,.jpeg) Izabela Gucunski Seminarski rad u okviru predmeta Računalna forenzika 2016/2017 Sveučilište u Zagrebu Fakultet elektrotehnike i računarstva 1

2 1. Osnovno o JPEG-u 1.1 JPG vs JPEG JPG i JPEG su formati slike koje je izumio tim Joint Photographic Experts Group. Ova dva pojma imaju isto značenje. Razlog za različite datotečne nastavke datira iz ranih verzija sustava Windows. Izvorna ekstenzija datoteke za Joint Photographic Expert Group bila je ".jpeg"; Međutim, u sustavu Windows sve datoteke su nužno imale ekstenziju dužine tri slova. Dakle, ekstenzija datoteke je skraćena u ".jpg". Međutim, Macintosh nije bio ograničeni nastavcima sa tri slova. tako da su Mac korisnici koristili ".jpeg". Na kraju, s nadogradnjom Windowsa također se počelo prihvaćati ".jpeg". Međutim, mnogi korisnici već su se koristili s ".jpg", pa su i ekstenzije datoteke sa tri slova i ekstenzije sa četiri slova prihvaćene kao korektne. 1.2 Općenito JPEG ISO standard je najčešće korištena metoda za sažimanje za digitalne fotografije.uz gubitak. Format zapisa sa ekstenzijom.jpg je danas najkorišteniji format zapisa digitalne fotografije, a označava JPEG zapis metodu zapisa sa gubitkom u kompersiji koji iskorištava mane ljudskog oka godine ISO (International Organization for Standardization) je započela istraživanje na temu kako zapisati digitalnu fotografiju sa velikom rezolucijom godine osnovana je JPEG grupa (Joint Photographic Experts Group) od strane CCITT (International Telegraph and Telephone Consultative Commitee) i ISO-a s ciljem definiranja standarda za kodiranje crno bijelih i kolor fotografija. JPEG zatim objavljuje Information Technology Digital Compression and Coding of Contuostone Still Images Requirments and guidelines poznat još pod nazivom JPEG specifikacija za kodiranje i dekodiranje komprimirane fotografije (ISO ) godine Eric Hamilton objavljuje format pod nazivom JFIF (JPEG File Interchange Format) koji omogućuje zapis meta podataka izvan samih informacija o slici. To je omogućilo JPEG zapisu da bude prepoznat među svim računalnim preglednicima fotografija. Algoritmi za kompresiju JPEG zapisa nude povoljan omjer kvalitete i veličine fotografije. Zbog upotrebe JPEG zapisa i mogućnosti najučinkovitije kompresije sa gubitkom danas svaki digitalni fotoaparat ima mogućnost JPEG zapisa. Standard JPEG podržava 8 ili 12 bitnu dubinu boja po RGB kanalu. Osam bitna dubina boje je postala prihvaćenija u praksi te se primjenjuje u digitalnom fotoaparatu i u računalnim programima za obradu fotografija. Za svaki kanal boje (R, G, B) u 8 bitnom sustavu, intenzitet svjetla se može izraziti sa 256 konačnih vrijednosti (0-255) za svaki piksel. Efikasnost kompresije JPEG zapisa temelji se na DCT (Discrete Cosine Transform). DCT algoritam ne stvara gubitak u kvaliteti fotografije, jer umjesto kompresije pretvara prostornu domenu u frekvencijsku domenu, a tek onda započinje proces kodiranja. JPEG se odnosi samo na klasu kompresije, a ne na specifični datotečni format. Kako bi se proizvela datoteka s ugrađenim JPEG tokovima, brojni datočni standardi formata su ili prilagođeni ili kreiran za tu namjenu. Neki od njih su JPEG / JFIF, JPEG / spiff (Still Picture Interchange File Format), JPEG / CIFF, JPEG / Exif ((Exchangeable image file format). 2

3 Među njima su najčešće vrste su JPEG / Exif i JPEG / JFIF. JPEG / Exif je najčešći format slike koji se koristi kod digitalnih fotoaparata i ostalih uređaja za fotografiranje JPEG / JFIF je najčešći format za spremanje i prenošenje fotografskih slika na World Wide Webu. 2. Struktura metapodatke u JPEG-u JPEG datoteka sadrži nekoliko segmenata; svaki segment sadrži različite vrste podataka, omeđenih s dva bajta koda, a zovu se markeri. Markeri su heksadecimalni; oni počinju sa 0xff I završavaju s kodom (1 bajt) koji ukazuje na vrstu markera. Neki markeri se sastoji od samo ta dva bajta; drugi imaju još dva bajta koji označavaju duljinu specifičnih korisnih podataka markera. Duljina uključuje dva bajta za duljinu, ali ne i dva bajta za marker. Kratko ime Broj batova Payload Ime i komentar SOI 0xD8 Nema Početak slike SOF0 0xC0 Veličina varijable Početak okvira (Baseline DCT). Pokazuje da je to osnovni DCT-based JPEG, a određuje širinu, visinu, broj komponenata, i komponente poduzorkovanja SOF2 0xC2 Veličina varijable Početak okvira (Progressive DCT). Pokazuje da je to progresivna DCT-based JPEG, a određuje širinu, visinu, broj komponenata, i komponentae poduzorkovanja. DHT 0xC4 Veličina varijable Definira Huffmanovu tablicu DQT 0xDB Veličina varijable Definirajte Kvantizacijsku Tablica (s) DRI 0xDD 2 bajta Definirajte Restart Interval. Određuje interval između RSTn markera, u macrobloku. Ovaj marker slijede dva bajta koji ukazuju na fiksnu veličinu tako da se može tretirati kao bilo koji drugi segment promjenjiva veličina. SOS 0xDA Veličina varijable Početak skeniranja. Počinje top-to-bottom skeniranje slike. U osnovnim DCT JPEG slika, tu je općenito jedan scan. Progresivni DCT JPEG slike obično sadrže više skenova. Ovaj marker određuje koji komad podataka će sadržavati,a potom slijedi entropijski kodirani podatci. RSTn 0xDn n(n=0..7) Nema Restart. Umetnut je svakih R makroblokova, gdje R predstavlja ponovni intervala pokrenut od DRI markera. Nema koristiti ako nema marker DRI. Niža 3 bita marker-kod ciklusa u vrijednosti od 0 do 7. APPn 0xEn Veličina varijable Application-specific Na primjer, Exif JPEG datoteka koristi marker App1 za pohranu metapodataka, izloženu u strukturi usko se temelji na TIFF. 3

4 COM 0xFE Veličina varijable Komentar EOI 0xD9 Nema Kraj slike Sl.1. Zajednički JPEG markeri. Iz Wikipedije, Metapodaci u JPEG datoteci se pohranjuju u APPN (0xff, 0xEn) segment, a komentar je pohranjen u COM segmentu(0xff, 0xFE). Neki vendori(dobavljači) mogu koristiti istu vrstu markera APPN da bi uključili svoje podatke, tako da ti markeri često počinju s imenom dobavljača (npr "Exif" ili "Adobe") ili sa nekim drugim identifikacijskim nizom Exiv2 omogućuje brz i jednostavan pristup za čitanje pisanje u EXIF, IPTC i XMP. Dakle, ovaj podatak se fokusira samo na poziciji EXIF, IPTC i XMP podataka u JPEG formatu. Common Metadata Blocks and Likely Sources From Cameras MakerNotes PrintIM From Applications ICC Profile IPTC Photoshop XMP From Either File EXIF JFIF APP Exif Exif JPEG datoteka koristi App1 segment za pohranu podataka (i umnožava APP2 segmente za FlashPix podatake). Exif APP1 segment pohranjuje veliku količinu informacija o fotografskim parametarima za digitalne fotoaparate i danas je to preferirani način za pohranu sličica. Također može sadržavati dodatni odjeljak s GPS podatcima. Sve pojedinosti o Exif dostupne su na [ U teoriji, Exif APP1 se snima odmah nakon SOI markera (marker ne ukazuje na početak datoteke). Međutim, to dovodi do nekompatibilnosti između Exif i JFIF standarda jer obojica naveli da je njihov određeni segment aplikacije (APP0 za JFIF, APP1 za Exif) mora biti prvi u slikovnoj datoteci. U praksi, većina JPEG datoteke sadrže JFIF marker segment (APP0) koja prethodi Exif App1. To omogućuje starijim verzijama čitača da pravilno rukuju JFIF segmentom formata, a novijim verzijama čitača da dekodiraju sljedeće Exif segmente, što je manje strog način u kojem traže da se pojavljuju prvi. Na taj način za većinu dekodera neće utjecati na dekodiranje slike, ali slabo dizajnirani JFIF ili Exif parseri možda neće prepoznati datoteku ispravno. EXIF Make Hewlett-Packard 4

5 Camera Model Name Orientation HP PhotoSmart 618 (V1.10) Horizontal (normal) X Resolution 72 Y Resolution 72 Resolution Unit Y Cb Cr Positioning inches Centered Exposure Time 1/60 F Number 2.7 ISO 100 Exif Version 0210 Date/Time Original 2007:05:28 12:56:08 Components Configuration Y, Cb, Cr, - Compressed Bits Per Pixel 1.6 Shutter Speed Value 1/64 Aperture Value 2.8 Exposure Compensation 0 Max Aperture Value 4.0 Subject Distance Metering Mode Light Source Flash Focal Length 0.72 m Multi-segment Unknown Fired 7.7 mm Flashpix Version

6 Color Space srgb Exif Image Width 800 Exif Image Height 600 Image Width 96 Image Height 72 Bits Per Sample Compression Photometric Interpretation Uncompressed RGB Strip Offsets 1750 Samples Per Pixel 3 Rows Per Strip 72 Strip Byte Counts Planar Configuration Chunky Exif APP1 segment sastoji se od App1 markera (0xFFE1), Exif identifikator niza ("Exif \ 0 \ 0"), i same informacije atributa. Identifikator niza "Exif \ 0 \ 0" se koristi da se izbjegne sukob s drugim aplikacijama koje koriste App1 (npr XMP). 6

7 Sl.2. Osnovna struktura JPEG datoteke. Od Exif.org, Exif ne koristi APPN segmente osim APP1, APP2 i COM segmentima. Međutim, neki nepoznati APPN još uvijek mogu postojati u strukturi datoteka i Exif čitači trebali bi biti dizajnirani za preskakanje preko njih. 2.2 XMP U tipično uređenoj JPEG datoteci, XMP (Extensible Metadata Platform) informacije su u pravilu uključene uz Exif i IPTC (Information Interchange Model data). XMP koristi App1 segment kako bi se pohranili metapodatci; format za pohranu je RDF (Resource Description Framework) koji se implementira kao primjena XML-a. XMP APP1 segment sastoji se od App1 markera (0xFFE1), XMP identifikatora niza ( " i Unicode XMP paketa (kodiranje je obično UTF-8, ali to također može biti UTF-16 ili UTF-32). Paket se ne može podijeliti u više segmenata, tako da je maksimalna veličina od oko 64KB (2 ^ 16-1 bajtova). Struktura sadržaja paketa može se naći na Referentni dokument za XMP 3.2 može se preuzeti s Adobe Systems Incorporated Kad je Adobe prvi uveo XMP, on je namijenio da potpuno sadržii XMP blok u jednom segmentu JPEG-a. Dakle, XMP / XML ne može biti dulji od 65K bajtova. U godini, standard je nadograđen da sadrži mehanizam koji bi se mogao koristiti na više segmenata. Aplikacija exiv2 (.exe) u verziji 0,25 podržava opciju -px za izvlačenje RAW XMP / xml paketa iz slike. Opcija - px podržava oba single-segmenta (65k) i standardne multi-segmente. Međutim libexiv2 7

8 općenito ne podržava standard multi-segment. Sljedeća verzija nakon v0.25 potpunosti podržava multi-segment XMP. 2.3 IPTC Adobe Photoshop koristi APP13 segment za pohranjivanje ne-grafičkih informacija, kao što su slojevi, putanje (path), IPTC podatci i još mnogo toga. Sadržaj APP13 segmenta čine App1 markeri (0xFFE1), identifikator niz (obično "Photoshop 3.0 \ 000", ali i "Adobe_Photoshop2.5: ', za one koji koriste starije verzije), te niz blokova podataka - resurs. Općenito, blok resurs sadrži samo nekoliko bajtova, ali je važno da IPTC blok može biti vrlo velik. IPTC blok ne može stati u jedan APP13 segment, tako da se mora podijeliti u više APP13 segmenta. Referentni dokument za Photoshop formatu dostupan je na ICC ICC profil je pohranjen u jednom ili više APP2 komadu. Iako su mnogi ICC profili mali, oni također mogu biti više nego jedan cijeli komad. Komadi su ograničene na bajta sa dva bajta dužine po komadu. Da bi adresirali sve, podaci ICC APP2 imaju 16 bajtno zaglavlje kako slijedi: bytes data ICC_PROFILE\0 12 icc chunk-count 13 icc total chunks Maksimalna veličina ICC profilom je ograničena na 256 * ( ) = 16,261,888 bajtova, što je prilično velika profil. Prva četiri bajta na ICC profilom su duljina datoteke i kodirani su u BigEndianu. 3. Exiv2 JPEG algoritmi čitanje/pisanja metapodataka Ovo poglavlje kratko uvodi o algoritmu koji se koristi u Exiv2. Za više detalja, molimo preuzmite izvorni kod Exiv2 i pregledajte kod u src / jpgimage.cpp datoteci. 3.1 Algoritam čitanja metapodataka Iz gornjeg ispitivanja, vidimo da je čitanje algoritma vrlo jednostavno. Mi samo trebamo proći kroz markere, pronaći i pročitati sadržaj Exif App1, XMP App1, IPTC APP13 segmentime. Svi ti segmenti trebaju se locirati prije SOS segmentu (kojeg odmah slijedi entropijski kodirani podaci), a često su smješteni odmah nakon segmenta SOI (nije zajamčeno). Dakle, nije potrebno pročitati cijelu JPEG datoteku kako bi provjerili postoji li metapodaci ili ne; proces se može zaustaviti kad god je marker SOS pronađen 8

9 Slika 3. Dijagram toka čitanja Metapodataka Standardne JPEG datoteke bi trebale imati najviše jedan Exif App1 segment i jedan XMP App1 segment. Dakle, ako postoji više od jednog Exif APP1 segment ili jedan XMP APP1 segment, exiv2 u tom slučaju čita samo prvi segment. JPEG datoteke može imati više komentara, ali za sada exiv2 samo čita prvi (najviše od JPEG datoteke imaju ionako tek edan). 3.2 Algoritam pisanja metapodataka Opća ideja za pisanje algoritma je pronaći Exif App1, XMP App1, IPTC APP13 segmente, izvadite ih iz JPEG datoteke i zamijeniti ih s novim metapodacima. Kako bi se ovo pojednostavilo, slažu se sljedeća pravila (to je standard u većini JPEG-a). 9

10 Redoslijed segmenata Exif, XMP, IPTC u izlaznoj datoteci je sljedeći (bez obzira na njihove pozicije u ulaznoj datoteci): SOI (APP0) (Exif App1) (XMP App1) (IPTC App13)... EOI Segment COM se nalazi neposredno prije SOFn u izlaznoj datoteci (bez obzira na njegovu poziciju u ulaznoj datoteci). Slika 4. Dijagram toka od writemetadata 10

11 Primjer 1: Sljedeći je primjer pokazati promjene u strukturi JPEG nakon writemetadata. U ovom primjeru, nakon dodavanja Exif.Photo.UserComment, doda se ne samo Exif APP1 segment, nego se također IPTC APP13 pomiče udesno odmah nakon Exif App1 $./exiv2 -pa test.jpg Iptc.Application2.RecordVersion Short 1 2 Iptc.Application2.Keywords String Iptc.Application2.Keywords String 10 California Iptc.Application2.Keywords String 9 Christmas Iptc.Application2.Keywords String 9 canderson Iptc.Application2.Keywords String 6 nature Iptc.Application2.Keywords String 6 winter Iptc.Application2.Copyright String 12 (C)CANDERSON $./exifprint test.jpg -struc STRUTURE OF FILE: marker size signature 0xd8 0xe0 0xe2 16 JFIFHH 3160 ICC_PROFILE HLinomntrRGB 0xed 0xe Photoshop 3.08BIM XMP://ns.adobe.com/xmp/extension/ 0xdb 67 0xdb 67 0xc0 17 0xc4 31 0xc4 70 0xc4 29 0xc

12 0xda 12 0xd $./exiv2 -M"add Exif.Photo.UserComment Hello" test.jpg $./exifprint test.jpg -struc STRUTURE OF FILE: marker size signature 0xd8 0xe0 0xe1 0xed 0xe2 16 JFIFHH 66 ExifIIi Photoshop 3.08BIM 3160 ICC_PROFILE HLinomntrRGB 0xe XMP://ns.adobe.com/xmp/extension/ 0xdb 67 0xdb 67 0xc0 17 0xc4 31 0xc4 70 0xc4 29 0xc4 68 0xda 12 0xd Exif.Image.ExifTag 0x8769 Long 1 26 Exif.Photo.UserComment 0x9286 Undefined 13 Hello Primjer 2: Ovaj primjer pokazuje izlaz pomoću exiv2 (.exe) za v0.25 koji ima opciju -ps ispisati strukturu slike. Možete jasno vidjeti poziciju APP1 Exif blok, blok APP1 XMP i APP13 PhotoShop bloka koje koristi podatke IPTC. exiv2 (.exe) također ima opciju -px za izdvajanje sirovog XMP za 12

13 vanjsku obradu. I EXIF i IPTC podatakovni blokovi su pohranjeni pomoću specifikacije TIFF kontejnra. Primjer u TIFF dokumentu pokazuje kako izvući i ispisati strukturu podataka Exif napisane u TIFF formatu. $ exiv2 -pa ~/test.jpg Exif.Image.Make Ascii 18 NIKON CORPORATION... Exif.Thumbnail.YCbCrPositioning Short 1 Centered Iptc.Envelope.ModelVersion Short 1 4 Iptc.Envelope.CharacterSet String 3 %G Iptc.Application2.RecordVersion Short 1 4 Iptc.Application2.Caption String 27 Mrs Johnson's Austin Office Xmp.xmp.Rating XmpText 1 0 Xmp.xmp.ModifyDate XmpText T20:46:51-06:00 Xmp.dc.description LangAlt 1 lang="x-default" Mrs Johnson's Austin Office $ exiv2 -ps ~/test.jpg STRUCTURE OF JPEG FILE: /Users/rmills/test.jpg address marker length data 2 0xd8 SOI 4 0xe1 APP Exif..II* xe1 APP xe2 APP MPF.II* xed APP Photoshop 3.0.8BIM xdb DQT xc0 SOF xc4 DHT xda SOS rmills@rmillsmbp:~/gnu/exiv2/trunk/website $ exiv2 -px ~/test.jpg xmllint -pretty 1 - <?xml version="1.0"?> <?xpacket begin="" id="w5m0mpcehihzreszntczkc9d"?> 13

14 <x:xmpmeta xmlns:x="adobe:ns:meta/" x:xmptk="xmp Core 5.1.2"> <rdf:rdf xmlns:rdf=" <rdf:description xmlns:xmp=" xmlns:dc=" rdf:about="" xmp:rating="0" xmp:modifydate=" t20:46:51-06:00"> <dc:description> <rdf:alt> <rdf:li xml:lang="x-default">mrs Johnson's Austin Office</rdf:li> </rdf:alt> </dc:description> </rdf:description> </rdf:rdf> </x:xmpmeta> <?xpacket end="w"?> $ Zaključak: JPG i JPEG su formati slike koje je izumio tim Joint Photographic Experts Group. Ova dva pojma imaju isto značenje. JPEG ISO standard je najčešće korištena metoda za sažimanje za digitalne fotografije.uz gubitke. JPEG metapodataci mogu biti moćno sredstvo koje se može koristiti kako bi se organizirale i označile slike s korisnim opisnim materijalom. Važno je shvatiti da je vrlo malo metapodataka kodirano u slike po snimanju uređajem kao što su digitalne kamere. Ovaj podatak je često irelevantan, ali može dovesti do izlaganja nečije privatnosti, tako da je važno razumjeti prirodu Exif podataka koji su prisutni u slikama. Također je korisno imati na umu da, iako metapodatak možemo dodati u slikovnu datoteku, ovaj metapodatak putuje u zapisu, te može otkriti informacije o datoteci koju vlasnik nikada nije namijenio otkriti. Također je korisno imati na umu da Exif format može sadržavati sličicu koja ne mora nužno biti primjećena softverom za izmjenu, te to poslije može stvoriti problem. Unatoč tim potencijalnim zamkama, metapodatci slike su koristan alat koji omogućuju korisnicima veću fleksibilnost u smislu prijenosnosti i opisnih podatka koji se lako mogu ugraditi u slikovne datoteke, očuvajući podatke bitne za slikovnu datoteku. 14

15 Literatura:

Carls-MacBook-Pro:Desktop carl$ exiftool -a -G1 EMMANUEL-MACRON-PORTRAIT-OFFICIEL.jpg [ExifTool] ExifTool Version Number : [System] File Name :

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