4Step-by-Step. Arts in the Industrial Age. Prepare to Read

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1 4 WITNESS HISTORY AUDIO Sunset In the 1800s, many writers turned away from the harsh realities of industrial life to celebrate nature. The English poet William Wordsworth described the peace and beauty of sunset: It is a beauteous evening, calm and free, The holy time is quiet as a Nun Breathless with adoration; the broad sun Is sinking down in its tranquillity. William Wordsworth, Complete Poetical Works Focus Question What artistic movements emerged in reaction to the Industrial Revolution? SECTION 4Step-by-Step ion As you teach this section, keep students focused on the following objectives to help them answer the Section Focus Question and master core content. Understand what themes shaped romantic art, literature, and music. Learn how realists responded to the industrialized, urban world. Describe how the visual arts changed. Use the information below and the following resources to teach the high-use words from this section. Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 6; Teaching Resources, Skills Handbook, p. 3 High-Use Words emphasis, p. 321 intense, p. 322 Arts in the Industrial Age Understand what themes shaped romantic art, literature, and music. Explain how realists responded to the industrialized, urban world. Describe how the visual arts changed. Terms, People, and Places William Wordsworth William Blake romanticism Lord Byron Victor Hugo Albert Bierstadt, Hetch Hetchy Canyon, 1875 realism Charles Dickens Gustave Courbet Louis Daguerre impressionism Claude Monet Vincent van Gogh Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details Fill in a table like the one below with details about the artistic movements in the 1800s. Major Artistic Movements of the 1800s Movement Romanticism Realism Impressionism Goals/ Characteristics Rebellion against reason Major Figures Wordsworth William Wordsworth, along with William Blake, Samuel Taylor Coleridge, and Percy Bysshe Shelley among others, was part of a cultural movement called romanticism. From about 1750 to 1850, romanticism shaped Western literature and arts. The Romantic Revolt Against Reason Romanticism does not refer to romance in the sense of an affectionate relationship, but rather to an artistic style emphasizing imagination, freedom, and emotion. Romanticism was a reaction to the neoclassical writers of the Enlightenment, who had turned to classical Greek and Roman literature and ideals that stressed order, harmony, reason, and emotional restraint. In contrast to Enlightenment literature, the works of romantic writers included simple, direct language, intense feelings, and a glorification of nature. Artists, composers, and architects were also followers of the movement. The Romantic Hero Romantic writers created a new kind of hero a mysterious, melancholy figure who felt out of step with society. My joys, my grief, my passions, and my powers, / Made me a stranger, wrote Britain s George Gordon, Lord Byron. He himself was a larger-than-life figure equal to those he created. After a rebellious, wandering life, he joined Greek forces battling for freedom. When he died of a fever there, his legend bloomed. In fact, public interest in his poetry and adventures was so great that moody, isolated romantic heroes came to be described as Byronic. Definitions and Sample Sentences n. special attention given to something to make it stand out The school placed more emphasis on scholarship than athletics. adj. very strong or deep Death Valley is known for its intense heat. Prepare to Read Build Background Knowledge Ask students to recall how the Industrial Revolution affected all aspects of life. Ask them to predict how it would influence the way that people thought about, viewed, or listened to the arts. Set a Purpose WITNESS HISTORY Read the selection aloud or play the audio. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Sunset Ask What is the main idea of this stanza? (that the setting sun is calm, quiet, beautiful, and peaceful) How is Wordsworth s poem a reaction to industrial life? (By retreating to the beauty and power of nature, it turns away from industrialization and city life.) Focus Point out the Section Focus Question and write it on the board. Tell students to refer to this question as they read. (Answer appears with Section 4 Assessment answers.) Preview Have students preview the Section and the list of Terms, People, and Places. Have students read this section using the Guided Questioning strategy (TE, p. T20). As they read, have them fill in the table describing the major artistic movements of the 1800s. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 110 Chapter 9 Section 4 319

2 Teach The Romantic Revolt Against Reason Introduce Read aloud the quotation by Lord Byron under the black heading The Romantic Hero ( My joys... / Made me a stranger ) and discuss students responses. Teach Explain that romanticism emphasizes imagination, emotion, and feeling as sources of knowledge. Ask How was romanticism a reaction to Enlightenment ideas? (Romantics appealed to emotion rather than reason.) Ask What did romantic poetry, writing, music, and art have in common? (They all sought to excite strong emotions and intense feelings from the audience or viewer.) Quick Activity Ask students to read the biography of Beethoven on this page. Then play the Witness History audio selection. Ask students to describe what classifies this piece as romantic. Then ask them to look at the painting on the previous page and describe the romantic qualities of that piece. AUDIO Witness History Audio CD, Independent Practice Have students work in groups to compare the romantic hero of the 1800s to the ideal of a romantic hero today. Ask How are they similar or different? (Possible similarities: mysteriousness and melancholy; possible differences: audiences today prefer happy endings rather than the grim destiny met by heroes of the 1800s.) Have each group create a Venn diagram with the characteristics discussed. As students fill in their tables, circulate to make sure they understand the major features of artistic movements in the 1800s. For a completed version of the table, see Note Taking Transparencies, 150 Answers BIOGRAPHY His music aroused strong emotions. They rebelled against the Enlightenment s emphasis on reason and progress by focusing on emotion and nature. 320 Life in the Industrial Age BIOGRAPHY An accomplished musician by age 12, composer ( ) agonized over every note of every composition. The result was stunning music that expresses intense emotion. The famous opening of his Fifth Symphony conveys the sense of fate knocking at the door. His Sixth Symphony captures a joyful day in the countryside, interrupted by a violent thunderstorm. Beethoven s career was haunted by perhaps the greatest tragedy a musician can face. In 1798, he began to lose his hearing. Still, he continued to compose music he could hear only in his mind. How did Beethoven s music reflect romanticism? AUDIO Solutions for All Learners L1 Special Needs L2 Less Proficient Readers L2 English Language Learners Write the word romantic on the board. Ask students to suggest definitions for this word. Then explain that romanticism was a cultural movement that rejected reason as the only way to acquire knowledge and embraced emotion and imagination. Ask them to explain how romanticism is similar to and different from their definitions of romantic. The romantic hero often hid a guilty secret and faced a grim destiny. German writer Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (GUR tuh) wrote the dramatic poem Faust. The aging scholar Faust makes a pact with the devil, exchanging his soul for youth. After much agony, Faust wins salvation by accepting his duty to help others. In Jane Eyre, British novelist Charlotte Brontë weaves a tale about a quiet governess and her brooding, Byronic employer, whose large mansion conceals a terrifying secret. Inspired by the Past Romantic writers combined history, legend, and folklore. Sir Walter Scott s novels and ballads evoked the turbulent history of Scottish clans or medieval knights. Alexandre Dumas (doo MAH) and Victor Hugo re-created France s past in novels like The Three Musketeers and The Hunchback of Notre Dame. Architects, too, were inspired by old styles and forms. Churches and other buildings, including the British Parliament, were modeled on medieval Gothic styles. To people living in the 1800s, medieval towers and lacy stonework conjured up images of a glorious past. Music Stirs Emotions Romantic composers also tried to stir deep emotions. Audiences were moved to laughter or tears at Hungarian Franz Liszt s piano playing. The passionate music of German composer combined classical forms with a stirring range of sound. He was the first composer to take full advantage of the broad range of instruments in the modern orchestra. In all, Beethoven produced nine symphonies, five piano concertos, a violin concerto, an opera, two masses, and dozens of shorter pieces. To many, he is considered the greatest composer of his day. Other romantic composers wove traditional folk melodies into their works to glorify their nations pasts. In his piano works, Frederic Chopin (shoh PAN) used Polish peasant dances to convey the sorrows and joys of people living under foreign occupation. Romanticism in Art Painters, too, broke free from the discipline and strict rules of the Enlightenment. Landscape painters like J.M.W. Turner sought to capture the beauty and power of nature. Using bold brush strokes and colors, Turner often showed tiny human figures struggling against sea and storm. Romantics painted many subjects, from simple peasant life to medieval knights to current events. Bright colors conveyed violent energy and emotion. The French painter Eugène Delacroix (deh luh KRWAH) filled his canvases with dramatic action. In Liberty Leading the People, the Goddess of Liberty carries the revolutionary tricolor as French citizens rally to the cause. How did romantic writers, musicians, and artists respond to the Enlightenment? The Call to Realism By the mid-1800s, a new artistic movement, realism, took hold in the West. Realism was an attempt to represent the world as it was, without the sentiment associated with romanticism. Realists often focused their work on the harsh side of life in cities or villages. Many writers and artists were committed to improving the lot of the unfortunates whose lives they depicted. Use the following resources to help students acquire basic skills. Adapted Reading and Note Taking Study Guide Adapted Note Taking Study Guide, p. 110 Adapted Section Summary, p. 111

3 Novels Depict Grim Reality The English novelist Charles Dickens vividly portrayed the lives of slum dwellers and factory workers, including children. In Oliver Twist, Dickens tells the story of a nine-year-old orphan raised in a grim poorhouse. In response to a request for more food, Oliver is smacked on the head and sent away to work. Later, he runs away to London. There he is taken in by Fagin, a villain who trains homeless children to become pickpockets. The book shocked many middle-class readers with its picture of poverty, mistreatment of children, and urban crime. Yet Dickens s humor and colorful characters made him one of the most popular novelists in the world. French novelists also portrayed the ills of their time. Victor Hugo, who moved from romantic to realistic novels, revealed how hunger drove a good man to crime and how the law hounded him ever after in Les Misérables (lay miz ehr AHB). The novels of Émile Zola painted an even grimmer picture. In Germinal, Zola exposed class warfare in the French mining industry. To Zola s characters, neither the Enlightenment s faith in reason nor the romantic movement s feelings mattered at all. Realism in Drama Norwegian dramatist Henrik Ibsen brought realism to the stage. His plays attacked the hypocrisy he observed around him. A Doll s House shows a woman caught in a straitjacket of social rules. In An Enemy of the People, a doctor discovers that the water in a local spa is polluted. Because the town s economy depends on its spa, the citizens denounce the doctor and suppress the truth. Ibsen s realistic dramas had a wide influence in Europe and the United States. Arts Reject Romantic Ideas Painters also represented the realities of their time. Rejecting the romantic emphasis on imagination, they focused on ordinary subjects, especially working-class men and women. I cannot paint an angel, said the French realist Gustave Courbet (koor BAY) because I have never seen one. Instead, he painted works such as The Stone Breakers, which shows two rough laborers on a country road. Later in the century, The Gross Clinic, by American painter Thomas Eakins, shocked viewers with its realistic depiction of an autopsy conducted in a medical classroom. How did the realism movement differ from the romantic movement? Link to Drama Immoral and Subversive Henrik Ibsen originally planned to study medicine at the University of Norway. After failing his entrance examinations in Greek and arithmetic, he decided to work as a playwright and stage manager of the newly founded Norwegian Theater. He began writing historical and romantic plays for the small company before venturing into his problem plays. These plays, one of D B C A Edvard Munch s 1898 painting shows an impression of Henrik Ibsen filled with psychological realism, similar to that found in Ibsen s plays. This 1896 portrait of Ibsen shows photographic realism in the playwright s appearance and expression. Realism in the Arts A Thomas Eakins s 1875 painting The Gross Clinic depicts the realism of medical school where students learn by performing autopsies. The artist included many realistic elements such as the surgical tools in the foreground and the reaction of the spectator at the far left. B D Victor Hugo s 1862 novel Les Misérables describes the reality of poverty, hunger, and corruption among the poor in Paris. This 1886 poster depicts the novel s main characters: the convict Jean Valjean at the center, and Cosette, the girl he adopts, at the right. emphasis (EM fuh sis) n. special attention given to something to make it stand out which is A Doll s House, openly criticized social conventions of the 1800s, such as subjugation of women, political hypocrisy, bourgeois mediocrity, and corrupt journalism. These forthright attacks on social structures caused his critics to label him immoral and subversive. Yet, Ibsen s willingness to probe the foundations of society eventually earned him the title of father of modern drama. C The Call to Realism/The Visual Arts Take New Directions Introduce: Have students read the Vocabulary Builder term and definition. Then have students read the introductory paragraph under this heading and each black heading. Use the Idea Wave strategy (TE, p. T22) and ask If Charles Dickens were alive today, what kinds of people might he emphasize in his writing? (Sample: homeless people, the working poor, people suffering from disease, victims of war, political and economic refugees) Teach Ask What was the realist movement? (a rejection of the romantic emphasis on imagination and a focus on ordinary subjects, workingclass men and women, and the harsh realities of industrial life) What is the aim of impressionist paintings? (to capture the eye s first impression of an object or scene) How does impressionist painting differ from photography? (Photography is much more realistic than impressionist painting.) Quick Activity Point out that realism took many forms: paintings, plays, novels. Refer students to the Realism in the Arts feature on this page. As a class, have students discuss how each visual reflects features of realism. Then display Color Transparency 130: The Stone Breakers, by Gustave Courbet. Tell students that many critics denounced this work as vulgar and unspiritual. Ask students why they think his work caused such a reaction. Color Transparencies, 130 Independent Practice Biography To help students better understand the role of photography in the 1800s, have them read the biography Julia Margaret Cameron and complete the worksheet. Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 12 Check Reading and Note Taking Study Guide entries for student understanding. Answer Realism represented the realities of industrialization and rejected the romantic emphasis on imagination and sentiment. Chapter 9 Section 4 321

4 Assess and Reteach Assess Progress Have students complete the Section Assessment. Administer the Section Quiz. Teaching Resources, Unit 3, p. 5 To further assess student understanding, use Progress Monitoring Transparencies, 89 Reteach If students need more instruction, have them read the section summary. Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 111 Adapted Reading and L1 L2 Note Taking Study Guide, p. 111 Spanish Reading and Note Taking Study Guide, p. 111 Extend L4 See this Chapter s Professional Development pages for the Extend Online activity on impressionism. Answers Caption intense colors, bold brush strokes, and the effects of light The realism of photography made some artists turn away from realistic painting. L2 Postimpressionism This self-portrait of Dutch painter Vincent van Gogh shows his bandaged ear, which he cut off in a state of depression. What postimpressionist features are demonstrated in Van Gogh s self-portrait? intense (in TENS) adj. very strong or deep 4 The Visual Arts Take New Directions By the 1840s, a new art form, photography, was emerging. Louis Daguerre (dah GEHR) in France and William Fox Talbot in England had improved on earlier technologies to produce successful photographs. At first, many photos were stiff, posed portraits of middle-class families or prominent people. Other photographs reflected the romantics fascination with faraway places. In time, photographers used the camera to present the grim realities of life. During the American Civil War, Mathew B. Brady preserved a vivid, realistic record of the corpse-strewn battlefields. Other photographers showed the harsh conditions in industrial factories or slums. The Impressionists Photography posed a challenge to painters. Why try for realism, some artists asked, when a camera could do the same thing better? By the 1870s, a group of painters took art in a new direction, seeking to capture the first fleeting impression made by a scene or object on the viewer s eye. The new movement, known as impressionism, took root in Paris, capital of the Western art world. Since the Renaissance, painters had carefully finished their paintings so that no brush strokes showed. But impressionists like Claude Monet (moh NAY) and Edgar Degas (day GAH) brushed strokes of color side by side without any blending. According to new scientific studies of optics, the human eye would mix these patches of color. By concentrating on visual impressions rather than realism, artists achieved a fresh view of familiar subjects. Monet, for example, painted the cathedral at Rouen (roo AHN), France, dozens of times from the same angle, capturing how it looked in different lights at different times of day. The Postimpressionists Later painters, called postimpressionists, developed a variety of styles. Georges Seurat (suh RAH) arranged small dots of color to define the shapes of objects. Vincent van Gogh experimented with sharp brush lines and bright colors. His unique brushwork lent a dreamlike quality to everyday subjects. Paul Gauguin (goh GAN) also developed a bold, personal style. In his paintings, people look flat, as in primitive folk art. But his brooding colors and black outlining of shapes convey intense feelings and images. painting? How did photography influence the development of Progress Monitoring Online For: Self-quiz with vocabulary practice Web Code: nba-2141 Terms, People, and Places 1. For each term, person, or place listed at the beginning of the section, write a sentence explaining its significance. 2. Reading Skill: Identify Supporting Details Use your completed table to answer the Focus Question: What artistic movements emerged in reaction to the Industrial Revolution? Comprehension and Critical Thinking 3. Summarize What are three subjects romantics favored? 4. Draw Conclusions What did Courbet mean when he said, I cannot paint an angel because I have never seen one? Do you agree with his attitude? Explain. 5. Recognize Cause and Effect In what ways were the new artistic styles of the 1800s a reaction to changes in society? Writing About History Quick Write: Support a Solution Based on what you ve read, list supporting information, such as details, data, and facts, for the following thesis statement of a problem-solution essay: Artists in the 1800s portrayed subjects realistically to make the public more aware of some of the grim problems of life in industrialized nations. Section 4 Assessment 1. Sentences should reflect an understanding of each term, person, or place listed at the beginning of the section. 2. romanticism, realism, impressionism, postimpressionism 3. Sample: They were interested in history, legends, and folklore; celebrated nature and dramatic action; and sought to stir strong emotions. 4. He meant that he painted only what he saw and not what he imagined. Student answers should explain why they agree or disagree with his attitude. 5. Sample: Romantics sought to escape or ignore the industrial society around them. Realists sought to expose the evils of the industrial world. Impressionists responded to the development of photography. Writing About History Responses should show a clear organization of the facts, data, and details that support the thesis statement for a problem-solution essay. For additional assessment, have students access Progress Monitoring Online at Web Code nba Life in the Industrial Age

5 Impressionism Impressionism was one of the most important art movements of the 1800s. It marked a departure from tradition, both in subject matter and painting technique. Artists sought to depict the human eye s first perception of a scene. Characterized by the use of unmixed primary colors and small, visible brush strokes, impressionism attempted to show the effects of direct or reflected light. Impressionist artists often painted outdoors for maximum effect. Edgar Degas, The Dancing Class, c This painting by Edgar Degas shows the influence of the newly invented camera. Impressionists paintings moved away from the traditional placement of subjects in favor of off-center compositions. Figures were also painted on the outermost parts of the canvas. Much like photographs, impressionist paintings were often snapshots of life rather than elaborate portraits. Claude Monet, Impression: Sunrise, 1872 In the 1800s, The Salon, an annual exhibition that accepted only traditional paintings, dominated the Parisian art scene. In 1874, a group of artists held their own exhibition at a local photographer s studio. Claude Monet s Impression: Sunrise was one of the works displayed. Monet s painting demonstrates several characteristics of impressionist work, including short, visible brush strokes and an idealized depiction of a landscape. Berthe Morisot, Eugène Manet and His Daughter at Bougival, c French impressionist painter Berthe Morisot also participated in the first impressionist exhibit in Morisot s delicate, subtle paintings often portrayed her family and friends as this one of her husband and daughter. Thinking Critically 1. Summarize How did impressionism depart from tradition? 2. Draw Conclusions What are the advantages and disadvantages of painting outdoors? Impressionism ART Describe the emergence of the impressionist movement. Explain how impressionist paintings tried to capture a moment in time. Build Background Knowledge Have students use the ELBOW acronym to discuss the characteristics of impressionism: Everyday life, Light, Brush strokes, Outdoor settings, Weather and atmosphere. Divide the class into groups. Ask each group to select a painting by one of the impressionists. Have students discuss how ELBOW captures the essence of the particular work selected. Ask students to study the paintings on this page and read the captions. Ask them to describe how the paintings are similar and how they are different. To review this section, ask students to list the technical innovations of impressionism, particularly the use of color. (Sample: Impressionists used both short, visible strokes and primary colors such as red, blue, and yellow. These colors were often unmixed and applied in combinations that caused an even greater effect on the viewer s eye than more traditional methods.) History Background The Value of Art Like other artists, impressionist painters still had to make a living, and the Salon s hostility toward their work made that task difficult. Many impressionists came to rely on Paul Durand- Ruel, a Paris art dealer who became one of the movement s earliest supporters. He tirelessly promoted impressionism, and eventually patronage began to build. Many of the initial collectors were middle-class businessmen drawn to the world depicted in the paintings. Americans, in particular, became reliable purchasers of impressionist art. The first museum exhibit devoted to impressionism was held at the Musée de Luxembourg in The impressionists received further exposure at the World s Fair in Today, the style pioneered by a few artistic renegades is one of the most popular styles in the world. Thinking Critically 1. It used unmixed primary colors; visible brush strokes; idealized depictions of objects. Subjects were sometimes off-center. Figures were sometimes on the periphery of the canvas. 2. Possible advantages: immediate connection between artist and subject; painters did not need to rely on sketches or memory in composing the final work; painters could capture one scene at different times and in different lights. Possible disadvantages: the artist was at the mercy of the weather and had to work more rapidly than in a studio. 323