Resolving Perceptual Ambiguity Visual Rules & Other Factors
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1 Resolving Perceptual Ambiguity Visual Rules & Other Factors Dr Joseph L Brooks School of Psychology & Centre for Cognitive Neuroscience & Cognitive Systems University of Kent
2 What do you see?
3 Depth ambiguity can strongly affect our perception of shapes in the world
4 Shape depends on edge-assignment (a.k.a figure-ground org) Perceived depth and shape have consequences for how we act on the world
5 Rubin s Faces Vase
6 The Rubin Vase is a classic example of shape ambiguity How does the visual system determine which shape we see?
7 Visual/Image-Based Influences Figure-ground organization is affected by visual properties of the edge and adjacent regions Contrast Rubin (1915/21) Relative Area Rubin (1915/21) Convexity Kanizsa & Gerbino (1976) Symmetry Kanizsa & Gerbino (1976) Entropy Gillam & Grove (2011) Top-Bottom Polarity Hulleman & Humphreys (2004) Familiarity Peterson(1994) Lower Region Vecera et al. (2002) Edge-Region Grouping Palmer & Brooks (2008) Brooks & Driver (2010) Brooks, et al (2012)
8 Visual Rules & Computer Vision Discovering new visual cues/rules helps us to: Basic Science: Understand how human visual perception works Applied Science: Improve computer vision algorithms Applied Science: Design better visual displays Stroke/agnosia: problems with some visual rules. understand their problems Brooks, et al develop treatment protocols Brooks, et al., 2015
9 Not all cues/principles are visual Attention Vecera et al. (2004) Reward/Punishment e.g., Rock & Fleck (1950) Brooks et al (in prep) Cognitive Load Random Brain Fluctuations Hesselmann et al. (2008) Brooks et al (in prep) These top-down factors can combine with bottom-up visual information
10 Controlling Perception with Brain Stimulation? Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation (TMS) can be used to experimentally CHANGE activity in these brain areas and AFFECT perception
11 Controlling Perception with Brain Stimulation STIMULATE 14Hz Low STIMULATE 14 Hz High STIMULATE 14 Hz Low STIMULATE 14 Hz High See Faces See Vase See Faces See Vase TMS induces brain activity which can then affect perception/behaviour Not necessarily a DISRUPTION. Can be used to ENHANCE function Effect depends on parameters
12 Other Types of Perceptual Ambiguity The Dress Vertical or Horizontal Motion? Duck or Rabbit? Necker Cube My Question: How does our visual system come to an answer?
13 Thank you!
14 The Dress: Partial Explanation Light reaching your eyes is affected by Colour of light in light source Reflectance of the object Your eye/brain has no way of separating the influence of light source from reflectance Your brain needs to GUESS If you think that light in the room is yellowish, then you will attribute gold tones to the light source However, if you think that light is not yellowish, then the yellow tones on dress must be a PROPERTY OF THE DRESS
15 Lightness Constancy Brain makes inferences based on context Which is darker? A or B? The actual paint in squares A and B is the same Why do they look different?
16 The process of lightness constancy Illumination Lamps of different strengths shine on two patches Strong Lamp Weak Lamp Emits 10 light units Emits 5 light units Distal Stimulus 2 Different paints reflect different amounts of light Proximal Stimulus Amount of light reflected and falling on the eyes Reflects 25% of light 25% of 10 light units = 2.5 light units Reflects 50% of light 50% of 5 light units = 2.5 light units Raw proximal stimulus suggests that the two patches are the same Is this what we see?
17 No! We see paints of two different lightnesses Illumination Lamps of different strengths shine on two patches Strong Lamp Weak Lamp Emits 10 light units Emits 5 light units Distal Stimulus 2 Different paints reflect different amounts of light Proximal Stimulus Amount of light reflected and falling on the eyes Actual Perception Reflects 25% of light 25% of 10 light units = 2.5 light units Must be a lighter surface Reflects 50% of light 50% of 5 light units = 2.5 light units We take the illumination difference into account Even though light falling on eyes is the same, we adjust our calculations to pick up the true features of the distal stimulus
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