Contents 1 Introduction Optical Character Recognition Systems Soft Computing Techniques for Optical Character Recognition Systems
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1 Contents 1 Introduction Organization of the Monograph Notation State of Art Research Issues and Challenges Figures MATLAB OCR Toolbox References Optical Character Recognition Systems Introduction Optical Character Recognition Systems: Background and History Techniques of Optical Character Recognition Systems Optical Scanning Location Segmentation Pre-processing Segmentation Representation Feature Extraction Training and Recognition Post-processing Applications of Optical Character Recognition Systems Status of Optical Character Recognition Systems Future of Optical Character Recognition Systems References Soft Computing Techniques for Optical Character Recognition Systems Introduction Soft Computing Constituents Fuzzy Sets vii
2 viii Contents Artificial Neural Networks Genetic Algorithms Rough Sets Hough Transform for Fuzzy Feature Extraction Genetic Algorithms for Feature Selection Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Hierarchical Fuzzy Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks Fuzzy Markov Random Fields Other Soft Computing Techniques References Optical Character Recognition Systems for English Language Introduction English Language Script and Experimental Dataset Challenges of Optical Character Recognition Systems for English Language Data Acquisition Data Pre-processing Binarization Noise Removal Skew Detection and Correction Character Segmentation Thinning Feature Extraction Feature Based Classification: Sate of Art Feature Based Classification Through Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Feature Based Classification Through Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Feature Based Classification Through Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Experimental Results Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Further Discussions References Optical Character Recognition Systems for French Language Introduction French Language Script and Experimental Dataset Challenges of Optical Character Recognition Systems for French Language Data Acquisition Data Pre-processing
3 Contents ix Text Region Extraction Skew Detection and Correction Binarization Noise Removal Character Segmentation Thinning Feature Extraction Through Fuzzy Hough Transform Feature Based Classification: Sate of Art Feature Based Classification Through Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Feature Based Classification Through Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Feature Based Classification Through Hierarchical Fuzzy Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks Experimental Results Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Hierarchical Fuzzy Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks Further Discussions References Optical Character Recognition Systems for German Language Introduction German Language Script and Experimental Dataset Challenges of Optical Character Recognition Systems for German Language Data Acquisition Data Pre-processing Text Region Extraction Skew Detection and Correction Binarization Noise Removal Character Segmentation Thinning Feature Selection Through Genetic Algorithms Feature Based Classification: Sate of Art Feature Based Classification Through Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Feature Based Classification Through Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Feature Based Classification Through Hierarchical Fuzzy Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks Experimental Results Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines
4 x Contents Hierarchical Fuzzy Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks Further Discussions References Optical Character Recognition Systems for Latin Language Introduction Latin Language Script and Experimental Dataset Challenges of Optical Character Recognition Systems for Latin Language Data Acquisition Data Pre-processing Text Region Extraction Skew Detection and Correction Binarization Noise Removal Character Segmentation Thinning Feature Selection Through Genetic Algorithms Feature Based Classification: Sate of Art Feature Based Classification Through Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Feature Based Classification Through Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Feature Based Classification Through Hierarchical Fuzzy Rough Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks Experimental Results Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Hierarchical Fuzzy Rough Bidirectional Recurrent Neural Networks Further Discussions References Optical Character Recognition Systems for Hindi Language Introduction Hindi Language Script and Experimental Dataset Challenges of Optical Character Recognition Systems for Hindi Language Data Acquisition Data Pre-processing Binarization Noise Removal Skew Detection and Correction Character Segmentation Thinning
5 Contents xi 8.6 Feature Extraction Through Hough Transform Feature Based Classification: Sate of Art Feature Based Classification Through Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Feature Based Classification Through Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Feature Based Classification Through Fuzzy Markov Random Fields Experimental Results Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Fuzzy Markov Random Fields Further Discussions References Optical Character Recognition Systems for Gujrati Language Introduction Gujrati Language Script and Experimental Dataset Challenges of Optical Character Recognition Systems for Gujrati Language Data Acquisition Data Pre-processing Binarization Noise Removal Skew Detection and Correction Character Segmentation Thinning Feature Selection Through Genetic Algorithms Feature Based Classification: Sate of Art Feature Based Classification Through Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Feature Based Classification Through Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Feature Based Classification Through Fuzzy Markov Random Fields Experimental Results Rough Fuzzy Multilayer Perceptron Fuzzy and Fuzzy Rough Support Vector Machines Fuzzy Markov Random Fields Further Discussions References Summary and Future Research Summary Future Research References Index
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