Using Indicators to Assess Evolving Industry-Science Relationships

Transcription

1 Using Indicators to Assess Evolving Industry-Science Relationships Presented at: Joint German-OECD Conference Benchmarking Industry-Science Relationships Hotel Maritim pro Arte, Berlin, Germany Presented by: Diana Hicks CHI Research, Inc. 10 White Horse Pike, Haddon Heights, NJ, USA Tel.: Fax: October 16-17,

2 Outline The knowledge economy emerges in patterns of patenting Networked science and technology and its quality Linkage between science and technology visible in patent references Pulling it all together - the public/private sector roles in 1 organization s science & technology networks 1

3 Patterns of Patenting and the Knowledge Economy Growth in information and health technology patenting Growth in patenting from the West Coast Growth in university patenting/company publishing 2

4 Patenting in Information and Health Technology Grows Strongly 100,000 Number of patents (logarithmic scale) All Other 10,000 Information Technology Health 1,000 Health IT All other

5 Patenting From the Pacific Region Overtakes the Largest East Coast Regions 16 Number of patents/1, Pacific East North Central Middle Atlantic Pacific East North Central = Illinois, Indiana, Michigan, Ohio, Wisconson Middle Atlantic = New Jersey, New York, Pennsylvania Pacific = California, Nevada, Oregon, Washington

6 University Patenting Rises 100,000 10,000 Number of patents All technologies Health University share of total patenting in ,000 Other Government Industry Universities Logrithmic scale Information Technology 0% 5% 10% 15% 20% 5

7 Citations per University Patent Declines Government Industry Universities Current Impact Index = Citations to patents in last five years divided by same for all patents 6

8 Companies Publish More Papers That Are Very Highly Cited Number of papers listing a U.S. company address among the most cited ,000 published in each year (excluding review papers) 7

9 Networking Growth in collaborative patenting Growth in collaborative publishing Collaborative papers are of higher quality, patents are not. Does the university agenda shift? 8

10 Co-patenting Increases, Though It Is Still Rare % Number of coassigned patents Public sector Public-private Private 1.3% of total* * %of total U.S.-invented, assigned, USPTO patents U.S.-invented, individual patenters and parent-subsidiary excluded 9

11 Co-assigned Patents Are Not Highly Cited Current Impact Index (CII) The number of times the last 5 years of patents are cited in 1999, relative to all patents in the U.S. system: 1.00 for All Patents 1.24 for All Assigned, US-invented 1.07 for All Co-assigned, US-invented 10

12 University-industry Collaboration Grows Number of university-industry collaborative papers University-industry collaboration - percentage of sector papers 10,000 50% 9,000 8,000 7,000 6,000 5,000 6,129 8,604 40% 30% 31% Share of industry papers 44% 4,000 20% 3,000 2,000 10% Share of university papers 1, % 4% % 11

13 University-industry Collaborative Papers Are Well Cited University- Industry Average citations per paper University- Industry Papers in the most cited 1000 papers (per 1000 published) More than 1 University More than 1 University Single University Single University , 4 year lagged window 12

14 When Collaborating With Industry, University Research Becomes More Applied More basic > More applied Single company University-Industry collaboration Single university % 10% 20% 30% 40% 50% 60% 70% 80% 90% 100% Percentage of papers from U.S. institutions by research level Level 4 is most basic and level 1 is most applied 13

15 Science Linkage The references made in U.S. patents to the scientific literature. References from the front page of patents to journal articles. The increase in science linkage has made visible the relevance of science to technological innovation Linkage to science is a visible link between corporate technology and the public sector Highly cited science is preferentially cited in patents Local science is preferentially cited. 14

16 Extract from the Front Page of a U.S. Patent United States Patent 4,713,814 [Inventors] Andrusch et al. (Germany) Dec. 15, 1987 [Assignee] IBM (Armonk, NY) STABILITY TESTING OF SEMICONDUCTOR MEMORIES References Cited: U.S. PATENT DOCUMENTS Firms Inventors 3,995,215 11/1976 IBM Chu et al /158 4,004,222 1/1977 Semi Corp. Gebhard...324/158 4,418,403 11/1983 Mostek Corp. O'Toole et al /201 4,430,735 2/1984 Burroughs Corp. Catiller...371/25 4,502,140 2/1985 Mostek Corp. Prochsting...371/21 4,503,538 3/1985 Robert Bosch GmbH Fritz...371/21 These Citations Link This Patent With Earlier U.S. Patents OTHER REFERENCES CITED Wiedmann, IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits, Vol. SC-19, no. 3, pp , Jun These Citations Link This Patent to Science 15

17 The Amount of Science Cited in U.S. Patents Quadrupled Between 1994 and , ,000 Number of references on U.S. patents to the U.S. scientific and technical literature 80,000 60,000 40,000 20, Source: Science & Engineering Indicators and CHI Research, Inc. 16

18 Science Linkage is Increasing in Many Countries Science References per U.S. Patent US 2.5 Israel Australia Canada France UK Germany Japan year moving averages U.S. excludes individual inventors 17

19 Excluding Biotechnology - Science Linkage is Increasing in Many Countries Science References per Patent with Biotechnology Excluded U.S Australia Israel Canada U.K. France Germany Japan year moving averages U.S. excludes individual inventors Patents in pharmaceuticals, biotechnology and agriculture are excluded 18

20 The Science Base of U.S.-Invented Patents Comes Increasingly from the Public Sector Non-Profit Public Sector 80 Government Industry University University Industry Government Non-Profit % of references on U.S. patents to U.S. scientific literature Source: Science & Engineering Indicators and CHI Research, Inc. 19

21 Method 6,596 or 1% cited by 1997, U.S. invented patents 61,475 U.S.-invented patents in /2 million U.S. authored papers

22 Highly Cited Papers Are Much More Likely to Be Cited in Patents Share Cited in Patents 10% of Top1% Science Citation Strata 61,475 U.S. invented patents in % of Top 2-10% 1% of Top 11-50% 0.4% of Bottom half 21

23 Linkage Between Technology and Science Has Strong National Component Citation Ratio Country of Citing Patents Japan France UK Germany US US UK Germany France Japan Country of Cited Papers

24 One Organization's network CHI deals with eight of ten possible bibliometric citation and collaboration, publishing and patenting indicators These dimensions map out various combinations: science/ technology/ science-technology links co-producing/ using / providing Together they map out the visible part of an organization's science and technology network 23

25 360 Degree Analysis Whose papers cite X s papers? Whose patents cite X s papers? Whose patents cite X s patents? With whom does X coauthor? X s papers X s patents With whom does X copatent? Whose papers does X cite? Whose papers does X cite in its patents? Whose patents does X cite? 24 Note: Papers Patent cites not included

26 Private sector Public sector Public/private Composition of Chiron s Innovation Network Papers citing Chiron s papers Patents citing Chiron papers Patents citing Chiron patents coauthors Chiron s papers Chiron s patents copatenters Pies display the number of public & private sector institutions among the 100 most linked institutions in any dimension. 25 Papers cited in Chiron papers Papers cited in Chiron patents Patents cited in Chiron patents

27 Summary The knowledge economy has changed U.S. science and technology and public/private roles: rapid growth in information and health technology patenting shift to West Coast increased participation of universities in technology and companies in science more collaborative technology and science growth in links between science and technology visible in patent referencing An organization s position the science and technology network can be mapped and the balance of its private/public linkages revealed. 26