Conference on the Structure, Process, and Leadership of the Chinese Science and Technology System. Speaker biographies

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1 Conference on the Structure, Process, and Leadership of the Chinese Science and Technology System July 16-17, 2012 Speaker biographies Cong CAO Dr. Cong Cao (Ph.D. in Sociology, Columbia University) is Associate Professor and Reader at the School of Contemporary Chinese Studies, University of Nottingham. Educated in both China and the U.S. and in both the natural and social sciences, he has worked at the University of Oregon, the National University of Singapore, and the State University of New York. As one of the leading scholars in the studies of China's science, technology, and innovation, Dr. Cao is the author of China's Scientific Elite (London and New York: RoutledgeCurzon, 2004), a study of those Chinese scientists holding the elite membership in the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and China's Emerging Technological Edge: Assessing the Role of High-End Talent (with Denis Fred Simon, Cambridge and New York: Cambridge University Press, 2009), the first in forty years to address these critical issues surrounding the quality, quantity, and effective utilization of China's human resources in science and technology. Most recently, Dr. Cao has embarked on a project examining China's biotechnology policy and participated in a study of the development of nanotechnology in China, both supported by the U.S. National Science Foundation. Michael S. CHASE is an Associate Professor in the Warfare Analysis and Research Department at the U.S. Naval War College in Newport, Rhode Island. Professor Chase also serves as director of the Mahan Scholars Research Group, a faculty-student advanced research project that focuses on strategic level issues including deterrence, escalation, and nuclear, space, and cyber policy. Prior to joining the faculty at the War College he was a research analyst with the RAND Corporation and Defense Group Inc.'s Center for Intelligence Research and Analysis. Professor Chase's main research areas include Chinese military modernization, especially nuclear policy and strategy and space and counter-space capabilities, Chinese foreign and security policy, and U.S. policy in the Asia-Pacific region. He is the author of a number of publications on China and Asia-Pacific security issues, including the book, Taiwan's Security Policy: External Threats and Domestic Politics, and articles in publications such as Survival, China Brief, Proceedings, Joint Force Quarterly, Asian Security, Asian Survey, and the Journal of Strategic Studies. CHEN Ling is Associate Professor and Assistant Director of Industrial Development and Environmental Governance (CIDEG) at the School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, China. Her research fields are on public policy process, science and technology policies and high-tech industrial policies. In recent years, she conducted research on the low carbon innovation of automobile industry, indigenous innovation policies and China s semiconductor industrial policies. She received her Bachelors of Arts in 1998,

2 her Master s Degree on economics in 2001, and Ph.D. in Public Management at Tsinghua University in Tai Ming CHEUNG is Director of the UC Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC). Cheung also manages IGCC's Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD), a Track Two program that brings together senior foreign ministry and defense officials as well as academics from the United States, China, Japan, South Korea, North Korea, and Russia for informed discussions on regional security issues. He also oversees the "The Future of Multilateral Security Cooperation in Northeast Asia: Exploring Regional Security Architecture and the Economics-Security Nexus," a research project in collaboration with the University of Tokyo and Yonsei University funded by the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation as well as the Institute s Project on the Study of Innovation and Technology in China (SITC). Cheung serves as an associate professor in residence at the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at UC San Diego and is a long-time analyst of Chinese and East Asian defense and national security affairs. Cheung was based in Asia from the mid-1980s to 2002 covering political, economic and strategic developments in greater China. He was also a journalist and political and business risk consultant in northeast Asia. Cheung received his Ph.D. from the War Studies Department at King's College, London University in His latest book, Fortifying China: The Struggle to Build a Modern Defense Economy, was published by Cornell University Press in Andrew ERICKSON is an Associate Professor in the Strategic Research Department at the U.S. Naval War College and a core founding member of the department s China Maritime Studies Institute (CMSI). He is an Associate in Research at Harvard University s John King Fairbank Center for Chinese Studies (2008-). Erickson also serves as an expert contributor to the Wall Street Journal s China Real Time Report ( 中国事实报 ). During academic year , he was a Fellow in the Princeton-Harvard China and the World Program in residence at Harvard s Fairbank Center. From , he was a Fellow in the National Committee on U.S.-China Relations Public Intellectuals Program, and served as a scholar escort on a five-member Congressional trip to Beijing, Qingdao, Chengdu, and Shanghai. He has taught courses at the Naval War College and Yonsei University, and has lectured extensively at academic and government institutions throughout the United States and Asia. Erickson previously worked for Science Applications International Corporation (SAIC) as a Chinese translator and technical analyst. He has also worked at the U.S. Embassy in Beijing, the U.S. Consulate in Hong Kong, the U.S. Senate, and the White House. Proficient in Mandarin Chinese and Japanese, he has traveled extensively in Asia and has lived in China, Japan, and Korea. Erickson received his Ph.D. and M.A. in international relations and comparative politics from Princeton University and graduated magna cum laude from Amherst College with a B.A. in history and political science. His research, which focuses on Asia-Pacific defense, foreign policy, and technology issues, has been published widely in such journals as Asian Security, Journal of Strategic Studies, Orbis, The American Interest, and Joint Force Quarterly. Erickson is coeditor of, and a contributor to, the Naval Institute Press book series, Studies in Chinese Maritime Development, comprising China s Strategy for the Near Seas (forthcoming), Chinese Aerospace Power (2011), China, the U.S., and 21st Century Sea Power (2010), China Goes to Sea (2009), China s Energy Strategy (2008), and China s Future Nuclear Submarine Force(2007); as well as the Naval War College Newport Paper China s Nuclear Force Modernization. He is also co-founder of China SignPost

3 洞察中国 ( a research newsletter and web portal that covers key developments in China, and its natural resource, trade, and security issues. Links to this, and his other publications, can be found at GAO Changlin received his master degree in Science and Technology Philosophy from Remin University of China in He is now a Professor and an Academy Council Member at Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development (CASTED), Ministry of Science and Technology (MOST). He is the Director of the Department of Research Management, CASTED. He is also the Vice Secretary-general of China Society of Science and Technology Indicators (CSSTI). He was a visiting scholar in the Department of Economics at Brandeis University, US in 1997 and 2006 and at the Science and Technology Policy Institute (STEPI) in Korea in He was the Head of Chinese Expert Team of Indicator Module in the OECD-MOST Project: Review of China s Innovation Policy. He participated in the joint OECD/Eurostat/UIS project of the Careers of Doctorate Holders (CDH project). He was the head of the compiling team of China Science and Technology Indicators. His major research areas include science and technology indicators, and innovation policy. Jimmy GOODRICH is a Director for Global Policy at the Information Technology Industry Council (ITI), a global trade association based in Washington D.C. Jimmy is responsible for ITI's China and global innovation policy portfolio, which includes working with the Chinese government on issues relating to market access, cybersecurity, and technical standards. Before joining ITI in 2012, Jimmy spent more than seven years in Beijing working on Chinese technology policy issues. Most recently, he was the Director of Government Affairs and Technology Policy for Cisco Systems in Greater China. At Cisco he worked with a wide range of stakeholders on areas where policy, government, and technology converge. He was also the Co-Chair of the AMCHAM China IT and Telecoms Forum. Before joining Cisco, Jimmy worked on APCO Worldwide's Greater China ICT Regulatory Practice, where he managed a number of projects for global ICT companies. Additionally, Jimmy was the Policy Manager at the U.S. Information Technology Office from At USITO, Jimmy was responsible for managing a wide portfolio of ICT industry public policy issues including cybersecurity and indigenous innovation. He also spent time as a trade policy research assistant with the US Embassy in Beijing. Jimmy is from Boston Massachusetts, and now lives with his wife in Washington D.C. David Mike LAMPTON is the former president of the National Committee on United States-China Relations; past director of China Policy Studies at the American Enterprise Institute and The Nixon Center; former associate professor of political science at Ohio State University; honorary doctorate from the Institute of Far Eastern Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences; honorary senior fellow with the Institute of American Studies at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences; winner of inaugural Scalapino Prize for contributions to American understanding of Asia; Johns Hopkins University Gilman scholar; Ph.D., political science, Stanford University.

4 His publications include "What if China Fails? We'd Better Hope it Doesn't" in Wilson Quarterly (2010); "Power Constrained: Sources of Mutual Strategic Suspicion in U.S.-China Relations," for National Bureau of Asian Research (2010); The Three Faces of Chinese Power: Might, Money and Minds (2008); Same Bed, Different Dreams: Managing U.S.-China Relations, (2001); The Making of Chinese Foreign and Security Policy in the Era of Reform, editor (2001); Bureaucracy, Politics and Decision-Making in Post-Mao China, co-editor (1992); China's Global Presence, co-editor (1988); Policy Implementation in Post-Mao China, editor (1987); A Relationship Restored, co-author (1986); Paths to Power: Elite Mobility in Contemporary China (1986; reprinted in 1989); The Politics of Medicine in China (1977) LIN Zeliang is a Ph.D. candidate at School of Public Policy and Management, Tsinghua University, China. He obtained his B.S. and M.E from the same university. Presently, he is visiting student at Georgia Institute of Technology. Zeliang s primary research interest is in the decision-making process of China s science and technology policy. His thesis investigates the evolution of public research funding system of China after Reform and Opening-up. Zeliang was the recipient of Scholarship Award for Excellent Doctoral Student, which was granted by Ministry of Education, China. He also achieved China Development Research Youth Scholarship from Development Research Center of State Council. Jon LINDSAY is a postdoctoral scholar with the University of California Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation (IGCC). He received his Ph.D. in political science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, M.S. in computer science and B.S. in cognitive science from Stanford University, and has served as an intelligence officer in the U.S. Navy. His research focuses broadly on the problems of knowledge in complex systems, with particular emphasis on the role of information technology in international security. Specific research topics include the strategic problems posed by emerging cyberwarfare capabilities, the capacity for "user innovation" as a component of military power, and the operational challenges of irregular warfare under conditions of high technology and complexity. His dissertation, "Information Friction: Information Technology and Military Performance," draws on fieldwork with a U.S. special operations unit in Iraq and historical casework to explain the social conditions under which uncertainty-reducing technologies can themselves generate additional uncertainty. He is presently working to broaden the information friction framework in order to understand how emerging information technologies affect Chinese military power. LIU Xielin is Professor and Associate Dean of School of Management, Director of Research Center of Management of Information and Innovation, Graduate University of Chinese Academy of Science. Liu Xielin received a Bachelor s degree from Peking University in 1982, a Master s of Science from the Chinese Academy of Science and a Ph.D. in 1994 from Tsinghua University. Liu has been a visiting fellow at the MIT Sloan School of Management, a visiting professor at Hitochibashi University in Japan and the Stockholm School of economics, and an assistant professor at Tsinghua University. From October 1996 to June of 2006, he was a professor at the National Research Center for S&T Development, within the Chinese Ministry of Science and Technology. Today, Liu is a professor at the Graduate University of the Chinese Academy of Science. He also acts as Vice President of the Chinese Association of Science and S&T Policy.

5 Liu s research areas mainly cover innovation policy, management of technology and innovation, and management of entrepreneurship. He has published many papers in Research Policy, Technovation, Journal of Management Studies, International Journal of Innovation Management, International Journal of Technology Management, and Science and Public Policy. He has also written about eight books in the last ten years. Hanlu LU is a Research Analyst for the IGCC Study of Innovation and Technology in China (SITC). She is responsible for conducting research on issues related to the contemporary Chinese science and technology policy, with a special emphasis on national security, trade and political economy. Ms. Lu also manages SITC s Chinese-language resources and databases and provides work direction to SITC s graduate student research team. She holds a Master s degree in Pacific and International Affairs (MPIA) from the University of California, San Diego. Thomas G. MAHNKEN is currently Jerome E. Levy Chair of Economic Geography and National Security at the U.S. Naval War College and a Visiting Scholar at the Philip Merrill Center for Strategic Studies at The Johns Hopkins University s Paul H. Nitze School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS). Dr. Mahnken served as the Deputy Assistant Secretary of Defense for Policy Planning from In that capacity, he was responsible for the Department s major strategic planning functions, including the preparation of guidance for war plans and the development of the defense planning scenarios. He was the primary author of the 2008 National Defense Strategy and contributing author of the 2006 Quadrennial Defense Review. He spearheaded the Secretary of Defense s Minerva Research Initiative, which will provide $100 million in grants to universities to conduct basic research in the social sciences, and led an interagency effort to establish, for the first time in five decades, a National Security Council-run interagency policy planning body Prior to joining the Defense Department, he served as a Professor of Strategy at the U.S. Naval War College. From 2004 to 2006 he was a Visiting Fellow at the Merrill Center at SAIS. During the academic year he served as the Acting Director of the SAIS Strategic Studies Program. His areas of primary expertise are strategy, intelligence, and special operations forces. Dr. Mahnken has held positions in both the government and the private sector. He served as Staff Director of the 2010 Quadrennial Defense Review Independent Panel s Force Structure and Personnel Sub-Panel. He served on the staff of the Commission on the Intelligence Capabilities of the United States Regarding Weapons of Mass Destruction. He served in the Defense Department s Office of Net Assessment, where he conducted research into the emerging revolution in military affairs. He also served as a member of the Gulf War Air Power Survey, commissioned by the Secretary of the Air Force to examine the performance of U.S. forces during the war with Iraq. Prior to that, he served as an analyst in the Non-Proliferation Directorate of the Office of the Secretary of Defense (OSD), where he was responsible for enforcing U.S. missile proliferation policy. Maggie MARCUM is recognized as a subject matter expert on defense industrial programs in support of research, development, and acquisition (RDA)

6 strategies for weapons development specializing in China. Ms. Marcum served as CIA s lead all-source analyst on global defense S&T, having developed and led a program of analysis for RDA processes. She created and chaired the National Intelligence Council Working Group on RDA and later chaired the interagency S&T Intelligence Committee (STIC), overseeing production of assessments on worldwide S&T trends. She has led research efforts with international and national experts, providing a forum for collaboration on S&T advances. Ms. Marcum recently retired from the CIA where she produced long-term studies on foreign innovation and systems supporting technology and weapons programs. Ms. Marcum is manager of the newly formed International Defense Emerging Technology Network (idetnet), an international collaborative forum whose mission is to promote and provide independent analysis of disruptive and emerging technologies with defense and security-related implications. David MEYER is professor of mathematics and the George W. and David MEYER is professor of mathematics and the George W. and Carol A. Lattimer Campus Professor at UC San Diego. He works on a wide range of topics in mathematics and physics, including discrete models for quantum gravity, knot theory, and the foundations of quantum mechanics. His recent research has focused on quantum information processing, a subject into which he introduced the ideas of quantum lattice gas automata and quantum games, and on topological data analysis, specifically of partially ordered data and in connection with wavelet analysis of scaling dimensions. Meyer's interest in the latter topics is largely motivated by his interest in mathematical modeling of social systems. As part of the IGCC project, "The Evolving Relationship Between Technology and National Security in China: Innovation, Defense Transformation, and China's Place in the Global Technology Order," he is designing relational databases to organize qualitative data on China's science and technology development system, and developing statistical methods to analyze the data therein. Alice Lyman MILLER is a research fellow at the Hoover Institution and teaches in the Departments of History and Political Science at Stanford University. She is also a senior lecturer in the Department of National Security Affairs at the U.S. Naval Postgraduate School in Monterey, California. Prior to coming to Stanford in 1999, Miller was an analyst at the Central Intelligence Agency from From , she was associate professor of China Studies and, for most of that period, director of the China Studies Program at the School of Advanced International Studies (SAIS) at Johns Hopkins University in Washington, D.C. Miller's research focuses on foreign policy and domestic politics issues in China and on the international relations of East Asia. She is currently editor of the China Leadership Monitor, which, now in its ninth year, offers authoritative assessments of trends in Chinese leadership politics. Additionally, she is author of two books: Science and Dissent in Post-Mao China: The Politics of Knowledge (University of Washington Press, 1996) and, with Richard Wich, Becoming Asia: An International History Since World War II (Stanford University Press, 2011). She is currently working on two book projects, one with IGCC Director Emeritus Susan Shirk on the politics of oligarchy in China, and the second, tentatively entitled The Evolution of Chinese Grand Strategy, 1550 Present, which brings a historical perspective to bear on China's rising power in the contemporary international order. Barry NAUGHTON is an authority on the Chinese economy, with an emphasis on issues relating to industry, trade, finance, and China s transition to a market

7 economy. Recent research focuses on regional economic growth in the People s Republic of China and the relationship between foreign trade and investment and regional growth. He is also completing a general textbook on the Chinese economy. Recently completed projects have focused on Chinese trade and technology, in particular, the relationship between the development of the electronics industry in China, Taiwan and Hong Kong, and the growth of trade and investment among those economies. His book, Growing Out of the Plan: Chinese Economic Reform, , which was published in 1995, is a comprehensive study of China s development from a planned to a market economy that traces the distinctive strategy of transition followed by China, as well as China s superior growth performance. It received the Ohira Memorial Prize in Naughton is the author of numerous articles on the Chinese economy and is editor or co-editor of three other books: Reforming Asian Socialism: The Growth of Market Institutions, Urban Spaces in Contemporary China, and The China Circle: Economics and Technology in the PRC, Taiwan and Hong Kong. Naughton joined IR/PS in 1988 and was named to the Sokwanlok Chair in Chinese International Affairs in Margaret PEARSON is a professor of Government and Politics at the University of Maryland, College Park, where she is a specialist in Chinese domestic political economy and Chinese foreign economic policy. She received her Ph.D. in Political Science from Yale University and has taught at Dartmouth College, where she was promoted with tenure in Her publications include the books Joint Ventures in the People's Republic of China (Princeton Press, 1991) and China's New Business Elite: The Political Results of Economic Reform (University of California Press, 1997), as well as articles in World Politics, The China Journal, Public Administration Review, and other journals. Her research interests include PRC state control of the economy, China s integration into the global economy and global institutions (e.g., WTO), Chinese regulatory institutions, and Chinese industrial policy. She teaches courses on Chinese domestic politics and foreign policy, and on comparative politics. She has held a Fulbright Research Fellowship at Beijing University. Andrew SCOBELL is a Senior Political Scientist at RAND s Washington, DC, office. Prior to this, he was an Associate Professor of International Affairs at the George H. W. Bush School of Government and Public Service and Director of the China Certificate Program at Texas A&M University located in College Station, TX. From 1999 until 2007, he was an Associate Research Professor at the Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College and an Adjunct Professor of Political Science at Dickinson College, both located in Carlisle, PA. Dr. Scobell is the author of China s Use of Military Force: Beyond the Great Wall and the Long March (Cambridge University Press, 2003), he co-authored China s Search for Security with Andrew J. Nathan, (Columbia University Press, forthcoming, 2012), he has written more than a dozen monographs and reports, as well as several dozen journal articles and book chapters. He has also edited or co-edited 12 volumes on various aspects of security in the Asia-Pacific region. He is a co-editor with Mr. Kamphausen and Dr. Lai of The PLA at Home and Abroad: Assessing the Operational Capabilities of China s Military (Carlisle, PA: Strategic Studies Institute, U.S. Army War College, June 2010). Dr. Scobell holds a Ph.D. in political science from Columbia University.

8 Susan SHIRK is director emeritus of the University of California system-wide Institute on Global Conflict and Cooperation and Ho Miu Lam Endowed Chair in China and Pacific Relations in the School of International Relations and Pacific Studies at UC San Diego. Professor Shirk first traveled to China in 1971 and has been doing research there ever since. From 1997 to 2000, Prof. Shirk served as Deputy Assistant Secretary of State in the Bureau of East Asia and Pacific Affairs, with responsibility for the People s Republic of China, Taiwan, Hong Kong, and Mongolia. Prof. Shirk founded in 1993 and continues to lead the Northeast Asia Cooperation Dialogue (NEACD), a track two, or unofficial, forum for discussions of security issues among defense and foreign ministry officials and academics from the United States, Japan, China, Russia, South Korea, and North Korea. Prof. Shirk served as a member of the U.S. Defense Policy Board, the Board of Governors for the East West Center (Hawaii), the Board of Trustees of the U.S. Japan Foundation, and the Board of Directors of the National Committee on United States-China Relations. She is a member of the Council on Foreign Relations, and an emeritus member of the Aspen Strategy Group. As senior advisor to the Albright Group, Prof. Shirk advises private-sector clients on China and East Asia. She received her B.A. in Political Science from Mount Holyoke College, her M.A. in Asian Studies from the University of California, Berkeley, and her Ph.D. in Political Science from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. Denis Fred SIMON is Vice-Provost for International Affairs at the University of Oregon (see: In that role, he serves as the chief academic officer responsible for the international strategy and global positioning of the overall university. He also is a tenured Full Professor of International Studies. In addition, he is a member of the Advisory Board of the Confucius Institute at the University. Preceding his arrival at the University of Oregon, Dr. Simon was a tenured Full Professor of International Affairs and one of the founding senior faculty at the new School of International Affairs at Penn State University. Prior to joining Penn State, Dr. Simon served as the founding Provost and Vice-President for Academic Affairs of the Levin Graduate Institute of International Relations and Commerce under the State University of New York in New York City. He also served as Executive Director of the Center for the Study of Science, Technology and Innovation in China at Levin. Among his key publications are: Technological Innovation in China [with Detlef Rehn] (Harper Books, 1987), Science and Technology in Post-Mao China [edited with Merle Goldman] (Harvard University Press, 1989), The Emerging Technological Trajectory of the Pacific Rim (ME Sharpe, 1995), Corporate Strategies Towards the Pacific Rim (Routledge, 1996), Techno- Security in an Age of Globalization (ME Sharpe, 1997), Global R&D in China [edited with Yifei Sun and Max Von Zedtwitz] (Routledge, 2008), and China s Emerging Technological Edge: Assessing the Role of High-End Talent (Cambridge University Press, 2009). He also is working on a new book entitled, China and the Global Innovation System: An Analysis of the PRC s International S&T Relations (Cambridge University Press, forthcoming). In recognition of his extensive work in China, Dr. Simon was selected among only 20 foreign experts to receive the Liaoning Province Friendship Award in Shenyang in September In October 2006, he was awarded China s highest medal given by the Chinese government to a

9 foreign expert the China National Friendship Award by Premier Wen Jiabao in the Great Hall of the People in Beijing. Dr. Simon received his BA degree in Asian Studies/Political Science from the State University of New York in 1974, and his MA in Asian Studies in 1975 and PhD in Political Science in 1980 from UC Berkeley. Mark STOKES is the Executive Director of the Project 2049 Institute. Previously, he was the founder and president of Quantum Pacific Enterprises, an international consulting firm, and vice president and Taiwan country manager for Raytheon International. He has served as executive vice president of Laifu Trading Company, a subsidiary of the Rehfeldt Group; a senior associate at the Center for Strategic and International Studies; and member of the Board of Governors of the American Chamber of Commerce in Taiwan. A 20-year U.S. Air Force veteran, Stokes also served as team chief and senior country director for the People s Republic of China, Taiwan and Mongolia in the Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for International Security Affairs. He holds a B.A. from Texas A&M University, and graduate degrees in International Relations and Asian Studies from Boston University and the Naval Postgraduate School. He is a fluent Mandarin speaker. Richard P. SUTTMEIER is Professor of Political Science, Emeritus, at the University of Oregon. He has written widely on science and technology development issues in China. His current research includes a study of China s intellectual property strategy and an examination of the changing nature of China s innovation system. His interests in the role of science and technology in China-US relations, the role of technical standards in China's technology policy, and Chinese approaches to the management of technological risks have led to the following recent publications: From Cold War Science Diplomacy to Partnering in a Networked World: 30 Years of Sino-US Relations in Science and Technology, Journal of Science and Technology Policy in China, Vol. 1, No. 1, 2010; The Sixth Modernization? China, Safety, and the Management of Risks. Asia Policy 6 (June, 2008); State, Self- Organization, and Identity in the Building of Sin-US Cooperation in Science and Technology. Asian Perspective 32, 1, 2008; and Standards, Stakeholders, and Innovation: China s Evolving Role in the Global Knowledge Economy. (with Scott Kennedy and Jun Su). National Bureau of Asian Research. September, These and other recent papers are available at WANG Yuan is Executive Vice President of the Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development, Researcher. Dr. Wang graduated from Qinghua University, and then obtained his Ph.D. in Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. He also studied at the University of Essen, Germany. He studied reform of enterprises and industrial economy at the Institute of Industrial Economics at the Chinese Academy of Social Sciences. From 1995 to 1999, he worked at the Department of Business Studies, Institute of Market Economy and Department of Social development in the Development Research Center of the State Council of PRC. In 1990, he was conferred as researcher. Since 1993, he enjoyed the government special subsidies from the State Council. At present, he is the executive vice president of Chinese Academy of Science and Technology for Development. His major research areas are: industrial economics, science and technology policy and strategy. He was the deputy group leader of general working group in the Medium and Long-Term

10 Development Planning for China s Science & Technology, group member of supporting policies and group leader of 11 th - and 12 th Five-Year Plan for the Science and Technology Development. Other positions: Vice Director-General of the Chinese Science and Technology Institutes Association, Director-General of China Society for Science & Technology Financing, Doctor Advisor of Chinese Science and Technology University, Liaoning University and Tongji University, Visiting Professor of Nankai University and Lanzhou University, Chief Editor of China Science and Technology Forum, Proprietor of China Science and Technology; Special visiting consultant of city government in Beijing, Shanghai, Chongqing, Shenzhen, Chengdu, and Xiamen as well as provincial government of Guangdong. ZHANG Yunzhuang is a Research Staff specializing in defense economics at the Center for Affordable Armament at the National University of Defense Technology, China and a Visiting Scholar at the Center for Public Policy and Private Enterprise at the University of Maryland. He got his master degree on defense economics at the National University of Defense Technology in 2007, and now is a PhD Candidate majoring on New Political Economics at Renmin University of China. He used to serve as Director for Research & Development at the School of Humanities and Social Science at the National University of Defense Technology. His research lies mainly on the defense contract management and defense industry s civil-military integration. ZHI Qiang is a predoctoral research fellow in the Belfer Center's Energy Technology Innovation Policy research group, a research fellow in the Center for Science, Technology & Education Policy Tsinghua University, and a doctoral candidate in the School of Public Policy and Management at the Tsinghua University. His chief research interests are national science and technology policy, renewable energy technology innovation policy, and policy process. Qiang's dissertation explores the role of scientists and politicians in the decisionmaking process of national science and technology programs and renewable energy policy in China.