ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX: GEORGIA

Transcription

1 ENVIRONMENTAL SENSITIVITY INDEX: GEORGIA INTRODUCTION Environmental Sensitivity Index (ESI) maps have been developed for the coastal zone of Georgia. The ESI maps include information for three main components: shoreline and wetland habitats; sensitive biological resources; and human-use resources. Background information, as well as the methods of data collection and presentation, are summarized in the following sections. SHORELINE HABITAT MAPPING The intertidal habitats of Georgia were originally mapped during overflights conducted in the fall of They were updated onto 1:24,000 U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) topographic maps by an experienced coastal geologist in January 1997 using recent vertical aerial photographs from at various scales. Where appropriate, multiple habitats were delineated for each shoreline segment. Portions of the coast were flown in February 1997 to verify the photointerpretation. The aerial surveys were carried out using a fixed-wing aircraft, flying at elevations of 500-1,000 feet and slow air speed. Prediction of the behavior and persistence of oil on intertidal habitats is based on an understanding of the dynamics of the coastal environments, not just the substrate type and grain size. The sensitivity of a particular intertidal habitat is an integration of the following factors: 1) Shoreline type (substrate, grain size, tidal elevation, origin) 2) Exposure to wave and tidal energy 3) Biological productivity and sensitivity 4) Ease of cleanup All of these factors are used to determine the relative sensitivity of intertidal habitats. Key to the sensitivity ranking is an understanding of the relationships between: physical processes, substrate, shoreline type, product type, fate and effect, and sediment transport patterns. The intensity of energy expended upon a shoreline by wave action, tidal currents, and river currents directly affects the persistence of stranded oil. The need for shoreline cleanup activities is determined, in part, by the slowness of natural processes in removal of oil stranded on the shoreline. These concepts have been used in the development of the ESI, which ranks shoreline environments as to their relative sensitivity to oil spills, potential biological injury, and ease of cleanup. Generally speaking, areas exposed to high levels of physical energy, such as wave action and tidal currents, and low biological activity rank low on the scale, whereas sheltered areas with associated high biological activity have the highest ranking. A comprehensive shoreline habitat ranking system has been developed for the entire United States. The shoreline habitats delineated in Georgia are listed below in order of increasing sensitivity to spilled oil. 1B) Exposed, Solid Man-made Structures 3A) Fine-to Medium-grained Sand Beaches 3B) Scarps and Steep Slopes in Sand 6A) Gravel Beaches 6B) Riprap 7) Exposed Tidal Flats 8A) Sheltered Scarps in Mud 8B) Sheltered, Solid Man-made Structures 8C) Sheltered Riprap 9A) Sheltered Tidal Flats 9B) Vegetated Low Riverine Banks 10A) Salt- and Brackish-water Marshes 10B) Freshwater Marshes 10C) Swamps 10D) Scrub-Shrub Wetlands Each of the shoreline habitats are described on pages 10-16, in terms of their physical description, predicted oil behavior, and response considerations. SENSITIVE BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Biological information presented in this atlas was collected and compiled with the assistance of biologists and resource managers from the Georgia Department of Natural Resources (GA DNR) and other agencies and groups. Information collected and depicted on the maps denotes the key biological resources that are most likely at risk in the event of an oil spill. Seven major categories of biological resources are included in this atlas: marine mammals, terrestrial mammals, birds, reptiles/amphibians, fish, invertebrates, and habitats/rare plants. Spatial distribution of the species on the maps is represented by polygons and points, as appropriate. Associated with each of these representations is an icon depicting the types of species or habitat types that are present. Species have been divided into groups and subgroups, based on their behavior, morphology, taxonomic classification, and spill vulnerability and sensitivity. The icons reflect this grouping scheme. The groups are color coded, and the subgroups are represented by different icons: MARINE MAMMALS BIRDS Manatees Whales TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS Small Mammals Diving Birds Gulls and Terns Passerine Birds Raptors Shorebirds Wading Birds Waterfowl REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS FISH Other Reptiles/Amphibians Turtles Fish INVERTEBRATES Bivalves ELMR Shellfish HABITATS/RARE PLANTS Rare Plants and Communities Reef Communities The polygon or point color and pattern are generally the same for all the species in each major group (e.g., birds are green), and match the icon colors. The exception is habitat/rare plants which have several different colors in the Georgia atlas (purple for plants, hot pink and blue for different hardbottom reef communities). Also associated with each biological polygon or point feature on the map is a resources at risk identification number (RAR#), located under each icon or group of icons. The RAR# references a table on the reverse side of the map with a complete list of species found in the polygon or at the point, as well as the state and federal protected status (T&E), concentration or abundance, seasonality, and lifehistory information for each species. Location-sensitive data provided by the GA DNR Natural Heritage Program (NHP) are not shown on the maps as polygons or points. Instead, only marker icons are shown in the vicinity of resource occurrence sites. In these instances, the RAR#s under the icons are shaded yellow in order to identify NHP data that are not associated with specific polygons or point features. In addition, the tabular data for species from NHP records does not list the common name of the species in question. In place of the common name, a general subelement-level name is listed which also indicates whether the species is rare, threatened, or endangered (e.g., endangered wading bird; rare turtle). Rare refers to species without T&E status, but which are still considered to be at risk of extirpation or extinction. The rare descriptor was used for species with global or state conservation status ranks of vulnerable, imperiled, or critically imperiled (see Master, 1991). In addition to the difference in species name, occurrence is listed in the concentration column, identifying the site as an element occurrence record from the NHP program. In all other regards, the NHP data included in this atlas are depicted on the maps and tables as described in the paragraph above. However, the NHP data are not included in the digital ESI database. There are some species that are found throughout specific geographical areas or habitat types. Displaying the polygons for these species would cover large areas, making the maps very difficult to read. Thus, species which occur over the majority of certain geographic areas or habitats are often identified in a small box on the maps which states that they are Present in... (e.g., Present in Atlantic Ocean or Present in Wetlands ). This approach informs the user of the presence of these species, while maintaining readability of the map. In all instances, data for species listed as Present in... exist as polygons in the digital coverages. The use of this strategy is implemented on a map per map basis, depending on the location, size, and number of polygons present on each map. MARINE MAMMALS Marine mammals depicted in the Georgia atlas include manatees and whales. Bottlenose dolphins are not included due to widespread abundance and an assumed low-sensitivity to spills. Bottlenose dolphins are likely to be present throughout nearly all estuarine and nearshore waters of the study area. Though not threatened or endangered, bottlenose dolphins are protected under the Marine Mammal Protection Act, as are all marine mammals. GA - Page 1

2 Manatees areas depicted in the atlas are limited to known highuse areas which may be occupied in warmer months. In general, seasonal manatee high-use areas may include estuaries, rivers, and tidal creeks. Manatees in Georgia may feed on Spartina and algae growing in shallow areas or on floating objects. In addition to direct spill impacts, spill response personnel should be aware of manatee concentration areas including locations where slow or idle boat speeds are posted for manatee protection. Whale locations depicted in the atlas are largely restricted to a seasonal calving and juvenile area for the endangered Northern right whale. The area mapped has been listed as Designated Critical Habitat by the National Marine Fisheries Service (NMFS) under the Endangered Species Act (NMFS, 1994). This area roughly extends from the mouth of the Altamaha River, Georgia to Jacksonville, Florida (from the Atlantic shoreline to 15 nautical miles offshore), and from Jacksonville to Sebastian Inlet, Florida (from the Atlantic shoreline to 5 nautical miles offshore). Additional whale data for several species are also included for the offshore area encompassed by Gray s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. Though not included on the maps, offshore whale distributions are generally described as follows: Northern right whale, 0-30 miles offshore; humpback whale, 0-30 miles offshore; pygmy sperm whale, miles offshore; and fin whale, miles offshore. Marine mammal distributions are displayed on the maps as a brown hatch polygon. A brown icon with a manatee or whale silhouette is used to indicate the presence of marine mammals. The RAR# under the icon references a table on the reverse side of the map. In this table, the first column gives the species name. The second column denotes whether the species has been designated endangered (E) or threatened (T) on either the state (S) and/or federal (F) lists. The next column provides an estimate of the concentration of the species at the site. Concentration is usually indicated as HIGH, MED, or LOW. The species seasonality is shown in the next twelve columns, representing the months of the year. If the species is present at that location in a particular month, an X is placed in the month column. The final columns list the time periods for sensitive life-history stages or activities, such as calving for Northern right whales. TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS Terrestrial mammals were only mapped where NHP records indicated the presence of protected or rare species. Note that small semi-aquatic fur-bearing mammals such as river otter, beaver, muskrat, and mink were not mapped as a part of this atlas, due to lack of information. However, these resources are likely to occur throughout much of the study area. Depending on the species, semiaquatic fur-bearing mammals may occur where rivers, streams, estuaries, impoundments, and especially wetlands are present. Semiaquatic fur-bearing mammals can be severely impacted by swimming through oil slicks or coming into contact with oiled vegetation. Protected and rare terrestrial mammals are displayed on the maps as brown marker icons with a small mammal silhouette. The RAR# under the icon (with the yellow NHP box) references a table on the reverse side of the map. In this table, the first column gives a general subelement-level name for the species. The second column indicates whether the species is listed as threatened (T) or endangered (E) on either the state (S) and/or federal (F) lists. The next column provides the concentration of each species at the site, which is OCCURRENCE for NHP-derived data. The species seasonality is shown in the next twelve columns representing the months of the year. If the species is present at that location in a particular month, an X is placed in the month column. BIRDS Birds are divided into several species subgroups based on taxonomy, morphology, behavior, and oil spill vulnerability and sensitivity. The species table lists all the birds included on the maps, sorted by subgroup. These species were included either because of their likelihood of impact by an oil spill, or their special protection status as threatened or endangered. Birds are a major component of the Georgia ESI atlas; however, large wide-spread distributions of offshore birds are not included since particular concentration areas can vary greatly, both spatially and temporally. Offshore birds not included in this project include Northern gannet (diving pelagic bird), which may be widespread and locally abundant from 0-20 miles offshore from December through March. Likewise, Lesser scaup (waterfowl) may occur in large rafts offshore (and in the open sounds) from November through March. Other species with similar distributions include common loon, mergansers, and other diving ducks. Waterfowl and diving birds (pelicans, cormorants, etc.) are usually at greatest risk during oil spills, because they spend nearly all of their time on the water surface, and/or because they become partially or entirely immersed while feeding. Waterfowl can also be contaminated through contact with oiled wetland vegetation. Wading birds are usually at slightly lesser risk, primarily because they become oiled mainly on the legs and bill while wading for prey. Wading bird feathers and upper body parts can be more extensively contaminated, however, by contact with oiled vegetation. Shorebirds may avoid oiling in many cases, but may be impacted by loss of feeding areas or intertidal prey, particularly during important migration periods. Gulls may be at risk because they are often attracted to and will feed on sick or injured prey. This behavior may result in oiling of feathers and the ingestion of oil. Terns are primarily at risk when they dive for prey. Raptors may also prey on oiled or injured species and thus may be contaminated themselves or ingest oil. Osprey may also be oiled while diving for fish. Passerine birds are typically not at great risk during spills; however, response activities can disturb nesting or damage coastal habitat for these species. Passerine birds of concern during spills include threatened, endangered and rare species, especially if they nest near the shoreline or in wetland habitats such as marshes. Oiling of birds reduces the buoyancy, water repellency, and insulation provided by feathers, and may result in death by drowning or hypothermia. Preening of oiled feathers may also result in ingestion of oil resulting in irritation, sickness, or death. Bird oiling, particularly waterfowl and wading birds, may continue even after floating oil has been removed, depending on the extent of oiled vegetation and debris. Oiling can severely impact breeding and nesting success, especially if oiled adults contaminate the nest, eggs, or young. Disturbance during response activities can also reduce nesting success. Bird concentration areas are shown on the maps as polygons with a green hatch pattern. Certain nesting sites and similar areas such as wood stork roosts are displayed as point locations using a green dot. Data from NHP records are displayed as marker icons and a yellow RAR# box. A green icon with the appropriate bird silhouette (wading bird, raptor, etc.) is associated with the polygons, points, or markers. The RAR# under the icon references a table on the reverse side of the map. In this table, the first column gives the species name. The second column indicates whether the species is listed as threatened (T) or endangered (E) on either the state (S) and/or federal (F) lists. The next column provides an estimate of the concentration of each species at the site. For the bird data, concentration is indicated as VERY HIGH, HIGH, MED, or LOW, or as a numerical value representing the number of nests in a point or polygon, or the number of individuals occurring in a polygon. For data from NHP element occurrence records, concentration is listed as an OCCURRENCE. The descriptive concentration estimates are subjective, based on local expert opinion on relative concentrations in the area. The numerical concentration values are based on survey data. Numerical concentrations at any particular site may fluctuate seasonally and annually based on local or regional conditions, or other factors. The species seasonality is shown in the next twelve columns representing the months of the year. If the species is present at that location in a particular month, an X is placed in the month column. The last columns denote the nesting time-period for each species, if nesting occurs in the particular area or site in question. Nesting refers to the entire nesting period, while laying, hatching, and fledging are discrete subsets of the nesting time period. For many species there is a temporal shift in seasonality and reproduction along with spatial changes in location. Temporal information included in the tables is specific to the one polygon or point that it references. REPTILES/AMPHIBIANS Reptiles and amphibians depicted in the Georgia atlas include sea turtles, other turtles and tortoises, lizards, frogs, and salamanders. American alligators are not depicted in the atlas due to widespread abundance and an assumed low sensitivity to spills. Alligators can occur throughout freshwater and estuarine habitats in Georgia, particularly in wetlands, coastal rivers, ponds, and impoundments. Diamondback terrapins were not mapped, though they may occur in estuarine habitats such as salt and brackish marshes and tidal creeks. Sea turtle areas displayed on the maps are limited to nesting beaches and several well known in-water concentration areas. However, loggerhead, green, Kemp s ridley, and leatherback sea turtles can occur throughout the coastal, estuarine, and marine waters of Georgia. Though not included on the maps, offshore sea turtle distributions are generally described as follows: loggerhead, green, and Kemp s ridley turtles, highest concentrations from 0-5 miles offshore, and further offshore in the vicinity of reef areas such as Gray s Reef; and leatherback turtles, miles offshore. All sea turtles are protected as threatened or endangered species. In addition to sea turtles, the threatened gopher tortoise was mapped in only a few locations. Significant coastal populations of gopher tortoises are known for Crooked River State Park, Cumberland Island, and St. Catherines Island. Additional reptiles and amphibians were mapped from NHP records. Sea turtle and gopher tortoise concentrations are depicted as polygons with a red hatch pattern. Other reptiles and amphibians are indicated using a marker icon only. A red icon with a turtle or other reptile/amphibian silhouette is used to indicate the presence GA - Page 2

3 of reptiles. The number under the icon references a table on the reverse side of the map. In the tables, the first column gives the species name. The second column denotes whether the species has been designated as endangered (E) or threatened (T) on either the state (S) and/or federal (F) lists. The next column provides an estimate of the concentration of the species at a site. Concentration is generally indicated as HIGH, MED, or LOW, except for NHP element occurrence records, where concentration is listed as an OCCURRENCE. The species seasonality is shown in the next twelve columns, representing the months of the year. If the species is present at that location in a particular month, an X is placed in the month column. For sea turtles, the last two columns indicate nesting and hatching time periods. Nesting refers to the time when adults construct nests and deposit eggs. Hatching refers to the time when young are hatching and emerging from the nests. For many species there is a temporal shift in seasonality and reproduction along with spatial changes in location. Temporal information included in the tables is specific to the one polygon that it references. FISH AND INVERTEBRATES The fish and invertebrate species depicted in the Georgia ESI atlas include selected estuarine-dependent, anadromous, and marine species. Species of commercial, recreational, ecological, or conservation interest were chosen. The ESI maps and tables show the general distribution of fish and invertebrates by seasonal salinity zones in the estuaries and for the 0-10 meter depth zone in the nearshore marine environment. The data for fish and invertebrate distribution were collected and compiled by NOAA s Strategic Environmental Assessments Division with the assistance of GA DNR, under the Estuarine Living Marine Resources (ELMR) program. Fish and invertebrate distributions by salinity or depth zone are referred to below and in the legend as ELMR data. In addition to the ELMR distribution data, special concentration areas for selected species were also mapped, based on expert source information, maps, and other data provided by GA DNR. Special concentration areas include known high concentration areas, spawning sites, important juvenile nursery areas, sessile shellfish beds, etc. Special fish concentration areas were mapped for shortnose sturgeon, Atlantic sturgeon, red drum, spotted seatrout, tarpon, and sheepshead. For invertebrates, American oyster and quahog (hard clam) sites were mapped within recreational and commercial harvest areas only. In addition to the ELMR distribution data and special concentration areas, fish species were mapped by bottom habitat type for Gray s Reef National Marine Sanctuary (map number 38), based on data and expert knowledge provided by sanctuary staff. A variety of reef-associated and other offshore fish were linked with three major habitats within the sanctuary: hardbottom reef; hardbottom reef ledges; and sand bottoms. In a few cases, data from NHP records are displayed on the maps for rare and endangered fish species. These data include records for some fish of conservation interest which were not included in the ELMR data or special concentration areas. The general ELMR distributions of fish and invertebrates by salinity zone or depth are depicted on the maps as polygons, bounded by black lines. Shading or hatch patterns were NOT used since the ELMR data fills nearly all water bodies on the maps. The black ELMR boundaries represent seasonal isohalines (in the estuaries), the break between the estuarine and marine environment (at the inlet mouths), or the 10 meter depth contour (offshore). ELMR polygon boundaries are not visible in most other instances since they follow the shoreline (except at state borders which mark the limit of the study area). For non-elmr data, special concentration polygons are depicted as polygons with a blue hatch pattern for fish, and an orange hatch pattern for sessile shellfish. For Gray s Reef, fish are associated with the bottom habitat polygons differentiated by solid fill colors (see legend associated with the Gray s Reef map). For NHP records, only a marker icon was used. In all cases, a blue icon with a fish silhouette, and/or an orange icon with either a bivalve or general ELMR invertebrate (crab) silhouette, are associated with the fish and invertebrate data. The RAR# under the icon or icon group references a table on the reverse side of the map. In this table, the first column gives the species name. The second column denotes whether the species has been designated endangered (E) or threatened (T) on either the state (S) and/or federal (F) lists. For non-elmr data, concentration may be listed as HIGH, MEDIUM, or LOW, or as OCCURRENCE for NHP element occurrence records. The concentration column is left blank for the ELMR data because relative abundances are listed by month in the seasonality columns. Under each month where an ELMR species is present, a number code indicates the species abundance (1 = no information, 2 = rare, 3 = common, 4 = abundant, 5 = highly abundant). The ELMR abundance codes usually refer to juvenile life stages, even though other life stages may be present. If juveniles are not present, the abundances refer to adults, or larvae if adults and juveniles are not present. For non-elmr data, seasonality is also listed by month with an X indicating the species presence in any particular month. The last columns indicate time periods for various life-history stages or activities (fish = spawning [parturition for sharks], outmigration, larvae, juveniles, and adults; invertebrate = spawning, larvae, mating, juveniles, and adults). For many species there is a temporal shift in seasonality and life-history along with spatial changes in location. Temporal information included in the tables is specific to the one polygon or site that it references. A thorough understanding of the maps and tables would not be possible without a summary description of the ELMR program. Detailed information about ELMR methods and the fisheries and salinity data in Georgia are provided below. ELMR FISHERIES AND SALINITY DATA Through NOAA s ELMR program, a set of regional, consistent databases have been developed describing the distribution, relative abundance, and life-history characteristics of selected fish and invertebrates in U.S. estuaries. The spatial and temporal distribution of ELMR s categorical relative abundance data were assigned to Georgia s estuarine systems, based on information from the original ELMR data set (Nelson et al., 1991), regional and local fisheries experts, survey reports, peer-reviewed literature, and existing quantitative data. The relative abundance categories are intended to emulate the categories often used by fisheries biologists. These abundance estimates are then verified through an extensive peerreview process utilizing the knowledge and field experience of fisheries biologists and managers. The data summaries represent the best available source of information about the current distribution and abundance of the selected species. In addition to 31 species from the original ELMR database, 14 other fish and invertebrate species were included for the Georgia ESI. They are: knobbed whelk, Atlantic sharpnose shark, hickory shad, hardhead catfish, shortnose sturgeon, striped anchovy, tarpon, star drum, king mackerel, hogchoker, black sea bass, gag, silver perch, and Atlantic spadefish. A primary factor affecting the distribution of estuarinedependent fish and invertebrates is salinity. Seasonal estuarine salinity zones are used in this atlas to organize and geographically depict the distribution and relative abundance of fish and invertebrates in estuaries. The three estuarine salinity zones (depthaveraged and seasonal) used for the Georgia ESI atlas are: tidal fresh (0-0.5 parts per thousand [ppt]), mixing ( ppt), and seawater (>25.0 ppt). Three salinity zones were used due to the high variability of Georgia s estuaries. Salinity variability in Georgia estuaries is largely the result of their geomorphology (they are generally shallow) and tidal ranges (which are large, 2-3 meters). The estuarine salinity zones used were adapted and updated from those developed in Orlando et al. (1994). These salinity zones were reviewed and revised in 1996 by GA DNR personnel. Salinity analysis for Georgia s estuarine systems focused on two periods: the high salinity period (~ late summer-fall) and the low salinity period (~late winter-spring). The two transitional salinity periods, roughly representing summer (transitional, increasing salinity) and winter (transitional, decreasing salinity periods) were also addressed. These periods represent the typical high-, transitional-, and low-salinity conditions experienced under average seasonal freshwater inflow conditions. The isohalines that define the salinity zones shift seasonally due to environmental factors such as freshwater inflow, evaporation, and wind. The monthly designation of high (H), transitional (T), and low (L) salinity time periods are specified in the tables on the reverse side of each map, in the legend, in Table 1, and on the seasonal salinity zone map shown on page 5. ELMR data and expert review were used to develop maps of distribution and relative abundance for 45 fish and invertebrate species in Georgia s estuaries and marine environment. For species in the marine environment, the distributions are mapped into four, depth-defined polygons: 0-10 meters (m), 10-20m, 20-50m, and m. Note that only the 0-10m zone is included in the hardcopy atlas, representing the nearshore marine environment. For the marine data, it is also important to note that some species (e.g., gag grouper, Atlantic spadefish, etc.) are structure- or reef-oriented and do not occur throughout the depth range in which they are depicted. For species information in the estuaries, species distribution information are organized into the aforementioned seasonal salinity zones; however, it is important to note that most species and life stages do not occur everywhere throughout an assigned zone at all times. For example, a map might show juveniles for one species in the estuarine mixing zone in May. However, these juveniles may only occur at the bottom, near structure, in waters less than 3m, and only in late May. The salinity patterns for each Georgia estuary were analyzed to determine the locations of seasonal isohalines. The salinity characteristics for each estuary are described below and illustrated on page 5. Salinity distributions in most Georgia estuaries are dominated by changes in seasonal freshwater inflows. For estuarine systems with larger rivers (e.g., Savannah, Ossabaw, Altamaha, St. Andrew Sound, and St. Marys), freshwater input is typically highest from January-April and lowest during August-November. Accordingly, salinity is typically 5-15 ppt lower during February-April than during September-December. Freshwater also tends to set-up localized areas of vertical salinity stratification, especially during high inflow periods. GA - Page 3

4 Other estuaries (i.e., St. Catherines, Sapelo, Wassaw, St. Simon, and Cumberland Sounds) are supported by small watersheds that provide little direct freshwater inflow. However, many of these systems are influenced by the major river systems in adjacent estuaries and still experience appreciable (though much reduced) seasonal salinity changes. Consequently, salinity typically remains closer to full seawater strength throughout much of the year and vertical stratification is less likely to occur or persist. In all Georgia estuaries, the prevailing seasonal salinity patterns and the degree of vertical stratification are affected by tides, shelf circulation, local precipitation, and wind. Of these, the effect of tide is most apparent. Tides (and wind) are important mechanisms for water column mixing and, therefore, typically reduce vertical salinity stratification. In addition, tides can shift the location of isohalines, particularly in estuaries with large river inputs. In these cases, salinity may occasionally span brackish to near-ocean concentrations over a tidal cycle. TABLE 1. Seasonal salinity time-periods for Georgia estuaries. ESTUARY J A N F E B M A R A P R Savannah River T L L L T T T T H H H T Wassaw Sound T L L L T T T T T H H H Ossabaw Sound T L L L T T T T T H H H St. Catherines, Sapelo, and Doboy Sounds T L L L T T T T T H H H Altamaha River T L L L T T T T H H H T St. Andrew and St. T L L L T T T T T H H H Simons Sounds St. Marys River and Cumberland Sound T L L L T T T T H H H T Savannah River This estuary includes the New River, Wright River, and several distributaries of the Savannah River (i.e., Front, Back, and Middle Rivers and South Channel). The average depth of the estuary is approximately 5m at mid-tide level, although deeper navigation channels (9-12m mean low water [MLW]) exist. The estuary receives most of its freshwater from the Savannah River; the head of tide is located about 5 km upstream of the Highway 17 bridge. During the 1970s and 1980s, a tide gate located in the Back River affected circulation and salinity in the upper estuary. The tide gate has not been operational since March Thus, salinity zones defined for this ESI map reflect conditions after March Salinity variability is dominated by seasonal fluctuations and controlled releases of freshwater from impoundments on the Savannah River and its tributaries. Throughout much of the estuary, salinity is about 5 ppt lower during February-April than during September-November, although these seasonal differences are less apparent upstream of Hutchinson Island. Salinities are often vertically homogeneous, except for moderate stratification in the lower Savannah River. Tides are semi-diurnal and range from 2.0m at the entrance to the estuary to 2.5m in the Savannah River above Elba Island. Wassaw Sound This estuary includes Wassaw Sound and its major tributaries: the Wilmington, Bull, and Half Moon rivers. The average depth of the estuary is approximately 8m at mid-tide level in the river channels, and averages 2m elsewhere. Due to its small watershed, this estuary receives limited freshwater inflow, primarily from the Wilmington River. However, a connection to the Savannah River (South Channel) periodically supplements freshwater derived locally from the Wilmington River watershed during freshets. No head of tide can be identified, as tidal influence extends throughout the estuary. Limited data available for this estuary suggests that Wassaw Sound experiences very little seasonal salinity changes. In the absence of significant freshwater inflow, salinities tend to be vertically homogeneous and near full seawater strength. Tides are semidiurnal and average about 2.1m in the Sound and Wilmington River. Ossabaw Sound This estuary includes Ossabaw Sound and the Ogeechee, Little Ogeechee, Burnside, and Vernon Rivers. The average depth is about 4m at mid-tide level, although naturally deep areas and shoals are interspersed throughout the estuary. The Ogeechee River is the dominant freshwater source to the estuary; head of tide is located 52 km upstream of the entrance to Ossabaw Sound. M A Y J U N J U L A U G S E P O C T N O V D E C Salinity variability is dominated by seasonal fluctuations from the Ogeechee River and its tributaries. Throughout much of the estuary, salinity is 5-10 ppt lower during February-April than during October-December. The greatest seasonal salinity changes are apparent in the lower Ogeechee River, below Shad Island. Salinity is generally unstratified, but may be moderately stratified in Ossabaw Sound and the lower Ogeechee River during the low salinity period. Tides are semi-diurnal and range about 2.1m throughout Ossabaw Sound and the lower regions of the major tributaries. St. Catherines, Sapelo, and Doboy Sounds This group of estuaries includes three sounds (St. Catherines, Sapelo, and Doboy) and numerous tidal creeks, including Bear, Medway, North and South Newport, and Sapelo. The average depth is about 4m at mid-tide level, although naturally deep areas and shoals are interspersed throughout the estuary. Due to their small watersheds, St. Catherines and Sapelo Sounds systems receive limited freshwater inflow. However, freshwater input from the Altamaha River has a major influence on Doboy Sound, and the Ogeechee River contributes some fresh water to St. Catherines system, via the Atlantic Intracoastal Waterway. The head of tide for St. Catherines Sound is located on the Medway and North Newport Rivers, about 40 km upstream of the entrance to the sound. Although these estuaries experience seasonal salinity variations, they are not as pronounced as in other estuaries with larger freshwater sources (i.e., Savannah and Altamaha rivers). However, the Doboy Sound system does exhibit more seasonal salinity variation than do St. Catherines and Sapelo systems, mostly due to inputs from the Altamaha River. Except for weak vertical stratification in Doboy Sound and its tributaries, salinities throughout the estuary are often vertically homogeneous. Tides are semi-diurnal and average about 2-3m. Altamaha River This estuary includes the Altamaha River, Altamaha Sound, and several tidal creeks. The average depth of the estuary is approximately 3m at mid-tide level, although naturally deep areas and shoals are interspersed throughout the estuary. The estuary receives most of its freshwater from the Altamaha River, formed by the confluence of the Ocmulgee and Oconee Rivers; the head of tide is located about 39 km upstream of the entrance to Altamaha Sound. Freshwater from the Altamaha River also has a dominant influence on the Hampton River. Salinity variability is dominated by seasonal fluctuations of the Altamaha River and its tributaries. Dams that form reservoirs on the Ocmulgee and Oconee Rivers have little impact on estuarine salinities. Throughout much of the estuary, salinity is about 10 ppt lower during February-April than during September-November. Moderate-to-high vertical stratification is common in the lower Altamaha River (below Threemile Cut) and in the lower portion of the South Altamaha River. Tides are semi-diurnal and range 2.0m at the entrance to the estuary. St. Andrew and St. Simons Sounds These estuaries include St. Andrew and St. Simons Sounds, as well as the Satilla River, Little Satilla River, and several small tidal creeks. The average depth of the estuaries is approximately 4m at mid-tide level. The Brunswick Harbor Channel (10m at MLW) extends from the entrance of St. Simons Sound to the city of Brunswick; a smaller channel exists in the East River. The estuary receives most of its freshwater from the Satilla River; the head of tide is located about 80 km upstream of the entrance to St. Andrew Sound. Limited additional freshwater is conveyed through the Mackay River from the Altamaha River. Little water exchange occurs between the St. Simons and St. Andrews Sounds, although these systems are adjacent. Salinity variability is dominated by seasonal fluctuations of the Satilla River. Although St. Simons Sound lacks any comparable direct freshwater inflow, exchanges with the Altamaha River via the Frederica River appear to have periodic influence on salinity during major freshets. Limited data available for Mackay River, St. Simons Sound, and Brunswick River suggest that salinities are highly variable and weakly stratified, particularly during the low salinity period (February-April). Tides are semi-diurnal and range 2.0m at the entrances to the sounds, 2.2m near Brunswick, and 2.4m at Hermitage Point. St. Marys River and Cumberland Sound This estuarine system includes the St. Marys, Crooked, and Amelia Rivers as well as Kings Bay, Cumberland Sound, and numerous small tidal creeks. The average depth of the estuary is approximately 6m at mid-tide level. Navigation channels (14m at MLW) extends from the entrance of St. Mary Sound to the Kings Bay Naval Submarine Base. Smaller channels exists in Cumberland Sound (9m at MLW), North River (9m at MLW), and through St. Marys River (5m at MLW). The estuary receives most of its freshwater from the St. Marys River, which originates in the GA - Page 4

5 Georgia s Estuarine Salinity Zones Salinity Zones Tidal Fresh (0 Mixing ( ppt.) 25 ppt.) Seawater (>25 ppt.) Low Salinity Period Feb. - Apr. All estuary systems Ossabaw Sound Savannah River Wassaw Sound Transitional Increasing Salinity Period May - Aug. Altamaha River Savannah River St. Marys River/Cumberland Sound - May - Sep. Ossabaw Sound St. Andrew/St. Simons Sounds St. Catherines/Sapelo Sounds Wassaw Sound Ossabaw Sound Savannah River Wassaw Sound St. Catherines & Sapelo Sounds St. Catherines & Sapelo Sounds Altamaha River Altamaha River St. Andrew & St. Simons Sounds St. Andrew & St. Simons Sounds St. Marys River & Cumberland Sound St. Marys River & Cumberland Sound High Salinity Period Sep. - Nov. Altamaha River Savannah River St. Marys River/Cumberland Sound Oct. - Dec. Ossabaw Sound St. Andrew/St. Simons Sounds St. Catherines/Sapelo Sounds Wassaw Sound Ossabaw Sound Savannah River Wassaw Sound Transitional Decreasing Salinity Period Dec. - Jan. Altamaha River Savannah River St. Marys River/Cumberland Sound Jan. Ossabaw Sound St. Andrew/St. Simons Sounds St. Catherines/Sapelo Sounds Wassaw Sound - Ossabaw Sound Savannah River Wassaw Sound St. Catherines & Sapelo Sounds St. Catherines & Sapelo Sounds Altamaha River Altamaha River St. Andrew & St. Simons Sounds St. Andrew & St. Simons Sounds St. Marys River & Cumberland Sound St. Marys River & Cumberland Sound

6 Okefenoke Swamp; head of tide is located about 64 km upstream of the entrance to St. Marys Sound. Salinity variability is dominated by seasonal fluctuations of the St. Marys River and its tributaries. The largest seasonal salinity differences are apparent in the upper regions of the St. Marys and Crooked Rivers. Salinity in Cumberland Sound and lower St. Marys River is generally polyhaline to euhaline and tends to be vertically homogeneous. Tides are semi-diurnal and average about 1.8m at the entrance to St. Marys Sound. HABITATS/RARE PLANTS Habitats and plants depicted in the Georgia atlas include protected or rare plants, and hardbottom reef habitats associated with the Gray s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. The majority of rare plant data came from NHP records. Plant records were identified as terrestrial plants, wetland/aquatic plants, or unique plant communities. Submerged habitats for Gray s Reef were mapped based on side-scan sonar data and expert knowledge provided by sanctuary staff. Plants are mainly depicted using marker icons (for NHP records). In a few cases, plants may be mapped as small polygons with a purple hatch pattern. Purple icons with a plant silhouette indicate rare or protected plant species or communities. Habitats for Gray s Reef are depicted as polygons with a hot pink (high relief, hardbottom reef ledges) or light blue (low relief, hardbottom reef) solid fill pattern. In the tables, the first column gives the name of the plant or habitat type. The second column denotes whether the plant species has been designated as endangered (E) or threatened (T) on either the state (S) and/or federal (F) lists. The final columns provide monthly seasonality data. The plants and habitats mapped are all present year round. HUMAN-USE FEATURES The human-use features depicted on the maps are those that could be impacted by an oil spill or could provide access for response operations. All the features are represented by icons indicating the type of human-use resource. Access Airport Aquaculture Archaeological Site Beach Boat Ramp Coast Guard Commercial Fishing Diving Hazardous Waste Site Historical Site Marina Marine Sanctuary National Park NOAA Data Buoy State Park Recreational Fishing Water Intake Wildlife Refuge Access Location where it is possible to gain vehicular access to the shoreline or isolated coastal sites and islands. For some areas, such as islands, vehicles and equipment would need to be transported to access sites on barges. Airport Location of airports, airfields, landing strips, etc., whether they are manned or unmanned. The locations were obtained from USGS topographic maps. Aquaculture Location of aquaculture sites and facilities. Aquaculture locations were obtained from expert sources. When known, the site name, owner/manager, emergency contact name, and telephone number are provided on the data tables for each map. Archaeological Site Location of known archaeological sites in the coastal zone. This information was provided by the GA DNR Historic Preservation Division (HPD). The exact location and extent of these sites are not represented on the maps due to their sensitivity to disturbance. Instead, generalized locations are depicted to indicate single or multiple site presence in the vicinity. For more specific locational information, information on the type of site(s) present, and guidance during response operations, please contact: Mark Edwards, State Historic Preservation Officer, 404/ (office) and 404/ (home); Richard Clouse, Deputy State Historic Preservation Officer, 404/ (office) and 770/ (home); W. Ray Luce, Supervisor, HPD Planning and Local Assistance Unit, 404/ (office) and 770/ (home); Richard Alan Warner, 404/ (office) and 404/ (home); Ronnie Rogers, 404/ (office) and 706/ (home); or Chip Morgan, 404/ (office) and 770/ (home). Beach Location of recreational beaches used for activities such as swimming, sun-bathing, fishing, etc. Boat Ramp Location of boat ramps. This information was gathered from overflight observations, aerial photographs, and expert sources. Coast Guard Location of Coast Guard facilities. This information was obtained from topographical maps. Commercial Fishing General areas where commercial fishing activities take place. Commercial fishing types include shrimp, oyster, and hard clam harvest. Other commercial fishing activities such as blue crab harvest, shad fishing, etc. may take place throughout the study area. Diving Location of recreational dive sites. Hazardous Waste Site Location of hazardous waste sites in the coastal zone. GA DNR Environmental Protection Division contacts concerning these sites are provided on the data tables for each map. Historical Site Location of historic sites in the coastal zone. This information was provided by the GA DNR HPD. These areas may contain single sites or several sites, and may encompass larger historic districts. The exact location and extent of these sites are not represented on the maps due to their sensitivity to disturbance. Instead, generalized locations are depicted to indicate site presence in the vicinity. For more specific locations, detailed information on the site(s) present, and guidance during response operations, please refer to the same contacts listed for Archaeological Sites. In most cases, historical site and district names are indicated on the data tables for each map. Marina Location of marinas. This information was gathered from overflight observations, aerial photographs, and expert sources. Marine Sanctuary Locations of areas managed by the NOAA Sanctuary and Reserves Division as National Marine Sanctuaries, or by NOAA and the state as National Estuarine Research Reserves. National Park Locations of areas managed by the National Park Service, including national parks, national seashores, and national monuments. NOAA Data Buoy Location of central buoy for Gray s Reef National Marine Sanctuary. This buoy, maintained by the National Data Buoy Center, provides real time wind speed and direction, sea state, and water temperature data. Recreational Fishing Location of recreational fishing sites. State Park Locations of areas managed by GA DNR as state parks and related properties. Water Intake Location of water intakes maintained by municipalities, power plants, industrial facilities, aquaculture sites, natural resource agencies, etc. For most water intakes, the site name, owner/ manager, contact person, and telephone number are provided on the data table for each map. Wildlife Refuge Location of areas managed by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service (USFWS) as National Wildlife Refuges or GA DNR as State Wildlife Management Areas. The names of the various management areas include: NAME MARINE SANCTUARIES & RESERVES (NOAA/GA DNR) Gray s Reef National Marine Sanctuary Sapelo Island National Estuarine Research Reserve NATIONAL PARK SERVICE (NPS) Cumberland National Seashore Fort Frederica National Monument Fort Pulaski National Monument NATIONAL WILDLIFE REFUGES (USFWS) Blackbeard Island National Wildlife Refuge Harris Neck National Wildlife Refuge Savannah National Wildlife Refuge Wassaw National Wildlife Refuge Wolf Island National Wildlife Refuge STATE PARKS (GA DNR) Crooked River State Park Fort King George State Historic Site Fort McAllister State Historic Park Hofwyl-Broadfield Plantation State Historic Site Skidaway Island State Park Wormsloe Plantation State Historic Site STATE WILDLIFE MANAGEMENT AREAS (GA DNR) Altamaha State Waterfowl Management Area Ossabaw Island State Wildlife Management Area Richard J. Reynolds State Wildlife Refuge Richmond Hill State Wildlife Management Area GA - Page 6

7 GEOGRAPHIC INFORMATION SYSTEM DATA The entire atlas product is stored in digital form in a Geographic Information System (GIS). The information is stored as geographic layers and associated databases. The format for the data varies depending on the type of information or features for which the data are being stored. The three major formats are shoreline habitat classification, biological resources, and human-use features. Under separate cover is a metadata document which details the data dictionary, processing techniques, and descriptive information for the digital data sets and maps that were used to create this atlas. Below is a brief synopsis of the information contained in the digital version. Refer to the metadata file for a full explanation of the data and its structure. SHORELINE HABITAT CLASSIFICATION The shoreline habitat classification is stored as lines and polygons with associated attributes. In many cases, a shoreline may have two or three different classifications. These multiple classifications are represented on the maps by double and triple line patterns and in the database by ESI#1/ESI#2, where ESI#1 is the landwardmost classification and ESI#2 is the seaward-most classification. In addition to the line features, tidal flats (ESI = 7, ESI = 9A) and the various wetland types (ESI = 10A, 10B, 10C, and 10D) are also stored as polygons. SENSITIVE BIOLOGICAL RESOURCES Biological resources are stored as polygons or points. Associated with each feature is a unique identification number which is linked to a series of databases that further identify the resources. The first data set consists of a list of the species and the concentration of each species. This dataset is then linked to datasets that describe the life history of each species (temporal presence and reproductive/lifehistory time periods at month resolution) for the specified map feature. Other databases linked to the first data set are: the species identification database, which includes common and scientific names and NHP Global Conservation Status Ranks for all species; the species status database, which gives information for state and/or federal threatened or endangered listings; and the sources database, which provides source metadata for each biological feature. Note that element occurrence records for rare and endangered species provided by the GA NHP are included only on the hardcopy maps, not in the digital data set. HUMAN-USE FEATURES Human-use features are represented as lines, points, or polygons. The resource name, the owner/manager, a contact person, and an emergency phone number are included in the database for aquaculture sites, water intakes, and other features, when available. All metadata sources are documented at the feature level. Note that archaeological site data provided by the GA DNR Historic Preservation Division are included only on the hardcopy maps, not in the digital data set. REFERENCES Listed below are the major hardcopy reference materials used during this project. In some instances, reference materials were not directly used as source materials, but were instead used or interpreted by scientists or resource managers who provided expert knowledge or personal communication concerning resources depicted in the atlas. Bryan, A.L., 1994, Wood stork roost sites in the coastal zone of Georgia and South Carolina in Savannah River Ecology Laboratory, Aiken, S.C. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, , Numerous fishery assessment documents and reports. Complete citations for references used during the ELMR fisheries database development are available from NOAA s SEA Division, Silver Spring, MD. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1995, Georgia offshore fishing guide. GA DNR, Coastal Resources Division, Brunswick, GA. Georgia Department of Natural Resources, 1996, Angler s guide to Georgia saltwater fishing access sites. GA DNR, Coastal Resources Division, Brunswick, GA. Georgia Natural Heritage Program, 1996, Special concern animals of Georgia. GA DNR, Wildlife Resources Division, Social Circle, GA. Georgia Natural Heritage Program, 1996, Special concern plants of Georgia. GA DNR, Wildlife Resources Division, Social Circle, GA. National Marine Fisheries Service, 1994, Designated critical habitat for the Northern Right Whale. Federal Register 59(106): Nelson, D.M., E.A. Irlandi, L.R. Settle, M.E. Monaco, and L. Coston- Clements, 1991, Distribution and abundance of fishes and invertebrates in Southeast estuaries. ELMR Report No. 9, NOAA/ NOS Strategic Environmental Assessment Division, Rockville, MD, 167 pp. Orlando, S.P., Jr., P.H. Wendt, C.J. Klein, M.E. Patillo, K.C. Dennis. and G.H. Ward, 1994, Salinity characteristics of South Atlantic estuaries. NOAA/ORCA, Silver Spring, MD, 117 pp. Parker, R., 1994, Video transect estimate of reef fish abundance. Fishery Bulletin 92: Ruckdeschel, C., C.R. Shoop, and B. Winn, 1990, Brown pelican nesting in Georgia. The Oriole 55(4): Southeast Monitoring Assessment Program (SEAMAP), , Survey and trawl data for fish and invertebrates off the southeast U.S. National Marine Fisheries Service, Southeast Fisheries Center, Stennis Space Center, MS. The Georgia Conservancy, 1993, Guide to the Georgia coast. The Georgia Conservancy and the Junior League of Savannah, GA. 201 pp. Wenner, C.A. and G.R. Sedberry, 1989, Species composition, distribution, and relative abundance of fishes in the coastal habitat off the Southeastern United States. NOAA Technical Report NMFS 79, 49 pp. Whitted, J., , Guides to coastal fishing in Georgia (by county). University of Georgia, Marine Extension Service. Wilkinson, P.M., S.A. Nesbitt, and J.F. Parnell, 1994, Recent history and status of the eastern brown pelican. Wildlife Society Bulletin 22: ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This project was supported by the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration s Coastal Services Center (CSC) in Charleston, South Carolina and NOAA s Hazardous Materials Response and Assessment Division (HMRAD) in Seattle, Washington. The U.S. Coast Guard provided aircraft support and the Georgia Department of Transportation provided access to aerial photographs for the shoreline habitat mapping. Catherine Main with NOAA s CSC and Brad Benggio with NOAA HMRAD (Miami, Florida) assisted greatly with project coordination and planning. The biological and human-use data included on the maps were provided by many individuals within several divisions of GA DNR, as well as other agencies and groups including the Gray s Reef National Marine Sanctuary, NMFS, National Park Service, U.S. Army Corps of Engineers, USFWS, University of Georgia, and the Skidaway Institute of Oceanography. Catherine Main with NOAA s CSC collected the biological and human-use data from resource experts and assisted with compiling this data onto the maps. Tracy Gill, Ken Buja, Tony Lowery, and other contributors with NOAA s SEA Division provided the salinity information and collected and compiled the ELMR fish and invertebrate data with the assistance of GA DNR fisheries experts. Research Planning, Inc. (RPI), Columbia, South Carolina, produced the Georgia ESI atlas. At RPI, Scott Zengel was the project manager and ecologist. Shoreline habitat mapping was conducted by Todd Montello, coastal geologist. The biological and human-use data were compiled onto basemaps and edited by Scott Zengel with the assistance of Kara Hastings and Christopher Locke. Kara Hastings (GIS coordinator), Christopher Locke, Zachary Nixon, Mark White, and William Holton entered the data and produced the final maps under the supervision of Joanne Halls. Systems administration was conducted by William Holton. Graphics were provided by Joe Holmes. Dot Zaino prepared the final text and data tables. GA - Page 7

8 SPECIES LIST* SPECIES LIST* Common Name Species Name Common Name Species Name MAMMALS BIRDS (continued) MARINE MAMMALS Fin whale Humpback whale Northern right whale Pygmy sperm whale West Indian manatee TERRESTRIAL MAMMALS Rare rodent Threatened rodent BIRDS DIVING BIRDS Anhinga Brown pelican Double-crested cormorant Pied-billed grebe GULLS AND TERNS Black skimmer Black tern Bonaparte s gull Caspian tern Forster s tern Gull-billed tern Herring gull Laughing gull Least tern Rare tern Ring-billed gull Royal tern Sandwich tern Threatened tern PASSERINE Endangered passerine bird Rare passerine bird RAPTORS American kestrel American swallow-tailed kite Bald eagle Coopers hawk Endangered raptor Merlin Northern harrier Osprey Peregrine falcon Red-shouldered hawk Red-tailed hawk Sharp-shinned hawk Balaenoptera physalus Megaptera novaeangliae Eubalaena glacialis Kogia breviceps Trichechus manatus Anhinga anhinga Pelecanus occidentalis Phalacrocorax auritus Podilymbus podiceps Rynchops niger Chlidonias niger Larus philadelphia Sterna caspia Sterna fosteri Sterna nilotica Larus argentatus Larus atricilla Sterna antillarum Larus delawarensis Sterna maxima Sterna sandvicensis Flaco sparverius Elanoides forficatus Haliaeetus leucocephalus Accipiter cooperii Falco columbarius Circus cyaneus Pandion haliaetus Falco peregrinus Buteo lineatus Buteo jamaicensis Accipiter striatus SHOREBIRDS (continued) Western sandpiper Whimbrel White-rumped sandpiper Willet Wilson s phalarope Wilson s plover Yellowlegs WADING BIRDS American avocet Black-crowned night heron Black-necked stilt Cattle egret Endangered wading bird Glossy ibis Great blue heron Great egret Green-backed heron Little blue heron Rare wading bird Snowy egret Tricolored heron White ibis Wood stork Yellow-crowned night heron WATERFOWL American coot American wigeon Black duck Blue-winged teal Bufflehead Canvasback Common moorhen Gadwall Greater scaup Green-winged teal Hooded merganser Lesser scaup Mallard Mottled duck Northern pintail Northern shoveler Purple gallinule Redhead Ring-necked duck Ruddy duck Wood duck REPTILES Calidris mauri Numenius phaeopus Calidris fusciollis Catoptrophorus semipalmatus Steganopus tricolor Charadrius wilsonia Tringa spp. Recurvirostra americana Nycticorax nycticorax Himantopus mexicanus Bubulcus ibis Plegadis falcinellus Ardea herodias Casmerodius albus Butorides striatus Egretta caerulea Egretta thula Egretta tricolor Eudocimus albus Mycteria americana Nyctanassa violacea Fulica americana Anas americana Anas rubripes Anas discors Bucephala albeola Aythya valisineria Gallinula chloropus Anas strepera Aythya marila Anas crecca Lophodytes cucullatus Aythya affinis Anas platyrhynchos Anas fulrigula Anas acuta Anas clypeata Porphyrula martinica Aythya americana Aythya collaris Oxyura jamaicensis Aix sponsa SHOREBIRDS American oystercatcher Black-bellied plover Buff-breasted sandpiper Common snipe Dowitcher Dunlin Greater yellowlegs Killdeer Least sandpiper Lesser yellowlegs Marbled godwit Pectoral sandpiper Peep Piping plover Rare shorebird Red knot Ruddy turnstone Sanderling Semipalmated plover Semipalmated sandpiper Solitary sandpiper Spotted sandpiper Stilt sandpiper Upland sandpiper Haematopus palliatus Pluvialis squatarola Tryngites subruficollis Gallinago gallinago Limnodromus spp. Calidris alpina Tringa melanaleuca Charadrius vociferus Calidris minutilla Tringa flavipes Limosa fedoa Calidris melanotos Calidris spp. Charadrius melodus Calidris canutus Arenaria interpres Calidris alba Charadrius semipalmatus Calidris pusilla Tringa solitaria Actitis macularia Calidris himantopus Bartramia longicauda AMPHIBIANS Rare frog Rare salamander LIZARDS Rare lizard TURTLES Gopher tortoise Green sea turtle Kemp s ridley sea turtle Leatherback sea turtle Loggerhead sea turtle Threatened turtle FISH Gopherus polyphemus Chelonia mydas Lepidochelys kempii Dermochelys coriacea Caretta caretta ANADROMOUS American shad Alosa sapidissima Atlantic sturgeon Acipenser oxyrhynchus Blueback herring Alosa aestivalis Endangered anadromous fish Hickory shad Alosa mediocris Shortnose sturgeon Acipenser brevirostrum Striped bass Morone saxatilis * Threatened and endangered species are designated by underlining. GA - Page 8

9 SPECIES LIST* SPECIES LIST* Common Name Species Name Common Name Species Name FISH (continued) HABITATS SPECIAL American eel Atlantic croaker Atlantic menhaden Atlantic sharpnose shark Atlantic spadefish Bar jack Bay anchovy Black drum Black seabass Blue angelfish Bluefish Cobia Cocoa damselfish Cubbyu Gag grouper Gray snapper Great barracuda Greater amberjack Hardhead catfish Hogchoker Inshore lizardfish King mackerel Ladyfish Longspine porgy Mackerel scad Mummichog Pearly razorfish Pinfish Rare fish Red drum Red porgy Round scad Sand perch Scamp grouper Seatrout (weakfish) Sheepshead Silver perch Slippery dick Southern flounder Southern kingfish (whiting) Southern stringray Spanish mackerel Spot Spotfin butterflyfish Spottail pinfish Spotted seatrout Star drum Striped anchovy Striped mullet Summer flounder Tarpon Tomtate Yellow jack Anguilla rostrata Micropogonias undulatus Brevoortia tyrannus Rhizoprionodon terraenovae Chaetodipterus faber Caranx ruber Anchoa mitchilli Pogonias cromis Centropristis striata Holacanthus bermudensis Pomatomus saltatrix Rachycentron canadum Pomacentrus variabilis Equetus umbrosus Mycteroperca microlepis Lutjanus griseus Sphyraena barracuda Seriola dumerili Arius felis Trinectes maculatus Synodus foetens Scomberomorus cavalla Elops saurus Stenotomus caprinus Decapterus macarellus Fundulus heteroclitus Hemipteronotus novacula Lagodon rhomboides Sciaenops ocellatus Pagrus pagrus Decapterus punctatus Diplectrum formosum Mycteroperca phenax Cynoscion regalis Archosargus probatocephalus Bairdiella chrysoura Halichoeres bivittatus Paralichthys lethostigma Menticirrhus americanus Dasyatis americana Scomberomorus maculatus Leiostomus xanthurus Chaetodon ocellatus Diplodus holbrooki Cynoscion nebulosus Stellifer lanceolatus Anchoa hepsetus Mugil cephalus Paralichthys dentatus Megalops atlanticus Haemulon aurolineatum Caranx bartholomaei HABITATS/RARE PLANTS Dense-flowered groundsel-tree Rare community Rare terrestrial plant Rare wetland/aquatic plant Threatened terrestrial plant Threatened wetland/aquatic plant HARDBOTTOM/REEF LEDGES Hardbottom reef Hardbottom reef ledge Baccharis glomeruliflora * Threatened and endangered species are designated by underlining. INVERTEBRATES BIVALVES American oyster (eastern) Quahog spp. (hard clam) CRABS Blue crab GASTROPOD Knobbed whelk SHRIMP Brown shrimp Grass shrimp Pink shrimp White shrimp Crassostrea virginica Mercenaria spp. Callinectes sapidus Busycon carica Penaeus aztecus Palaemonetes sp. Penaeus duorarum Penaeus setiferus GA - Page 9

10 EXPOSED, SOLID MAN-MADE STRUCTURES ESI = 1B These structures are solid, man-made structures such as seawalls, groins, revetments, piers, and port facilities. Many structures are constructed of concrete, wood, or metal. Often there is no exposed substrate at low tide, but multiple habitats are indicated if present. They are built to protect the shore from erosion by waves, boat wakes, and currents, and thus are exposed to rapid natural removal processes. Attached animals and plants are sparse to moderate. Oil is held offshore by waves reflecting off the steep, hard surface in exposed settings. Oil readily adheres to the dry, rough surfaces above high water, but it does not adhere to wet substrates. The most resistant oil would remain as a patchy band at or above the high-tide line. Cleanup is usually not required. High-pressure water spraying may be conducted to: - remove persistent oil in crevices; - improve aesthetics; or - prevent leaching of oil. Shoreline Descriptions FINE- TO MEDIUM-GRAINED SAND BEACHES ESI = 3A These beaches are flat to moderately sloping and relatively hard packed. They are composed of quartz sand and shell fragments and are common along the outer barrier island coastline. There can be heavy accumulations of wrack present. They are utilized by birds for nesting, foraging, and loafing and turtles for nesting. Upper beach fauna include ghost crabs and amphipods; lower beach fauna can be moderate, but highly variable. Light oil accumulations will be deposited as oily swashes or bands along the upper intertidal zone. Heavy oil accumulations will cover the entire beach surface; oil will be lifted off the lower beach with the rising tide. Maximum penetration of oil into fine- to medium-grained sand is about cm. Burial of oiled layers by clean sand within the first week after a spill typically will be less than 30 cm along the upper beach face. Organisms living in the beach sediment may be killed by smothering or lethal oil concentrations in the interstitial water. Biological impacts include temporary declines in infauna, which can affect important shorebird foraging areas. These beaches are among the easiest shoreline types to clean. Cleanup should concentrate on removing oil and oily debris once oil has come ashore. Traffic through both oiled and dune areas should be limited, to prevent contamination of clean areas. Manual cleanup, rather than road graders and front-end loaders, is advised to minimize the volume of sand removed from the shore and requiring disposal. All efforts should focus on preventing the mixture of oil deeper into the sediments by vehicular and foot traffic. Mechanical reworking of lightly oiled sediments from the high-tide line to the upper intertidal zone can be effective along outer beaches. GA - Page 10

11 SCARPS AND STEEP SLOPES IN SAND ESI = 3B This shoreline type occurs where sandy bluffs are undercut by waves or currents. They normally form along embankments of sandy dredgespoil material and at cutbanks in rivers; they also form where tidal creeks intercept old sandy beach ridge deposits. Some scarps are fronted by narrow beaches, if the erosion rates are moderate and episodic. Trees growing at the top of these slopes are eventually undercut and the logs can accumulate at the base of the scarp. Biological utilization by birds and infauna is low. Any stranded oil will concentrate at the high-water line and may penetrate sandy sediments if a beach is present. Oil will also adhere to the dry surfaces of any logs that have accumulated at the base of the scarp. There is little potential for burial except when major slumping of the bluff occurs. Active erosion of the scarp will remove the oil. In most cases, cleanup is not necessary because of the short residence time of the oil. The need for removal of oiled sediments and debris should be carefully evaluated because of the potential for increased erosion. Closely supervised manual labor should be used so that the minimal amount of material is removed during cleanup. GRAVEL BEACHES ESI = 6A Gravel beaches in Georgia are composed almost entirely of shell. They can be very steep, with multiple wave-built berms forming the upper beach. Shell beaches are common near oyster reefs and along the intracoastal waterway where spoil mounds have been reworked by boat wakes into steep shell berms. There are low densities of infauna because the coarse sediments dry out during low tide. They are important roosting areas for shorebirds, especially when high tide floods the marshes. Deep penetration of stranded oil is likely on shell beaches because of their high permeability. Long-term persistence will be controlled by the depth of routine reworking by the waves. Along sheltered portions of the shorelines, chronic sheening and the formation of asphalt pavements is likely where accumulations are heavy. Heavy accumulations of pooled oil should be removed quickly from the upper beach. All oiled debris should be removed. Sediment removal should be limited as much as possible. Low- to high-pressure flushing can be effective for fresh liquid, making sure to recover all released oil with skimmers or sorbents. Mechanical reworking of oiled sediments from the hightide line to the lower beachface can be effective in areas regularly exposed to wave activity; the presence of multiple storm berms is evidence of wave activity. In-place tilling may be used to reach deeply buried oil layers along the mid-intertidal zone on exposed beaches. GA - Page 11

12 RIPRAP ESI = 6B Riprap structures are composed of cobble- to boulder-sized blocks of granite or limestone. Riprap structures are common along shorelines exposed to wave action (outer coasts, large bays and harbors, navigable channels) and are used for shoreline protection and tidal- inlet stabilization (jetties). Attached biota are sparse to moderate on exposed riprap. Deep penetration of oil between the blocks is likely. Oil adheres readily to the rough surfaces of the blocks. Uncleaned oil can cause chronic leaching until the oil hardens. When the oil is fresh and liquid, high pressure spraying and/or water flooding may be effective, making sure to recover all liberated oil. Heavy and weathered oils are more difficult to remove, requiring scrapping and/or hot-water spraying. It may be necessary to remove heavily oiled blocks and replace them in high-use areas. EXPOSED TIDAL FLATS ESI = 7 Exposed tidal flats are broad intertidal areas composed primarily of sand and minor amounts of shell and mud. The presence of sand indicates that tidal currents and waves are strong enough to mobilize the sediments. They are usually associated with another shoreline type on the landward side of the flat, though they can occur as separate shoals; they are commonly associated with tidal inlets and are found at meander bends in large tidal creeks/river channels. Biological utilization can be very high, with large numbers of infauna, heavy use by birds for roosting and foraging, and use by foraging fish. Oil does not usually adhere to the surface of exposed tidal flats, but rather moves across the flat and accumulates at the high-tide line. Deposition of oil on the flat may occur on a falling tide if concentrations are heavy. Oil does not penetrate water-saturated sediments, though it can penetrate drained burrows. Biological damage may be severe, primarily to infauna, thereby reducing food sources for birds and other predators. Currents and waves can be very effective in natural removal of the oil. Cleanup is very difficult (and possible only during low tides). The use of heavy machinery should be restricted to prevent mixing of oil into the sediments. SHELTERED SCARPS IN MUD ESI = 8A Sheltered scarps form by boat wake erosion of marsh fronts or muddy substrates along navigable channels. There may be some fringing marsh at the base of the scarp along the edge of the water; it is not significant enough to map. Oil will not adhere to the wet sediment surface but could penetrate burrows if present and drained. Stranded oil will persist because of low energy setting. Where the high-tide area is accessible, it may be feasible to remove heavy oil accumulations and oiled debris. The muddy substrate cannot support heavy equipment, and even foot traffic could disrupt the sediments and mix oil deeper. GA - Page 12

13 SHELTERED, SOLID MAN-MADE STRUCTURES ESI = 8B These structures are solid man-made structures such as seawalls, groins, revetments, piers, and port facilities. Most structures are constructed of concrete, wood, or metal. These structures are found inside harbors and bays in highly developed areas, sheltered from direct exposure to waves. Often there is no exposed beach at low tide, but multiple habitats are indicated if present. Most of the structures are designed to protect a single lot, thus their composition, design, and condition are highly variable. Attached animal and plant life can be high. Oil will adhere readily to the rough surface, particularly along the high-tide line, forming a distinct oil band. The lower intertidal zone usually stays wet (particularly if algae covered), preventing oil from adhering to the surface. Cleanup of seawalls is usually conducted for aesthetic reasons or to prevent leaching of oil. Low- to high-pressure spraying at ambient water temperatures is most effective when the oil is fresh. SHELTERED RIPRAP ESI = 8C Riprap structures are composed of cobble- to boulder-sized blocks of granite or limestone. These structures are found inside harbors and bays in highly developed areas, sheltered from direct exposure to waves. Attached animal and plant life can be highly variable. Deep penetration of oil between the boulders is likely. Oil adheres readily to the rough surfaces. If oil is left uncleaned, it may cause chronic leaching until the oil hardens. High-pressure spraying may be required to remove oil for aesthetic reasons and to prevent leaching of oil from the structure. Cleanup crews should make sure to recover all released oil. SHELTERED TIDAL FLATS ESI = 9A Sheltered tidal flats are composed primarily of mud with minor amounts of sand and shell. They are present in calm-water habitats, sheltered from waves, and are frequently backed by marshes. The sediments are very soft and cannot support even light foot traffic in many areas. They can have heavy wrack deposits along the upper fringe. There can be large concentrations of invertebrates on and in the sediments. They are heavily utilized by birds for feeding. Oil does not usually adhere to the surface of sheltered tidal flats, but rather moves across the flat and accumulates at the high-tide line. Deposition of oil on the flat may occur on a falling tide if concentrations are heavy. Oil will not penetrate the water-saturated sediments, but could penetrate burrows and desiccation cracks or other crevices in muddy sediments. In areas of high suspended sediments, sorption of oil can result in deposition of contaminated sediments on the flats. Biological damage may be severe. These are high-priority areas for protection because of limited cleanup options. Cleanup of the flat surface is very difficult because of the soft substrate; many methods may be restricted. Low-pressure flushing and deployment of sorbents from shallow-draft boats may be helpful. GA - Page 13

14 VEGETATED LOW RIVERINE BANKS ESI = 9B These are either low banks with grasses or low eroding banks with trees and tree roots exposed to the water. The are flooded occasionally by high water. These shorelines are generally found in fresh or brackish water habitats. During low water stages there is little impact, with the oil coating a narrow band of sediment at the water level. During high water, the oil can cover and coat the grasses and base of trees. Oiling may cause loss of the grasses, but the trees should survive unless oil penetrates and persists in the substrate. Low-pressure flushing of oiled areas is effective in removing moderate to heavy accumulations of oil from along the banks. Sorbent and containment boom should be placed on the water side of the cleanup operations to contain and collect oil outflow. Low- to high-pressure flushing can be used to remove oil from tree roots and trunks, if deemed necessary in high-use areas. SALT- AND BRACKISH-WATER MARSHES ESI = 10A These are intertidal wetlands containing emergent, herbaceous vegetation. Width of the marsh can vary widely, from a narrow fringe to extensive areas. Sediments are composed of organic muds except on the margins of barrier islands where sand is abundant. Exposed areas are located along bays with wide fetches and along heavily trafficked waterways. Sheltered areas are not exposed to significant waves or boat wakes. Resident flora and fauna are abundant with numerous species with high utilization by birds, fish, and invertebrates. Oil adheres readily to intertidal vegetation. The band of coating will vary widely, depending upon the water level at the time oil slicks are in the vegetation. There may be multiple bands. Large slicks will persist through multiple tidal cycles and coat the entire stem from the high-tide line to the base. If the vegetation is thick, heavy oil coating will be restricted to the outer fringe, although lighter oils can penetrate deeper, to the limit of tidal influence. Medium to heavy oils do not readily adhere to or penetrate the fine sediments, but can pool on the surface or in burrows. Light oils can penetrate the top few centimeters of sediment and deeply into burrows and cracks (up to one meter). Under light oiling, the best practice is to let the area recover naturally. Natural removal processes and rates should be evaluated prior to conducting cleanup. Heavy accumulations of pooled oil can be removed by vacuum, sorbents, or low-pressure flushing. During flushing, care must be taken to prevent transporting oil to sensitive areas down slope or along shore. Cleanup activities should be carefully supervised to avoid vegetation damage. Any cleanup activity must not mix the oil deeper into the sediments. Trampling of the roots must be minimized. Cutting of oiled vegetation should only be considered when other resources present are at great risk from leaving the oiled vegetation in place. GA - Page 14

15 FRESHWATER MARSHES ESI = 10B These are grassy wetlands composed of emergent herbaceous vegetation. They occur upstream of brackish vegetation along major rivers. Those along major channels are exposed to strong currents and boat wakes; inland areas are highly sheltered. The substrate is seldom exposed since daily water-level changes are low; greater changes occur during floods. Resident flora and fauna are abundant with numerous species. Oil adheres readily to the vegetation. The band of coating will vary widely, depending upon the water level at the time oil slicks are in the vegetation. There may be multiple bands. If the vegetation is thick, heavy oil coating will be restricted to the outer fringe, although lighter oils can penetrate deeper. Under light oiling, the best practice is to let the area recover naturally. Natural removal processes and rates should be evaluated prior to conducting cleanup. Heavy accumulations of pooled oil can be removed by vacuum, sorbents, or low-pressure flushing. During flushing, care must be taken to prevent transporting oil to sensitive areas down slope or along shore. Cleanup activities should be carefully supervised to avoid vegetation damage. Any cleanup activity must not mix the oil deeper into the sediments. Trampling of the roots must be minimized. Cutting of oiled vegetation should only be considered when other resources present are at great risk from leaving the oiled vegetation in place. SWAMPS ESI = 10C Swamps consist of shrubs and hardwood forested wetlands, essentially flooded forests. The sediment tends to be silty clay with large amounts of organic debris. They are seasonally flooded, though there are many low, permanently flooded areas. Resident flora and fauna are abundant with numerous species. Oil behavior depends on whether the swamp is flooded or not. During floods, most of the oil passes through the forest, coating the vegetation above the waterline, which changes levels throughout the flood event. Oiled woody vegetation is less sensitive than grasses to oil coating. Some oil can be trapped and pooled on the swamp flood plain as water levels drop. Penetration into the floodplain soils is usually limited because of high water levels, muddy composition, surface organic debris, and vegetation cover. Large amounts of oily debris can remain. During dry periods, terrestrial spills flow downhill and accumulate in depressions or reach waterbodies. Under light oiling, the best practice is to let the area recover naturally. Heavy accumulations of pooled oil can be removed by vacuum, sorbents, or low-pressure flushing. During flushing, care must be taken to prevent transporting oil to sensitive areas down slope or along shore. Under stagnant water conditions, herding of oil with water spray may be needed to push oil to collection areas. Oily debris can be removed where there is access. Any cleanup activity must not mix the oil deeper into the sediments. Trampling of the roots must be minimized. Cutting of oiled vegetation should only be considered when other resources present are at great risk from leaving the oiled vegetation in place. GA - Page 15

16 SCRUB-SHRUB WETLANDS ESI = 10D Scrub-shrub wetlands consist of woody vegetation less than 6m tall including true shrubs, small trees, and trees and shrubs that are stunted because of environmental conditions. They are common in disturbed/modified areas such as dredge spoil mounds and along the edges of right-of-ways (utilities, pipelines, etc.) that cross channels. The sediment tends to be silty clay with large amounts of organic debris. They are seasonally flooded, though there are many low, permanently flooded areas. Resident flora and fauna are abundant with numerous species. Oil behavior depends on whether the wetland is flooded or not. During floods, most of the oil passes through the wetland, coating the vegetation above the waterline, which changes levels throughout the flood event. Oiled woody vegetation is less sensitive than grasses to oil coating. Some oil can be trapped and pooled on the wetland floodplain as water levels drop. Penetration into the floodplain soils is usually limited because of high water levels, muddy composition, surface organic debris, and vegetation cover. Large amounts of oily debris can remain. During dry periods, terrestrial spills flow downhill and accumulate in depressions or reach waterbodies. Under light oiling, the best practice is to let the area recover naturally. Heavy accumulations of pooled oil can be removed by vacuum, sorbents, or low-pressure flushing. During flushing, care must be taken to prevent transporting oil to sensitive areas down slope or along shore. Under stagnant water conditions, herding of oil with water spray may be needed to push oil to collection areas. Oily debris can be removed where there is access. Any cleanup activity must not mix the oil deeper into the sediments. Trampling of the roots must be minimized. Cutting of oiled vegetation should only be considered when other resources present are at great risk from leaving the oiled vegetation in place. GA - Page 16