4.20 BLACKWATER ESTUARY
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1 4.20 BLACKWATER ESTUARY LTC site code: CB Centre grid: TL9507 JNCC estuarine review site: 112 Habitat zonation: 2368 ha intertidal, 1587 ha subtidal, 766 ha nontidal Statutory status: Blackwater Estuary SPA (UK ), Dengie SPA (UK ), Blackwater Estuary Ramsar (7UK087), Dengie Ramsar (7UK073) Winter waterbird interest: Great Crested Grebe, Cormorant, Dark-bellied Brent Goose, Shelduck, Wigeon, Teal, Pintail, Shoveler, Goldeneye, Red-breasted Merganser, Oystercatcher, Avocet, Ringed Plover, Golden Plover, Grey Plover, Lapwing, Knot, Dunlin, Ruff, Black-tailed Godwit, Bar-tailed Godwit, Curlew, Redshank, Waterbird assemblage SITE DESCRIPTION The River Blackwater opens out at Maldon on the Essex coast to form one of the largest and most important estuaries in East Anglia. The site is adjacent to the Colne Estuary to the north and Dengie Flats to the south. Additionally, Abberton Reservoir lies only a few miles to the north. There is a wide diversity of habitats, with a large area of mudflats but also saltmarsh, creeks, channels and islands. Deposition of shingle and shell banks and exposed gravel beds are features of the tidal flats. Behind the sea-walls, important areas of coastal grassland occur. Much of the Blackwater saltmarsh is suffering erosion although in a number of locations managed realignment of the sea-defences is taking place which will create new estuarine habitat. Many of the human activities on the estuary are leisure-related, especially boating, but also beach recreation, wildfowling, fisheries and jet-skiing. The site is not heavily urbanised. COVERAGE AND INTERPRETATION The Blackwater Estuary was covered by the scheme during the winter of , with counts being carried out during all four months. Figure shows the positions of the 46 sections counted for the survey. The majority of the LTC site is covered by SPA designation, mostly by the Blackwater Estuary SPA (which also extends a little further east on the north shore into the area covered by the Colne LTCs) but also by some of the Dengie SPA in the south-east (Figure ). The Blackwater Estuary SPA also covers additional nontidal areas around the estuary, notably at Old Hall Marshes (initially designated as a separate SPA but later subsumed) Figure : LTC sections at the Blackwater Estuary,, winter
2 B L A C K W A T E R Figure : LTC and SPA boundaries, with overlap,, at the Blackwater Estuary and Tollesbury Wick Marshes. Any discussion of the birds of the sites and/or SPAs around this part of the Essex coast should be careful to take these boundary differences into account. In the future, the subdivision of the coast into separate sites should take the SPA boundaries into consideration. The boundaries of the Ramsar sites are entirely coincident with those of the SPAs. Clearly, there is great scope for daily movements of birds between sites. For example, many of the Knot feeding in the south-east of the Blackwater appear to be roosting at Dengie (D. Wood pers. comm.). Similar movements of birds between the Blackwater and Colne are also likely. As well as movements between the estuary and the immediately adjacent nontidal habitats, such as Old Hall Marshes, the important site of Abberton Reservoir is situated only a few miles north of the estuary and it seems certain that birds, especially wildfowl, move between the two sites. WATERBIRD DISTRIBUTION Low tide distribution maps from the winter of are presented for 21 of the 23 species of principal interest listed above. For clarity, smaller dots are used to display the distributions of Golden Plover, Lapwing and Dunlin. Additional maps of total birds and total birds weighted by 1% threshold value are also presented (Figure ). Of the remaining species, very few Shovelers and no Avocets were recorded during the counts, these being found mostly on adjacent nontidal habitats such as at Old Hall and Tollesbury Wick Marshes. The totals maps show that almost all of the site was used by large numbers of birds, although key areas appear to be the central parts of the north shore and the channels either side of Old Hall Marshes. Most of the key species were similarly widespread, such as Brent Goose, Shelduck, Oystercatcher, Ringed Plover, Lapwing, Dunlin, Curlew and Redshank. Wigeon, Teal and Pintail were more localised, with Old Hall Marshes clearly important for the first two as well as supporting the highest concentrations of Goldeneyes and Red-breasted Mergansers. Golden Plovers were distributed widely but locally around the site. Grey Plovers showed a clear preference for the central north shore, along with Bar-tailed Godwits. Blacktailed Godwits occurred in higher densities in the inner parts of the estuary. Knot were mostly found between St Lawrence Bay and Bradwell Waterside but with some on the inner estuary. Great Crested Grebes were present in small numbers with Cormorants more widespread. Ruff were only noted at Salcott Channel. 94
3 B L A C K W A T E R TOTAL (1 DOT = 5 BIRDS) WEIGHTED GREAT CRESTED GREBE CORMORANT DARK-BELLIED BRENT GOOSE SHELDUCK WIGEON TEAL Figure (i): Low tide waterbird distributions recorded at the Blackwater Estuary, winter
4 B L A C K W A T E R PINTAIL GOLDENEYE RED-BREASTED MERGANSER OYSTERCATCHER RINGED PLOVER GOLDEN PLOVER GREY PLOVER LAPWING Figure (ii): Low tide waterbird distributions recorded at the Blackwater Estuary, winter
5 B L A C K W A T E R KNOT DUNLIN RUFF BLACK-TAILED GODWIT BAR-TAILED GODWIT CURLEW REDSHANK Figure (iii): Low tide waterbird distributions recorded at the Blackwater Estuary, winter
6 4.21 DENGIE FLATS LTC site code: CD Centre grid: TM0504 JNCC estuarine review site: 113 Habitat zonation: 2369 ha intertidal, 713 ha subtidal, 497 ha nontidal Statutory status: Dengie SPA (UK ), Dengie Ramsar (7UK073) Winter waterbird interest: Red-throated Diver, Great Crested Grebe, Cormorant, Dark-bellied Brent Goose, Oystercatcher, Grey Plover, Lapwing, Knot, Dunlin, Black-tailed Godwit, Bar-tailed Godwit, Waterbird assemblage SITE DESCRIPTION Dengie Flats form a continuous mudflat on the Essex coast between the mouths of the Blackwater and Crouch Roach Estuaries. There are extensive growths of Enteromorpha algae on the flats, which themselves grade into saltmarsh, relatively unusual in an open-coast situation. Most of the grazing marshes, which are now behind the sea-wall, have been claimed for agriculture. The site is relatively remote but some human activities do occur, including watersports, beach recreation, bait-digging and wildfowling. COVERAGE AND INTERPRETATION Dengie Flats was covered by the scheme during the winter, although no February count was made. Figure shows the positions of the 12 sections counted for the survey. Figure shows that the whole of the area covered by the LTCs is within the Dengie SPA boundary. The SPA extends a little way northwards and southwards, taking in parts of the Blackwater Estuary and Crouch Roach Estuary LTC sites respectively. Future LTCs in this area should endeavour to match up more closely the SPA and LTC boundaries. The boundaries of the Ramsar site are entirely coincident with those of the SPA. Obviously, given the proximity of the Blackwater and Crouch Roach Estuaries, a certain amount of movement between sites occurs. Notably, Knot feeding on the south-east part of the Blackwater Estuary make use of roost sites in the Dengie area. Additionally, a number of species feeding at the southern end of Dengie also make use of Maplin Sands to the south of the Crouch for feeding, and some roost on Foulness (J. Alderton, D. Wood pers. comm.). Similarly, some species (such as Lapwing) may utilise the non-estuarine hinterland. Figure : LTC sections at Dengie Flats, winter
7 D E N G I E F L A T S Figure : LTC and SPA boundaries, with overlap,, at Dengie Flats WATERBIRD DISTRIBUTION Low tide distribution maps from the winter of are presented for eight of the 11 species of principal interest listed above. For clarity, smaller dots are used to display the distributions of Knot and Dunlin. Additional maps of total birds and total birds weighted by 1% threshold value are also presented (Figure ). Of the remaining species, no Red-throated Divers and only small numbers of Great Crested Grebes and Cormorants were noted, presumably due to the difficulties of viewing offshore species at the longer distances occurring at low tide. Generally, the totals maps show relatively even distributions of birds across the site, with the higher density on the southernmost section presumably a result of the smaller shore width here. Most species of note occurred widely, with the maps showing slightly different preferences by different species. Perhaps most noteworthy was the separation of the two species of godwit into distinct areas with a relatively small degree of overlap between the two. TOTAL (1 DOT = 5 BIRDS) WEIGHTED DARK-BELLIED BRENT GOOSE Figure (i): Low tide waterbird distributions recorded at Dengie Flats, winter
8 D E N G I E F L A T S OYSTERCATCHER GREY PLOVER LAPWING KNOT DUNLIN BLACK-TAILED GODWIT BAR-TAILED GODWIT Figure (ii): Low tide waterbird distributions recorded at Dengie Flats, winter
9 4.22 CROUCH ROACH ESTUARY LTC site code: DR Centre grid: TQ9694 JNCC estuarine review site: 114 Habitat zonation: 749 ha intertidal, 962 ha subtidal, 534 ha nontidal Statutory status: Crouch and Roach Estuaries SPA (UK ), Foulness SPA (UK ), Dengie SPA (UK ), Crouch and Roach Estuaries Ramsar (7UK085), Foulness Ramsar (7UK102), Dengie Ramsar (7UK073) Winter waterbird interest: Little Grebe, Great Crested Grebe, Cormorant, Dark-bellied Brent Goose, Shelduck, Wigeon, Oystercatcher, Avocet, Golden Plover, Grey Plover, Lapwing, Knot, Dunlin, Black-tailed Godwit, Bar-tailed Godwit, Curlew, Redshank, Waterbird assemblage. SITE DESCRIPTION The Crouch Estuary and its southern tributary, the Roach, are both long, narrow, muddy estuaries which reach the Essex coast at the northern end of Foulness Island. The estuaries are largely flanked by farmland, much of it claimed from estuarine habitat, although there are some areas of saltmarsh also, especially at Bridgemarsh Island, Brandy Hole Creek and Stow Creek. The nature of the site means that the area of intertidal substrate is relatively small in comparison to the apparent size of the estuary. The southern parts of the Roach Estuary develop into a tangle of creeks, some of which extend through to Maplin Sands. The site has little urbanisation or industry, but it is widely used for watersports. Wildfowling occurs over most of the estuary. COVERAGE AND INTERPRETATION The Crouch Roach Estuary was counted at low tide during with counts made in all four months. Figure shows the positions of the 42 sections counted for the survey. Figure shows that almost the whole area covered by the counts is designated as SPA, mostly within the Crouch and Roach Estuaries SPA, but five of the count sections overlap with the Foulness SPA. Additionally, there is overlap of the site with the Dengie SPA but to a much lesser degree, involving half of the outermost section on the north shore of the Crouch. The boundaries of the Ramsar sites are entirely coincident with those of the SPAs. Figure : LTC sections at the Crouch Roach Estuary,, winter
10 C R O U C H - R O A C H Figure : LTC and SPA boundaries, with overlap,, at the Crouch Roach Estuary An assessment of waterbird use of the Crouch Roach and adjoining sites must take into account the likely frequent movement of birds between sites. At the mouth of the Crouch Roach, daily movement is likely to and from both Dengie Sands and Maplin Sands, whereas along the southern edge of the site, movement will be frequent between here and the Foulness complex of creeks and marshes. WATERBIRD DISTRIBUTION Low tide distribution maps from the winter of are presented for 13 of the 17 species of principal interest listed above. For clarity, smaller dots are used to display the distributions of Brent Goose, Wigeon and Dunlin. Additional maps of total birds and total birds weighted by 1% threshold value are also presented (Figure ). Of the remaining species, only small numbers of Great Crested Grebes, Avocets and Bar-tailed Godwits were noted and Knot were not recorded. These species would not be expected in large numbers on the Crouch Roach Estuary itself, and their inclusion (and that of many of the other species present) on the list of interest species above is due to the small degree of overlap with the Dengie SPA and Foulness SPA. Overall, bird density was clearly higher on the inner parts of each river. Few species were found at high density at the mouth, although concentrations of Brent Geese and Golden Plovers were found around the confluence of the two arms of the estuary. The Roach Estuary was generally less densely occupied than the Crouch, but the Roach did support higher concentrations of Redshanks and Curlews, plus the majority of the Black-tailed Godwits at the site. Shelducks, Brent Geese, Lapwings and Dunlin were also common along the Roach. The Crouch, especially the inner parts around Bridgemarsh Island and Brandy Hole Creek, was the key area at low tide for Wigeon, Lapwings and Little Grebes and also held high concentrations of Brent Geese, Shelducks, Golden Plovers and Dunlin. Cormorants, Oystercatchers and Grey Plovers were widespread in small numbers. 102
11 C R O U C H - R O A C H TOTAL WEIGHTED LITTLE GREBE CORMORANT DARK-BELLIED BRENT GOOSE SHELDUCK WIGEON OYSTERCATCHER Figure (i) Low tide waterbird distributions recorded at the Crouch-Roach Estuary, winter
12 C R O U C H - R O A C H GOLDEN PLOVER GREY PLOVER LAPWING DUNLIN BLACK-TAILED GODWIT CURLEW REDSHANK Figure (ii) Low tide waterbird distributions recorded at the Crouch-Roach Estuary, winter
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