MANU EXPEDITIONS BIRDING AND WILDLIFE TOURS

Transcription

1 MANU EXPEDITIONS BIRDING AND WILDLIFE TOURS A BIRDING TRIP REPORT FOR CUSCO, ABRA MALAGA, MACHU PICCHU AND THE LIMATAMBO AREA August 03 th 08 th 2018 Tour Leader: Gustavo Bautista A six-day trip where we reported 19 Peruvian endemics plus and many other range restricted specie. impressive view of the Salkantay masif in the Vilcabamba mountain range and flagship birds such as Inca Wren, Cuzco Brushfinch, Koepcke s Screech-Owl, White-tufted Sunbeam, Bearded Mountaineer, Marcapata Spinetail, Apurimac Spinetail, Vilcabamba Tapaculo, Stripe-headed Antpitta, Puna Thistletail and many more. Plus, for some a trip to the Inca Citadel of Machu Picchu 1

2 Salkantay Massiff from Soraypampa SOME BIRDING LOCALITIES IN CUSCO, ABRA MALAGA, MACHU PICCHU AND THE LIMATAMBO AREA Andean Spirit Lodge: , (2400m) Moyepata to Soraypampa: , (3840m) Laguna Huaypo: , Pakaritampu Hotel (Ollantaytambo): , (2800m) ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes: , Malaga pass (west side): , (4200m) Malaga pass (east side): , (3250m) ACP San Luis: , (2970m) Peñas (Carretera 28B): , (3560m) Railway Ollantaytambo to Aguas Calientes: , Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga): , Anta, at 3185m: , Chinchero: , Limatambo to Mollepata: ,

3 DAY BY DAY ACTIVITIES August 03 rd : Pick up from the Cusco airport in the afternoon drive to Andean Spirit Lodge, great place for owling. Overnight at Andean Spirit Lodge. August 04 th : After an early breakfast, we traveled in our private car to Soraypampa on the way we were getting all our amazing and restricted range targets and stunning endemics Apurimac Spinetail and Vilcabamba Tapaculo were the most wanted ones, and so we got them. We had our delicious picnic at a quiet spot and then on we continued on our way to Ollantaytambo. Overnight at Pakaritampu Hotel. August 05 th : Breakfast at Pakaritampu Hotel. On this day, our goal was to get the targets with many endemics in it on the east side of the Abra Malaga mountain. In this area we got a bunch of targets/endemics including Inca Wren, Marcapata Spinetail, Unstreaked Tit-Tyrant, and Cuzco Brushfinch. Picnic lunch at a nice spot along the highway. Overnight at Pakaritampu Hotel. August 06 th : Early breakfast at Pakaritampu Hotel, just after breakfast we had an hour and half drive to get to Abra Málaga (Malaga Pass 4300m), the west side of the mountain; unfortunately when we arrieved there at the pass, it was snowing heavily and it was not good to start birding ther otherwise it could have been a big challenge to go the way down on the asfalted road, so we decided to start birding from below the ACP and so we did, when we arrived there it was still raining so we waited enough to realize that the rain was stopping and then we went out off the car and birded until a certain part we couldn t walk further as it was very risky the trails were completely covered by snow and it was very slippery and there were no birds at all, nevertheless the first two kilometers there was good birding, even ecoutering Stripe-headed Antpitta and Tawny Tit-Spinetail; birds that normally are found higher up, but due to the weather conditions we found them lower that usual, we birded the most we could in the ACP and then drove back to the lodge, we had a car stop on the way and we got White-tufted Sunbeam (ENDEMIC). Overnight at Pakaritampu Hotel. August 07 th : Had an early breakfast and birded the grounds and went to the train station and took the first train to Aguas Calientes, arriving there we did a pre check-in and later on we caught the bus to go up to visit the spectacular Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu with our local guide and at the same time spotting for more birds, after our cultural tour we had our buffet lunch nearby and continue birding from a certain part that the bus left us and walked back to the Hotel looking for our targets. Overnight at the MAPI Hotel. August 08 th : After early breakfast we start walking along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. We had a great morning full of mixed-species foraging flocks and we even managed to have good views of a pair of the endemic Masked Fruiteater. Happy after managing most of our targets we walked back to Aguas Calientes and had our delicious lunch at Indio Feliz and later in the afternoon we went to the train station and 3

4 took our train back to Ollantaytambo, and our private transportation was already there waiting for us, and travelled back to Cusco city. The Key to the Bird list Taxonomic order follows ebird/clements Checklist v2017 (August 2017) and notes are taken from South American Classification Committee (April 2017) RR = Range restricted species (total range < km2) E = Peruvian Endemic SSP = Endemic Subspecies * = Heard Only c. = approximately IUCN RED LIST CATEGORY (2018) (CR) = Critically endangered (EN) = Endangered (VU) = Vulnerable NOTE FROM SACC: With passage of proposal 723, the linear sequence of orders in this classification now greatly differs from the traditional sequence with which most users are familiar, particularly the sequence between the traditional beginning (ratites) and the end (passerines). Multiple independent data sets indicate that the traditional division between waterbirds and landbirds has little phylogenetic basis, with some of the nonpasserine landbird orders more closely related to waterbird orders than to other landbird orders, and vice versa. To perpetuate the traditional sequence misleads ornithologists into thinking that waterbird s, for example, form a monophyletic group. So, we might as well get used to it now! THE BIRDLIST TINAMOUS Brown Tinamou (Crypturellus obsoletus) * Heard at the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. DUCKS, GEESE, AND WATERFOWL Torrent Duck (Merganetta armata) Seen along the railway from Ollantaytambo to Aguas Calientes and Hermanos Ayar avenue. How on earth does this species cope acoustically by living in such torrential waters? Merganetta: Gr. Mergus= a merganser, and netta=a duck. armata: L. armed, armoured, in reference to the carpal spurs in Torrent Ducks. Puna Teal (Spatula puna) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. 4

5 Cinnamon Teal (Spatula cyanoptera) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. Puna Teal Ian Merrill Yellow-billed Teal (Anas flavirostris) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. The SACC says Hellmayr & Conover (1948a) and many earlier classifications treated andium (Andean Teal) as a separate species from A. flavirostris. Many authors, from Meyer de Schauensee (1970) to Dickinson (2003), have treated andium as a subspecies of A. flavirostris. Anas andium was considered a separate species from Anas flavirostris by Ridgely et al. (2001), and this was followed by Hilty (2003). SACC proposal passed to recognize andium as separate species. 7 Jaramillo (2003) further suggested that the subspecies oxyptera may also deserve recognition as a separate species from A. flavirostris. Andean Duck (Oxyura ferruginea) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. Andean populations have often (e.g., Hellmayr & Conover 1948a, Siegfried 1976, Sibley & Ahlquist 1990, AOU 1998, Ridgely & Greenfield 2001, Jaramillo 2003, del Hoyo & Collar 2014) been treated as a separate species, O. ferruginea ("Andean Duck" or "Andean Ruddy-Duck"). However, see Adams and Slavid (1984), Fjeldså (1986), McCracken & Sorenson (2005), and Donegan et al. (2015) for rationale for treating them as conspecific, as done previously (e.g., Blake 1977, Johnsgard 1979), and then followed by Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990), Carboneras (1992f), and Dickinson & Remsen (2013). Siegfried (1976) and Livezey (1995) considered ferruginea to be more closely related to O. vittata than to O. jamaicensis, but McCracken & Sorenson (2005) showed that this is incorrect. 5

6 GUANS Andean Guan (Penelope montagnii) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Penelope was the wife of the hero Odysseus in Greek mythology. She was the daughter of Icarius and Periboea. Penelope had managed to keep all of her suitors at bay. She had told them she would choose a suitor once she finished weaving a burial shroud for her father-inlaw, Laertes; however, every night, she would undo part of the shroud. Her plan was revealed by one of her servants, Melantho. Penelope eventually appeared in front of the suitors and said that she would marry the suitor that would be able to string Odysseus' bow and shoot an arrow through twelve axe heads. She already knew that this was a task that only her husband would have been able to achieve. None of the suitors was able to complete the task, and a disguised Odysseus asked to try; after being successful, he revealed himself and killed the suitors with the help of his son, the goddess Athena, and two of his herdsmen. Penelope, still not believing that this was her husband, told him to command the servant to move their bed. Odysseus protested saying that it was impossible as one of the legs of the bed was part of a living olive tree. Penelope finally accepted that this man was who he claimed to be, and the couple were reunited. NEW WORLD QUAIL Stripe-faced Wood-Quail (Odontophorus balliviani) * Heard at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga), the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu and heard along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. GREBES White-tufted Grebe (Rollandia rolland) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. Rollandia: Specific name Podiceps rolland. rolland= In honor of Thomas Pierre Rolland, Master Gunner ( ) French Navy, of the corvette L Uranie which circled the globe PIGEONS AND DOVES Rock Pigeon (Columba livia) Introduced species. Feral population. Spot-winged Pigeon (Patagioenas maculosa) Seen at Hotel Pakaritampu. Band-tailed Pigeon (Patagioenas fasciata) Seen at Anta, at 3185m. Bare-faced Ground-Dove (Metriopelia ceciliae) Seen at Hotel Pakaritampu. Named for Cecile Gautrau daughter of French naturalist Rene Lesson. 6

7 Bare-faced Ground-Dove White-tipped Dove (Leptotila verreauxi) Seen at Andean Spirit Lodge and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Named for the impressive sounding John Baptiste Edouard Verreaux ( ) French Natural History dealer and collector. White-throated Quail-Dove (Zentrygon frenata) * Heard at the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Eared Dove (Zenaida auriculata) Common. CUCKOOS Smooth-billed Ani (Crotophaga ani) * Heard at Andean Spirit Lodge. SWIFTS Except when nesting, swifts spend their lives in the air, living on the insects caught in flight; they drink, feed, and often mate and sleep on the wing. Some individuals go 10 months without landing. No other bird spends as much of its life in flight. Their maximum horizontal flying speed is km/h. 7

8 White-collared Swift (Streptoprocne zonaris) Fairly common. HUMMINGBIRDS With some 330 currently recognized species, these amazing birds form one of the largest avian families in the New World, surpassed only by the Tyrant-flycatchers (Tyrannidae), the latter comprising over 370 species. Amazing little creatures, hummingbirds have a resting heart rate of 1000 beats per minute (compare this to the average human rate of around beats per minute!). This carries tremendous amounts of oxygen and energy to the relatively massive breast muscles. In addition, birds have to have a huge lung capacity in order to keep up with the large amounts of oxygen needed. Their respiratory system is so highly developed that they can actually breathe in and out at the same time. Lesser Violetear (Colibri cyanotus) Seen at the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. The Central and Middle American form of Green Violetear have been split into Mexican Violetear by the AOU sour form which occurs from Costa Rica to Bolivia is now this species Sparkling Violetear (Colibri coruscans) Common. Amethyst-throated Sunangel (Heliangelus amethysticollis) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Green-tailed Trainbearer (Lesbia nuna) Seen at Hotel Pakaritampu. Lesbia: Gr. Lesbias= woman of Lesbos. nuna: Nouna-Koali, a graceful Indian virgin in Jean F. Denis s novel (1829) Ismaël Ben Kaïzar ou la découverture du Nouveau Monde. Purple-backed Thornbill (Ramphomicron microrhynchum) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). E Bearded Mountaineer (Oreonympha nobilis) Seen at Hotel Pakaritampu. Oreonympha: Gr. oros, oreos= mountain and numphē= nymph. nobilis: L. nobilis= admirable, famous, renowned, noble, high-born, nobleman. Tyrian Metaltail (Metallura tyrianthina) Seen at Moyepata to Soraypampa at 3390m. and Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Variously known as Royal purple, Tyrian purple, purple of the ancients, this ancient dyestuff, mentioned in texts dating about 1600 BC, was produced from the mucus of the hypobranchial gland of various species of marine molluscs, notably Murex. Although originating in old port of Tyre in modern day Syria (hence the name), man's first large scale chemical industry spread throughout the world. With the decline of the Roman Empire, the use of the dye also declined and large-scale production ceased with the fall 8

9 of Constantinople in It was replaced by other cheaper dyes like lichen purple and madder. The Endemic Bearded Mountaineer - John Gould - Gould, John: A monograph of the Trochilidae, or family of humming-birds (1880) Sapphire-vented Puffleg (Eriocnemis luciani) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Shining Sunbeam (Aglaeactis cupripennis) Seen at Soraypampa. E White-tufted Sunbeam (Aglaeactis castelnaudii) Seen at Peñas (Carretera 28B). 9

10 White-tufted Sunbeam Alex Durand Violet-throated Starfrontlet (Coeligena violifer) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Mountain Velvetbreast (Lafresnaya lafresnayi) Seen at Moyepata to Soraypampa at 3390m. Great Sapphirewing (Pterophanes cyanopterus) Seen at Peñas (Carretera 28B). Giant Hummingbird (Patagona gigas) Seen at Hotel Pakaritampu. One of the world's largest Hummingbirds after the Swordbilled Hummingbird if talking about measurement from tail tip to bill tip. White-bellied Woodstar (Chaetocercus mulsant) Seen at San Luis ACP. Named for Martial Etienne Mulsant French zoologist and explorer. White-bellied Hummingbird (Amazilia chionogaster) Seen at Moyepata to Soraypampa and Hotel Pakaritampu. E Green-and-white Hummingbird (Amazilia viridicauda) Seen at the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu, Belmond Sanctuary Lodge and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. 10

11 Green-and-white Hummingbird Phil Kindermann RAILS, GALLINULES, AND COOTS Common Gallinule (Gallinula galeata) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. Note that the New World form has been split from the Common Moorhen of Eurasia. Common Gallinule of Western Hemisphere is split from Common Moorhen on the basis of morphological, genetic, and vocal differences (Groenenberg et al 2008). Slate-colored Coot (Fulica ardesiaca) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. Called "Andean Coot" in Fjeldså & Krabbe (1990), Taylor (1996 and Ridgely et al. (2001) but other authors use Slate-colored Coot. STILTS AND AVOCETS Black-necked Stilt (Himantopus mexicanus) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. Taxonomy is a bit confusing. The SACC says Himantopus mexicanus was formerly considered a subspecies of Old-World H. himantopus ( Common Stilt ). Some authors have treated southern South American melanurus (White-backed Stilt) as a separate species. The six taxa in the genus Himantopus form a near-globally distributed super species and between one to six species-level taxa recognized by various authors. Virtually no data are available relevant to taxon-ranking of allopatric populations. The contact between mexicanus and melanurus in South 11

12 America, where at least some hybridization occurs, affords one of the best opportunities for such study. PLOVERS AND LAPWINGS Andean Lapwing (Vanellus resplendens) Seen at Laguna Huaypo, Lagunillas (ACP Abra Málaga) and ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. SANDPIPERS AND ALLIES Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. GULLS, TERNS, AND SKIMMERS Andean Gull (Chroicocephalus serranus) Common in the Andes. CORMORANTS Neotropic Cormorant (Phalacrocorax brasilianus) Common. HERONS, EGRETS, AND BITTERNS Fasciated Tiger-Heron (Tigrisoma fasciatum) Seen along Hermanos Ayar avenue. Great Egret (Ardea alba) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. Little Blue Heron (Egretta caerulea) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. Cattle Egret (Bubulcus ibis) Common. IBISES Puna Ibis (Plegadis ridgwayi) Common in the Andes. Andean Ibis (Theristicus branickii) Seen at Lagunillas (ACP Abra Málaga). HAWKS, EAGLES, AND KITES Roadside Hawk (Rupornis magnirostris) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. 12

13 Variable Hawk (Geranoaetus polyosoma) Seen at Chinchero. Farquhar (1988) concluded that Buteo poecilochrous and B. polyosoma are conspecific, as they were formerly treated (REF); he was unable to find any way to reliably diagnose the two forms using plumage characters or measurements. Ridgely & Greenfield (2001), Jaramillo (2003), and Schulenberg et al. (2007) followed this treatment and suggested "Variable Hawk" be retained for the composite species. Genetic data (Riesing et al. 2003) are consistent with hypothesis that B. polyosoma and B. poecilochrous are conspecific. [incorp. Cabot & De Vries 2003, Vaurie 1962]. SACC proposal passed to treat as conspecific. Cabot & de Vries (2003, 2004, 2010) presented additional data that support their recognition as separate species. SACC proposal to reelevate poecilochrous to species rank did not pass. White-throated Hawk (Buteo albigula) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). OWLS RR Koepcke's Screech-Owl (Megascops koepckeae) Seen at Andean Spirit Lodge. Megascops: Gr. Megas, megale= large, great and scops= an owl. In reference of Old World generally eared owls. koepckeae: In honor of Maria Emilia Koepcke née von Mikulicz-Radecki ( ) German ornithologist in Peru , explorer, and collector. Named for Maria Koepcke, originally Maria Emilie Anna von Mikulicz-Radecki, was born and educated in Germany, earning a PhD in Zoology from Kiel University in She then moved to Peru, where she married zoologist Hans-Wilhelm Koepcke in Together they collaborated on much of their scientific work and publications, and had a daughter named Juliane. She was a successful Neotropical ornithologist at a time when South American ornithology was maledominated. On Christmas Eve 1971, Koepcke traveled with her 17 year old daughter on LANSA Flight 508 from Lima to Pucallpa to join her husband for a holiday. The plane encountered a severe thunderstorm, was hit by lightning, and disintegrated above the Amazon Rainforest. Seated next to each other, the Koepkes were separated in mid-air (with Juliane remaining belted to their row of three seats), and both survived the fall. Coming to rest in different areas of the jungle floor, Maria was badly injured and died several days later. Juliane, despite sustaining a broken collar bone and an eye injury, was able enough to travel through the dense jungle for eleven days, before reaching a makeshift logging camp and being subsequently rescued on 3 January RR Yungas Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium bolivianum) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Peruvian Pygmy-Owl (Glaucidium peruanum) Seen at Andean Spirit Lodge. This latter intermountain race is slower voiced and may be a different species. pers com Barry Walker. 13

14 Peruvian Pygmy-Owl QUETZALS AND TROGONS Masked Trogon (Trogon personatus) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue. MOTMOTS Andean Motmot (Momotus aequatorialis) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. So, there are now 6 recognized species that came out of the old Blue-crowned Motmot Momotus coeruliceps Blue-crowned Motmot NE and Central Mexico Momotus lessoni Blue-diademed Motmot South Mexico to Central Panama Momotus subrufescens Whooping Motmot - E Panama to NC Venezuela and the Magdalena Valley of Colombia; SE Ecuador and extreme NW Peru. Momotus bahamensis Trinidad Motmot Trindad & Tobago Momotus momota Amazonian Motmot - Venezuela (S of the Orinoco) and the Guianas S through the entire Amazon basin to extreme N Argentina and Paraguay. Momotus aequatorialis Andean Motmot The Andes from NC Colombia to NE Bolivia. BARBETS Versicolored Barbet (Eubucco versicolor) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue. 14

15 WOODPECKERS Ocellated Piculet (Picumnus dorbignyanus) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Golden-olive Woodpecker (Colaptes rubiginosus) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue. Andean Flicker (Colaptes rupicola) Seen at Soraypampa and ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. FALCONS AND CARACARAS Mountain Caracara (Phalcoboenus megalopterus) Seen at Laguna Huaypo, Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga) and Lagunillas (ACP Abra Málaga). American Kestrel (Falco sparverius) Common. NEW WORLD PARROTS Speckle-faced Parrot (Pionus tumultuosus) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Mitred Parakeet (Psittacara mitratus) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. ANTBIRDS Variable Antshrike (Thamnophilus caerulescens) Seen along Hermanos Ayar avenue. ANTPITTAS Stripe-headed Antpitta (Grallaria andicolus puna) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. E Red-and-white Antpitta (Grallaria erythroleuca) Seen at San Luis ACP. E Rufous Antpitta (Grallaria rufula occobambae) * In the Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). The Rufous Antpitta complex will be plit at least 7 ways keep track of where you see them and the subspecific name 15

16 Rec and White Antpitta Ian Merrill Vilcabamba Tapaculo - Alex Durand 16

17 TAPACULOS Trilling Tapaculo (Scytalopus parvirostris) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Skutalon = stick. Pous = foot. Stickfoot!!! Just look at their feet. E Vilcabamba Tapaculo (Scytalopus urubambae) Seen at Moyepata to Soraypampa at 3390m. Puna Tapaculo (Scytalopus simonsi) * Heard at (Before) Málaga pass. OVENBIRDS Slender-billed Miner (Geositta tenuirostris) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. Streaked Xenops (Xenops rutilans) Seen at Belmond Sanctuary Lodge and seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Tawny Tit-Spinetail Alex Durand Cream-winged Cinclodes (Cinclodes albiventris) Common in the Andes. Jaramillo (2003) suggested that the albiventris group might warrant recognition as a separate species from Bar-winged Cinclodes Cinclodes fuscus. Unfortunately, Chesser s (2004a) sampling did not include populations of C. fuscus from the Andes north of Argentina. Sanín et al. (2009) sampled C. fuscus from throughout its range and found that it was polyphyletic, with various populations more closely related to C. olrogi, C. oustaleti, C. comechingonus, and C. antarcticus. SACC proposal passed to 17

18 elevate the albiventris and albidiventris groups to species rank. As for English names, Jaramillo (2003) proposed Creamwinged Cinclodes for C. albiventris and Buff-winged Cinclodes for C. fuscus, and Jaramillo (see proposal 415) proposed Chestnut-winged Cinclodes for C. albidiventris; these are used here tentatively until formal SACC action. RR Tawny Tit-Spinetail (Leptasthenura yanacensis) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. E Pale tailed Canastero (Asthenes (dorbignyi) usheri Seen at Limatambo to Mollepata. E Junin Canastero (Asthenes virgata)* At (Before) Málaga pass. Pale tailed Canastero Streak-throated Canastero (Asthenes humilis) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. 18

19 RR Puna Thistletail (Asthenes helleri) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Named for Edmund Heller ( ) US naturalist and collector who worked at the Field Museum of Natural History. VULNERABLE E Rusty-fronted Canastero (Asthenes ottonis) Seen at Soraypampa. ottonis: In honor of Otto Garlepp ( ) German collector in Peru Rusty-fronted Canastero Alex Durand Marcapata Spinetail 19

20 E Creamy-crested Spinetail (Cranioleuca albicapilla) Seen at Soraypampa. Creamy-crested Spinetail Dave Krueper Apurimac Spinetail- Anthony Collerton 20

21 Azara's Spinetail (Synallaxis azarae) Seen at Belmond Sanctuary Lodge. Named for the Spaniard Brigadier General Felix Manuel de Azara ( ) who commanded the Paraguayan/Brazilian frontier. E Apurimac Spinetail (Synallaxis courseni) Seen at Moyepata to Soraypampa at 3390m. Named for Charles Blair Coursen US businessman, sponsor and field ornithologist. VULNERABLE TYRANT FLYCATCHERS White-tailed Tyrannulet (Mecocerculus poecilocercus) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. White-banded Tyrannulet (Mecocerculus stictopterus) Common in humid montane forest. White-throated Tyrannulet (Mecocerculus leucophrys) Common in humid montane forest. Tufted Tit-Tyrant (Anairetes parulus) Seen at Soraypampa. E Unstreaked Tit-Tyrant (Uromyias agraphia) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Agraphia from the Greek = unwritten lines referring to this Tit-Tyrant not being streaked like the others. Unstreaked Tit-Tyrant 21

22 White-crested Elaenia (Elaenia albiceps) Common. Highland Elaenia (Elaenia obscura) Seen at the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. Sierran Elaenia (Elaenia pallatangae) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Torrent Tyrannulet (Serpophaga cinerea) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Sclater's Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias sclateri) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Ashy-headed Tyrannulet (Phyllomyias cinereiceps) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Common Tody-Flycatcher (Todirostrum cinereum) Seen along Hermanos Ayar avenue. Cinnamon Flycatcher (Pyrrhomyias cinnamomeus) Common. Smoke-colored Pewee (Contopus fumigatus) Seen along Hermanos Ayar avenue. Black Phoebe (Sayornis nigricans) Common. This is the southern subspecies latirostris. The change from the darker-winged nominate nigricans to the white-winged latirostris is a north-south cline, with larger amounts of white gradually appearing further south. White-winged Black-Tyrant (Knipolegus aterrimus) Seen at Moyepata to Soraypampa. Taczanowski's Ground-Tyrant (Muscisaxicola griseus) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. Cinereous Ground-Tyrant (Muscisaxicola cinereus) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. Rufous-naped Ground-Tyrant (Muscisaxicola rufivertex) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. Streak-throated Bush-Tyrant (Myiotheretes striaticollis) Seen at Hotel Pakaritampu. 22

23 Rufous-webbed Bush-Tyrant (Polioxolmis rufipennis) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. Crowned Chat-Tyrant (Ochthoeca frontalis) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Rufous-breasted Chat-Tyrant (Ochthoeca rufipectoralis) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Brown-backed Chat-Tyrant (Ochthoeca fumicolor) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga) and ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. White-browed Chat-Tyrant (Ochthoeca leucophrys) Common. Social Flycatcher (Myiozetetes similis) Common. Golden-crowned Flycatcher (Myiodynastes chrysocephalus) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Streaked Flycatcher (Myiodynastes maculatus) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Tropical Kingbird (Tyrannus melancholicus) Common. Masked Fruiteater - Chris Lester 23

24 COTINGAS E Masked Fruiteater (Pipreola pulchra) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Red-crested Cotinga (Ampelion rubrocristatus) Seen at Soraypampa and Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Andean Cock-of-the-Rock (Rupicola peruvianus) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. TITYRAS AND BECARDS Barred Becard (Pachyramphus versicolor) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. VIREOS Brown-capped Vireo (Vireo leucophrys) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Chivi Vireo (Vireo chivi) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Chivi Vireo is one of the most widespread and common passerines of South America. This species consists of a complex mosaic of resident and migratory populations, however. Not only is there seasonal overlap, in the austral winter, between some resident populations and wintering populations from southern South America, but during the boreal winter there also is overlap between the same resident Chivi Vireos and wintering Red-eyed Vireos (Vireo olivaceus) from North America! For many years Chivi and Red-eyed vireos were considered to be the same species; this is understandable, given that they are very similar in appearance, but phylogenetic analysis of DNA sequence data reveals that Chivi is more closely related to Black-whiskered Vireo (Vireo altiloquus) than it is to Red-eyed. The general biology of Chivi Vireo probably is very similar to that of Red-eyed Vireo but, despite its abundance, Chivi Vireo is much less well studied. JAYS Green Jay (Cyanocorax yncas) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. SWALLOWS Blue-and-white Swallow (Pygochelidon cyanoleuca) Common. Brown-bellied Swallow (Orochelidon murina) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga) and along the railway from Ollantaytambo to Aguas Calientes. 24

25 WRENS House Wren (Troglodytes aedon) Common. Many authors (e.g., Hellmayr 1934, Pinto 1944, Phelps & Phelps 1950a) formerly treated Neotropical mainland populations as a separate species T. musculus; see also Brumfield and Capparella (1996); this treatment was followed by Brewer (2001) and Kroodsma & Brewer (2005). The Falklands population, T. a. cobbi, is treated as a species (Wood 1993), as was done by Brewer (2001), Mazar Barnett & Pearman (2001), Jaramillo (2003), and Kroodsma & Brewer (2005). Mountain Wren (Troglodytes solstitialis) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). E Inca Wren (Pheugopedius eisenmanni) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga) and the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. Pheugopedius: Gr. pheugo= to shun and pous, podos= foot. eisenmanni: In honor of Eugene Eisenmann ( ) US/Panamanian ornithologist. Inca Wren Dave Krueper Gray-breasted Wood-Wren (Henicorhina leucophrys) Seen along Hermanos Ayar avenue. 25

26 DIPPERS White-capped Dipper (Cinclus leucocephalus) Seen along the railway from Ollantaytambo to Aguas Calientes and Hermanos Ayar avenue. THRUSHES AND SOLITAIRES Andean Solitaire (Myadestes ralloides) * Along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. White-eared Solitaire (Entomodestes leucotis) * Along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Great Thrush (Turdus fuscater) Common in humid montane forest. Chiguanco Thrush (Turdus chiguanco) Common. Common in highland region. Note that a detailed study of the Chiguanco/Great Thrush complex is needed to determine exactly how many specieslevel taxa exist. The name comes from the Quechua Chiwanco PIPITS Puna Pipit (Anthus brevirostris) Seen at Lagunillas (ACP Abra Málaga). Andean populations of Short billed Pipit Anthus furcatus are split as Puna Pipit Anthus brevirostris, based on genetic and vocal data. Paul Van Els, Heraldo V. Norambuena First published: 17 July 2017 Paramo Pipit (Anthus bogotensis) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. TANAGERS AND ALLIES Slaty Tanager (Creurgops dentatus) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Black-capped Hemispingus (Kleinothraupis atropileus) Seen at San Luis ACP. E Parodi's Hemispingus (Kleinothraupis parodii) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). 26

27 Parodi's Hemispingus Oleaginous Hemispingus (Sphenopsis frontalis) Seen along Hermanos Ayar avenue. Rust-and-yellow Tanager (Thlypopsis ruficeps) Seen at Moyepata to Soraypampa. Silver-beaked Tanager (Ramphocelus carbo) Common. Hooded Mountain-Tanager (Buthraupis montana) Seen at San Luis ACP. Scarlet-bellied Mountain-Tanager (Anisognathus igniventris) Fairly common in humid montane forest. Golden-collared Tanager (Iridosornis jelskii) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Blue-and-yellow Tanager (Pipraeidea bonariensis) Seen at Soraypampa and Hotel Pakaritampu. Blue-gray Tanager (Thraupis episcopus) Common. Blue-capped Tanager (Thraupis cyanocephala) Fairly common in humid montane forest. 27

28 Golden-naped Tanager (Tangara ruficervix) Seen along Hermanos Ayar avenue. Silvery Tanager (Tangara viridicollis) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Blue-necked Tanager (Tangara cyanicollis) Common. Beryl-spangled Tanager (Tangara nigroviridis) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Saffron-crowned Tanager (Tangara xanthocephala) Fairly common in humid montane forest. RR White-browed Conebill (Conirostrum ferrugineiventre) Seen at Soraypampa. White-browed Conebill - Dave Krueper 28

29 Blue-backed Conebill (Conirostrum sitticolor) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Capped Conebill (Conirostrum albifrons) Seen along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Cinereous Conebill (Conirostrum cinereum) Common. Tit-like Dacnis (Xenodacnis parina) Seen at Soraypampa. Black-throated Flowerpiercer (Diglossa brunneiventris) Seen at Moyepata to Soraypampa and Hotel Pakaritampu. Rusty Flowerpiercer (Diglossa sittoides) Seen at Hotel Pakaritampu. Masked Flowerpiercer (Diglossa cyanea) Common in humid montane forest. Plushcap (Catamblyrhynchus diadema) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). RR Peruvian Sierra-Finch (Phrygilus punensis) Seen at Soraypampa and ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. White-winged Diuca-Finch (Idiopsar speculifer) Seen at ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. Plumbeous Sierra-Finch (Geospizopsis unicolor) Seen at Lagunillas (ACP Abra Málaga) and ACP Abra Málaga Thastayoc Royal Cinclodes. Ash-breasted Sierra-Finch (Geospizopsis plebejus) Seen at Soraypampa. E Chestnut-breasted Mountain-Finch (Poospiza caesar) Seen at Soraypampa. Black-and-white Seedeater (Sporophila luctuosa) Seen at the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. Golden-billed Saltator (Saltator aurantiirostris) Fairly common. Burns et al. Äôs (2014) comprehensive phylogeny of the tanagers and relatives was based on two mitochondrial and four nuclear loci, and taxon-sampling was nearly complete. 29

30 Band-tailed Seedeater (Catamenia analis) Seen at Soraypampa. Dull-colored Grassquit (Tiaris obscurus) Seen along Hermanos Ayar avenue. NEW WORLD SPARROWS AND ALLIES Chestnut-capped Brushfinch (Arremon brunneinucha) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. Rufous-collared Sparrow (Zonotrichia capensis) Common. E Apurimac Brushfinch (Atlapetes forbesi) Seen at Soraypampa. Atlapetes: Gr. myth. Atlas, a Titan king who was changed into a mountain and petes= flier, to fly. forbesi: In honor of Sir Victor Courtenay Walter Forbes ( ) British diplomat in Mexico, Spain and Peru. E Cuzco Brushfinch (Atlapetes canigenis) Seen at San Luis ACP 30

31 NEW WORLD WARBLERS Tropical Parula (Setophaga pitiayumi) Fairly common. Citrine Warbler (Myiothlypis luteoviridis) Seen at Cloud Forest (ACP Abra Málaga). Cusco Brushfinch - Anthony Collerton Slate-throated Redstart (Myioborus miniatus) Common in humid montane forest. Spectacled Redstart (Myioborus melanocephalus) Common in humid montane forest. CARDINALS AND ALLIES Hepatic Tanager (Piranga flava) Seen at the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. Black-backed Grosbeak (Pheucticus aureoventris) Seen at Hotel Pakaritampu. BLACKBIRDS, ORIOLES, AND OROPENDOLAS Dusky-green Oropendola (Psarocolius atrovirens) Seen at Hermanos Ayar avenue and along the railway from Aguas Calientes to Mandor. 31

32 Yellow-winged Blackbird (Agelasticus thilius) Seen at Laguna Huaypo. FINCHES, EUPHONIAS, AND ALLIES Thick-billed Euphonia (Euphonia laniirostris) Fairly common. Hooded Siskin (Spinus magellanicus) Seen along the railway from Ollantaytambo to Aguas Calientes. CAMELIDS Llama (Lama glama) Seen at Malaga pass. MAMMALS Alpaca (Vicugna pacos) Seen at Malaga pass. LARGE RODENTS Montane Guinea Pig (Cavia tschudi) Seen at Limatambo to Mollepata. Mountain Viscacha (Lagidium peruanum) Seen at the Historic Sanctuary of Machu Picchu. Abra Malaga Cloud Forest 32

33 Indio Feliz Machu-Picchu 33