PHENOLOGY The Rhythms of Life
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1 PHENOLOGY The Rhythms of Life Lee Searles Ecological Consultant & Photographer Leeward Solutions, LLC Des Moines Izaak Walton League May 13, 2014
2 What is phenology? It s not phrenology: A quack science of the 1840s Shape of the skull tied to differences in character, abilities Reading the skull
3 Phenology: the study of the life cycles of living things And their responses to climate, habitat, & seasons A part of the study of ecology Aldo Leopold, A Sand County Almanac: a record of the rates at which solar energy flows to and through living things
4 Examples Predator-prey interactions often occur in cycles Mink & muskrat in the Midwest & Plains (Paul Errington) Bird migrations, mating, nesting, wintering March: waterfowl April: shorebirds, gulls, terns May: songbirds, including neotropical species
5 Animal reproductive cycles Deer rut Fish spawning Plant flowering & seeding by season Woodland wildflowers in spring: hepatica, bloodroot, mayapple Tallgrass prairie: goldenrods, big bluestem
6 Insect hatching & maturation Monarch caterpillar dependence on milkweed plants Mayflies, stoneflies, midges, & other species used as models for fly fishing tackle
7 The bigger picture: each of these is affected by Climate & weather patterns, including disruptions Circadian or day-night cycles Availability of preferred & alternate food sources Species population sizes & changes Diseases: mange, tree fungus Human presence & impacts
8 Phenological Calendars & Records Why phenology calendars? Ecological information in an accessible, easy-touse form Allows comparison of expected dates of occurrence with actual observations Local differences Annual variations Longterm changes
9 Records of seasonal cycles have been kept for thousands of years, wherever humans have lived Inuit/Eskimo: Connection of seasons, ice formation, & seal hunting Caribou herd migrations Native American farmers & the timing of spring planting, fall harvest, & seasonal bison hunts Maya/Aztec calendars based on astronomy: agricultural timing & other social events
10 Flooding of the Nile River in Egypt Renewal of the fertile floodplain soils From 1950s, dams at Aswan and elsewhere have led to soil loss and degradation A few decades of worsening agriculture, versus thousands of years of a naturally renewed resource Farmer s Almanac contains phenology information
11 Fishing & hunting seasons are based on the phenology of game species, such as after gamebirds are fledged or before spring mating & nesting begin
12 Modern records & calendars Robert Marsham s indications of spring, Norfolk, England, 1700s Aldo Leopold, on his farm near Baraboo, Wisconsin,
13 The Importance of Phenology Sensitive indicators of obvious & subtle changes Seasons Species populations (wildlife biology) Longterm climate changes Soil conditions, such as soil temperature Stream conditions, such as food supplies, species interdependence, erosion cycles Ecological awareness Willingness to act to preserve the environment on which we rely for our existence
14 Ecological problems Timing of animal gestation or migration with food resources (climate & weather pattern changes) Severity of floods & habitat destruction Climate shifts favoring nonnative & invasive species Human land use practices that affect habitats, food supplies, cycles Destruction of microscopic life forms in soil
15 Don t confuse phenology with phonology: the study of sounds that are used to make up a language
16 Phenology in the Raccoon River Watershed Calendar production & distribution Encourages RRWA members to collect observations on species, events, timing Bird migrations, courtship, hatching, fledging Photography to record familiar & unfamiliar species, seasonal changes
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18 YELLOW-BILLED CUCKOO Photo by Ray Harden, Perry
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20 Another Distinction: Phenology also is not penology: the study of punishments for crime & the management of prisons
21 Making Phenology Observations Place and time: Observe species & processes in the same place over several seasons or years Six years of bird sightings at my address in Des Moines Common Grackle arrival dates: 2008: March : March : March : March : March 16 (first sightings for 2011 & 2012 aren t useful) 2014 RRW Phenology Calendar: no date for Common Grackles Use my observations & those of others in the watershed to determine one Consult the Iowa Ornithologists Union Early/Late Bird Migration records
22 Watch living things & related events at the same time point across a geographical region National Audubon Society winter bird counts: solid evidence that supports major planetary climate change Great Backyard Bird Count Formal species census-taking as a scientific procedure
23 Focus on one species or one grouping ( taxon ), such as Blue-Winged Teal, Smallmouth Bass, all ducks, all cyprinid minnows Limited by kinds of food resources used, or By habitat, or By species behavior, such as mating
24 March 10, 2010: one day after ice-out & bankfull flow
25 March 15, 2010: high early spring full, at bankfull
26 March 26, 2010
27 April 2, 2010
28 April 15, 2010
29 April 23, 2010: healing & weathering
30 May 14, 2010
31 May 21, 2010
32 June 13, 2010: highest yearly flow, over bankfull
33 July 18, 2010
34 September 12, 2010
35 November 13, 2010
36 Jumping ahead: October 19, 2011: very low autumn flow
37 What can be concluded from these photographs? Changes in river level over a year s time With a longer, multi-year series, yearly fluctuations in the timing & extent of high- & lowflow conditions General habitats: changes in river structure of pools & riffles, cutting of banks & deposits of sandbars, silt deposits on the floodplain
38 Probable effects on Canada geese, Mallards, smallmouth bass, channel catfish, wood ducks, other game species And their food supplies: flushing of debris from the channel, destruction & re-making of habitats for aquatic insects Plant communities: dispersal of seeds by flowing water, creation or destruction of seedbeds Large streams as barriers to wildlife movement, such as deer & other mammals Responses of riparian wetlands to changes in water table
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