University of Groningen. Costs of migration Schmidt-Wellenburg, Carola Andrea

Transcription

1 University of Groningen Costs of migration Schmidt-Wellenburg, Carola Andrea IMPORTANT NOTE: You are advised to consult the publisher's version (publisher's PDF) if you wish to cite from it. Please check the document version below. Document Version Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record Publication date: 2007 Link to publication in University of Groningen/UMCG research database Citation for published version (APA): Schmidt-Wellenburg, C. A. (2007). Costs of migration: Short- and long-term consequences of avian endurance flight. s.n. Copyright Other than for strictly personal use, it is not permitted to download or to forward/distribute the text or part of it without the consent of the author(s) and/or copyright holder(s), unless the work is under an open content license (like Creative Commons). Take-down policy If you believe that this document breaches copyright please contact us providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Downloaded from the University of Groningen/UMCG research database (Pure): For technical reasons the number of authors shown on this cover page is limited to 10 maximum. Download date:

2 COSTS OF MIGRATION SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF AVIAN ENDURANCE FLIGHT

3 The research reported in this thesis was carried out at the Max Planck Institute for Ornithology in Seewiesen, Germany, and on the Crimea Peninsula, Ukraine. The research was funded by the Max Planck Society. The Max Planck Institute for Ornithology, the Research Group Behavioural Biology, University of Groningen, and the University Library, Groningen, financially supported the printing of this thesis. cover photos: cover layout: miniatures: thesis layout: printer: Christian Hartmann (flying birds) and Marc Steinmetz (wind tunnel) Carola Schmidt-Wellenburg and Dick Visser copies of the original illustrations of Emperor Friedrich's II book on falconry "De arte venandi cum avibus" (13 th century); with kind permission of the Bibliothèque Nationale de France, Paris (Ms. franç ), and of the Insel Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, Germany (CA Willemsen, Über die Kunst mit Vögeln zu jagen.). captions: Carola Schmidt-Wellenburg, based on the original manuscript Carola Schmidt-Wellenburg Ponsen & Looijen bv, Wageningen, The Netherlands ISBN: X (electronic version)

4 RIJKSUNIVERSITEIT GRONINGEN COSTS OF MIGRATION SHORT- AND LONG-TERM CONSEQUENCES OF AVIAN ENDURANCE FLIGHT Proefschrift ter verkrijging van het doctoraat in de Wiskunde en Natuurwetenschappen aan de Rijksuniversiteit Groningen op gezag van de Rector Magnificus, dr. F. Zwarts, in het openbaar te verdedigen op maandag 19 februari 2007 om 13:15 uur door Carola Andrea Schmidt-Wellenburg geboren op 7 december 1975 te München, Duitsland

5 Promotores: Prof. Dr. G. H. Visser Prof. Dr. B. Kempenaers Prof. Dr. S. Daan Beoordelingscommissie: Prof. Dr. A. Hedenström Prof. Dr. M. E. Visser Prof. Dr. J. J. Videler

6

7 CONTENTS 1. General Introduction 1 Costs of migration 2 The annual cycle of migrants 2 Migration as a strategy 4 The cost of flight 6 The wind tunnel 7 The bird species studied 9 The measurement of flight costs 11 Outline of the thesis Energy expenditure and wing beat frequency in relation to body mass in free flying Barn Swallows (Hirundo rustica) 19 Abstract 20 Introduction 21 Material and Methods 22 Results 27 Discussion 32 Acknowledgements Energy expenditure during flight in relation to body mass: effects of natural increases in mass and artificial load in Rose Coloured Starlings 41 Abstract 42 Introduction 43 Material and Methods 44 Results 51 Discussion 57 Acknowledgements Validation of heart rate against energy expenditure in endurance wind tunnel flights of Rose Coloured Starlings 63 Abstract 64 Introduction 65 Material and Methods 67 Results 71 Discussion 75 Acknowledgements 77

8 5. Consequences of avian migration on subsequent reproduction? An experimental approach in Rose Coloured Starlings 79 Abstract 80 Introduction 81 Material and Methods 82 Results 91 Discussion 100 Acknowledgements General Discussion 107 Endurance flight and migration in the laboratory 108 Flying for hours: short-term effects 110 Flying for weeks: long-term effects and consequences 114 Abbreviations 119 References 123 Addresses of co-authors 141 Summary 143 Samenvatting 149 Acknowledgements 157

9 Chicken, partridges, pheasants, peacocks, quails, and some other birds are heavy and have difficulties flying. (fol. 66 r, 66 v)