Counteracting wetland overgrowth increases breeding and staging bird abundances

Transcription

1 1 Counteracting wetland overgrowth increases breeding and staging bird abundances Petteri Lehikoinen 1, 2*, Aleksi Lehikoinen 1, Markku Mikkola-Roos 3, Kim Jaatinen 4 1 The Helsinki Lab of Ornithology, Finnish Museum of Natural History, P.O. Box 17, Helsinki University, Finland; 2 Department of Biology, University of Lund, Sölvegatan 37, Lund, Sweden; 3 Finnish Environment Institute, P.O. Box 140, Helsinki, Finland, 4 Tvärminne Zoological Station, University of Helsinki, J.A. Palménin tie 260, Hanko, Finland * Correspondence author. Petteri.Lehikoinen@helsinki.fi, telephone

2 14 Supplementary information Supplementary Table S1. Compositions of guilds and total species specific sums of birds counted in different seasons before and after the two management periods. In guilds 8 10 spring and autumn numbers, an abbreviation na stands for not available since the numbers of these guilds were not counted during migration seasons. Species belonging to the EU red-list 26 are marked with asterisk (*) and the EU Birds Directive Annex I (Council Directive 2009/147/EC) with circumflex accent (^). Naming follows The Howard & Moore Complete Checklist of the Birds of the World. Guild Species Scientific name n spring autumn breeding 1 Dabbling ducks Eurasian Wigeon* Mareca penelope* Gadwall M. strepera Common Teal Anas crecca Mallard A. platyrhychos Northern Pintail* A. acuta* Garganey* Spatula querquedula* Northern Shoveler S. clypeata Common Shelduck Tadorna tadorna Diving omnivores Long-Tailed Duck* Clangula hyemalis* Common Eider* Somateria mollissima* Velvet Scoter* Melanitta fusca* Common Scoter M. nigra Common Goldeneye Bucephala clangula Common Pochard* Aythya ferina* Ferruginous Pochard^ A. nyroca^ Tufted Duck A. fuligula Greater Scaup* A. marila* Little Grebe Tachybaptus ruficollis Slavonian Grebe*^ Podiceps auritus*^ Common Coot Fulica atra Diving piscivores Smew^ Mergellus albellus^ Goosander Mergus merganser Red-breasted Merganser* M. serrator* Red-throated Diver^ Gavia stellata^ Black-throated Diver^ G. arctica^ Red-Necked Grebe Podiceps grisegena Great Crested Grebe P. cristatus Great Cormorant Phalacrocorax carbo Swans Mute Swan Cygnus olor Tundra Swan*^ C. columbianus bewickii*^

3 Whooper Swan^ C. cygnus^ Geese Brent Goose Branta bernicla Barnacle Goose^ B. leucopsis^ Red-breasted Goose^ B. ruficollis^ Canada Goose B. canadensis Snow Goose Anser caerulescens Pink-footed Goose A. brachyrhynchos Greylag Goose A. anser Bean Goose A. fabalis Greater White-fronted Goose A. a. albifrons Waders Eurasian Oystercatcher* Haematopus ostralegus* Grey Plover Pluvialis squaterola Eurasian Golden Plover^ P. apricaria^ Common Ringed Plover Charadrius hiaticula Little Ringed Plover C. dubius Northern Lapwing* Vanellus vanellus* Whimbrel Numenius phaeopus Eurasian Curlew* N. arquata* Bar-tailed Godwit^ Limosa lapponica^ Black-tailed Godwit* L. limosa* Ruddy Turnstone* Arenaria interpres* Red Knot Calidris canutus Ruff*^ C. pugnax*^ Broad-billed Sandpiper C. falcinellus Curlew Sandpiper* C. ferruginea* Temminck's Stint C. temminckii Dunlin C. a. alpina Little Stint C. minuta Buff-breasted Sandpiper C. subruficollis Eurasian Woodcock Scolopax rusticola Great Snipe*^ Gallinago media*^ Common Snipe G. gallinago Jack Snipe Lymnocryptes minimus Common Sandpiper Actitis hypoleuca Green Sandpiper Tringa ochropus Spotted Redshank T. erythropus Common Greenshank T. nebularia Common Redshank* T. totanus* Wood Sandpiper^ T. glareola^ Marsh Sandpiper* T. stagnatilis* Red-necked Phalarope^ Phalaropus lobatus^ Black-headed gull Black-headed Gull Chroicocephalus ridibundus Rallids & bittern Eurasian Bittern^ Botaurus stellaris^ na na 39 Western Water Rail Rallus aquaticus na na 87 Corncrake^ Crex crex^ na na 8 Spotted Crake^ Porzana porzana^ na na 30 3

4 22 Little Crake^ Zapornia parva^ na na 2 Common Moorhen Gallinula chloropus na na 14 9 Open habitat Meadow Pipit* Anthus pratensis* na na 188 passerines Yellow Wagtail Motacilla flava na na 202 Citrine Wagtail M. citreola na na 8 White Wagtail M. alba na na 122 Eurasian Sky Lark Alauda arvensis na na 33 Whinchat Saxicola rubetra na na 100 Northern Wheatear Oenanthe oenanthe na na 4 Red-backed Shrike^ Lanius collurio^ na na 27 Bearded Reedling Panurus biarmicus na na Shrub and reed bed Common Rosefinch* Erythrina erythrina* na na 224 passerines Eurasian Reed Bunting Schoeniclus schoeniclus na na 1404 Savi's Warbler Locustella luscinioides na na 5 River Warbler* L. fluviatilis* na na 8 Grasshopper Warbler L. naevia na na 12 Sedge Warbler Acrocephalus schoenobaenus na na 3502 Blyth's Reed Warbler A. dumetorum na na 16 Marsh Warbler A. palustris na na 44 Common Reed Warbler A. scirpaceus na na 627 Great Reed Warbler A. arundinaceus na na 98 Common Whitethroat Curruca communis na na 193 Thrush Nightingale Luscinia luscinia na na 183 4

5 23 24 Supplementary Table S2. The site-specific extent and costs of management actions on first managing period Wetlands belonging to Ramsar convention are marked with asterisk (*) and to IBA (Important Bird Areas assigned by BirdLife International) with circumflex accent (^). Wetland Section Land area Water area Volume (ha) Total costs (euros) Cutting & harrowing Cattle grazing Cattle (amount) Grazing pressure (cows/ha) Tree removal Dredging Cutting & harrowing Cattle grazing Tree removal Dredging Total 1 Saltfjärden Saltfjärden Norra Fladet Norra Fladet Morsfjärden Laajalahti*^ Laajalahti*^ Tuusulanjärvi Tuusulanjärvi Tuusulanjärvi Vanhankaupunginlahti*^ Vanhankaupunginlahti*^ Porvoonjoen suisto*^ Porvoonjoen suisto*^ Porvoonjoen suisto*^ Pernajanlahti* Pernajanlahti* Salminlahti Kirkkojärvi*^ Kirkkojärvi*^ Pappilansaari-Lupinlahti*^ Pappilansaari-Lupinlahti*^ Pappilansaari-Lupinlahti*^ Kirkon-Vilkkiläntura*^ na na na na na na na na na na na Kirkon-Vilkkiläntura*^ na na na na na na na na na na na Kirkon-Vilkkiläntura*^ na na na na na na na na na na na 13 Jaalanlahti Kyrönlahti Lintukymi Mukulanlahti Suolalahti Tervolanlahti Bruksviken Porvarinlahti Torpviken

6 25 26 Supplementary Table S3. The site-specific extent and costs of management actions on second managing period Wetlands belonging to Ramsar convention are marked with asterisk (*) and to IBA (Important Bird Areas assigned by BirdLife International) with circumflex accent (^). 27 Wetland Section Land area Water area Volume (ha) Total costs (euros) Cutting & harrowing Cattle grazing Cattle (amount) Grazing pressure (cows/ha) Tree removal Dredging Cutting & harrowing Cattle grazing Tree removal Dredging Total 1 Saltfjärden Saltfjärden Norra Fladet Norra Fladet Morsfjärden Laajalahti*^ Laajalahti*^ Tuusulanjärvi Tuusulanjärvi Tuusulanjärvi Vanhankaupunginlahti*^ Vanhankaupunginlahti*^ Porvoonjoen suisto*^ Porvoonjoen suisto*^ Porvoonjoen suisto*^ Pernajanlahti* Pernajanlahti* Salminlahti Kirkkojärvi*^ 19 na na na na na na na na na na na na na Kirkkojärvi*^ 20 na na na na na na na na na na na na na 11 Pappilansaari-Lupinlahti*^ Pappilansaari-Lupinlahti*^ Pappilansaari-Lupinlahti*^ Kirkon-Vilkkiläntura*^ Kirkon-Vilkkiläntura*^ Kirkon-Vilkkiläntura*^ Jaalanlahti Kyrönlahti Lintukymi Mukulanlahti Suolalahti Tervolanlahti Bruksviken Porvarinlahti Torpviken

7 Supplementary Table S4. Summary table of the management actions in the final LMM explaining the abundance of staging migrant birds on the studied wetlands during their spring migration. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management <.0001 Water area <.0001 Land area Guild diving omnivores Guild diving piscivores Guild swans <.0001 Guild geese <.0001 Guild waders <.0001 Guild b-h gull <.0001 Grazing <.0001 Guild dabbling ducks Cutting/harrowing <.0001 Guild diving omnivores Cutting/harrowing Guild diving piscivores Cutting/harrowing Guild swans Cutting/harrowing Guild geese Cutting/harrowing Guild waders Cutting/harrowing <.0001 Guild b-h gull Cutting/harrowing Guild dabbling ducks Dredging Guild diving omnivores Dredging Guild diving piscivores Dredging Guild swans Dredging Guild geese Dredging Guild waders Dredging Guild b-h gull Dredging

8 Supplementary Table S5. Summary table of the management actions in the final LMM explaining the abundance of breeding birds on the studied wetlands. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management <.0001 Water area Land area Guild diving omnivores Guild diving piscivores Guild swans <.0001 Guild geese <.0001 Guild waders Guild b-h gull <.0001 Guild rallids and bittern <.0001 Guild open hab. passerines Guild shrub passerines Grazing Guild dabbling ducks Dredging Guild diving omnivores Dredging Guild piscivore Dredging Guild swans Dredging Guild geese Dredging Guild waders Dredging Guild b-h gull Dredging Guild rallids and bittern Dredging Guild open hab. passerines Dredging Guild shrub passerines Dredging

9 Supplementary Table S6. Summary table of the management actions in the final LMM explaining the abundance of staging migrant birds on the studied wetlands during their autumn migration. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management <.0001 Water area <.0001 Land area Guild diving omnivores Guild diving piscivores <.0001 Guild swans <.0001 Guild geese <.0001 Guild waders <.0001 Guild b-h gull <.0001 Guild dabbling ducks Grazing Guild diving omnivores Grazing Guild diving piscivores Grazing Guild swans Grazing Guild geese Grazing <.0001 Guild waders Grazing <.0001 Guild b-h gull Grazing

10 Supplementary Table S7. Summary table of the final LMM where the abundance of staging migrant birds on the studied wetlands during their spring migration was explained by the total costs of wetland management. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management <.0001 Water area Land area Guild diving omnivores Guild diving piscivores Guild swans <.0001 Guild geese <.0001 Guild waders <.0001 Guild b-h gull <.0001 Guild dabbling ducks Cost Guild diving omnivores Cost Guild diving piscivores Cost Guild swans Cost Guild geese Cost Guild waders Cost <.0001 Guild b-h gull Cost

11 Supplementary Table S8. Summary table of the final LMM where the abundance of breeding birds on the studied wetlands was explained by the total costs of wetland management. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management <.0001 Water area Land area Guild diving omnivores Guild diving piscivores Guild swans Guild geese <.0001 Guild waders Guild b-h gull <.0001 Guild rallids <.0001 Guild open hab. passerines Guild shrub passerines Guild dabbling ducks Cost Guild diving omnivores Cost Guild diving piscivores Cost Guild swans Cost Guild geese Cost Guild waders Cost Guild b-h gull Cost <.0001 Guild rallids Cost Guild open hab. passerines Cost Guild shrub passerines Cost

12 Supplementary Table S9. Summary table of the final LMM where the abundance of staging migrant birds on the studied wetlands during their autumn migration was explained by the total costs of wetland management. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management <.0001 Water area Land area Guild diving omnivores Guild diving piscivores Guild swans <.0001 Guild geese <.0001 Guild waders <.0001 Guild b-h gull <.0001 Guild dabbling ducks Cost Guild diving omnivores Cost Guild diving piscivores Cost Guild swans Cost Guild geese Cost Guild waders Cost <.0001 Guild b-h gull Cost

13 Supplementary Table S10. Summary table of the management actions in the final LMM explaining the abundance of EU red-listed staging spring migrant birds. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management Water area Land area Grazing

14 Supplementary Table S11. Summary table of the management actions in the final LMM explaining the abundance of staging autumn migrant birds belonging to EU Birds Directive Annex I. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management Water area Land area Grazing

15 Supplementary Table S12. Summary table of the management actions in the final LMM explaining the abundance of EU red-listed staging autumn migrant birds. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management <.0001 Water area Land area Grazing Cutting/harrowing Dredging

16 Supplementary Table S13. Summary table of the final LMM where the abundance of EU red-listed staging autumn migrant birds was explained by the total costs of wetland management. Independent variable Parameter df t P estimate (b) Birds prior to management <.0001 Water area Land area Cost

17 Supplementary Table S14. Summary table of the non-significant variables removed from the model explaining the abundance of staging migrant birds on the studied wetlands during their spring migration. Independent variable df F P Guild Tree removal 6, Tree removal 1, Guild Grazing 6,

18 Supplementary Table S15. Summary table of the non-significant variables removed from the model explaining the abundance of breeding birds on the studied wetlands. Independent variable df F P Guild Tree removal 9, Tree removal 1, Guild Cutting/harrowing 9, Cutting/harrowing 1, Guild Grazing 9, Grazing 1,

19 Supplementary Table S16. Summary table of the non-significant variables removed from the model explaining the abundance of staging migrant birds on the studied wetlands during their autumn migration. Independent variable df F P Guild Tree removal 6, Tree removal 1, Guild Dredging 6, Dredging 1, Guild Cutting/harrowing 6, Cutting/harrowing 1,

20 Supplementary Table S17. Summary table of the non-significant variables removed from the model explaining the abundance of EU red-listed staging spring migrants on the studied wetlands. Independent variable df F P Tree removal 1, Dredging 1, Cutting/harrowing 1,

21 Supplementary Table S18. Summary table of the non-significant variables removed from the model explaining the abundance of the birds belonging to EU Birds Directive Annex I species staging during spring migration. Independent variable df F P Cutting/harrowing 1, Dredging 1, Tree removal 1,

22 Supplementary Table S19. Summary table of the non-significant variables removed from the model explaining the abundance of EU red-listed staging autumn migrants on the studied wetlands. Independent variable df F P Tree removal 1,

23 Supplementary Table S20. Summary table of the non-significant variables removed from the model explaining the abundance of the birds belonging to EU Birds Directive Annex I species staging during autumn migration. Independent variable df F P Tree removal 1, Dredging 1, Cutting/harrowing 1, Grazing 1,