Journal of American Science 2016;12(12) Utilizing Wet Felting to Produce Nonwoven Woolen Dress Accessories

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1 Utilizing Wet Felting to Produce Nonwoven Woolen Dress Accessories Amany M. Shaker and Dalia A. Elmadah Department of Art Educational, Faculty of Specific Education, Kafer Elsheikh University, Egypt. Abstract: Recently, nonwoven fabrics spread widely as not depending on spinning or weaving for producing their final products. Basically, these products depend mechanically, chemically or thermally on a connected mat of fibers. Many methods, techniques and materials are used for their production. One of the varied usages of nonwoven fabric is dress accessories that add completeness, convenience, attractiveness to dresses. They are not only using metal jewelry, precious and half preciouss tones, but also using a variety of different materials. Dress accessories are articles or pieces of dress, as handbags, shoes, belts, scarfs and different jewelry. The present research emphasized the utilization of wool felting in the production of nonwoven dress accessories. Wool fibers are characterized with felting which is caused by the presence of fibers scales and flexibility after the formation process. The present research aims at innovating easy- made and cost -effective dress accessories of nonwoven fabric, adding new formative dimensions for nonwoven fabric when using it for making accessories and enriching women's clothes with cost- effective fine and formative values. The present research is significant as it contributes in utilizing wool felting as a new approach for producing creative cost-effective dress accessories and the establishment of small businesses, which helps solve the problem of unemployment and increase family income. The experimentation is limited to a necklace as a separate accessory. The final products of the creative necklaces were submitted to jurors who assessed them using an Evaluation Checklist. The research adopted aquasi- experimental- design. Results showed that there were statistically significant differences between the creative necklaces in achieving aspects of summative evaluation and statistically significant statistical differences between the dimensions of evaluating the creative necklaces according to the jurors' views. [Amany M. Shaker and Dalia A. Elmadah. Utilizing Wet Felting to Produce Nonwoven Woolen Dress Accessories. J Am Sci 2016;12(12): ]. ISSN (print); ISSN (online) doi: /marsjas Key Words: Wet felting, Nonwoven, Wool, Dress accessories. 1. Introduction The mutual effect between man and the modern world is highly remarkable, as man cannot live in isolation. The increase in needs and utilization of consumed materials, especially textile, and the great development of industrial and synthetic materials bring about the idea of producing easy and costeffective textiles of varied types. Thus, the idea of nonwoven fabrics merged (Mona Maher Wady 2006 p.29). Nonwoven fabrics are a fabric-like material made from long fibers, bonded together by chemical, mechanical, heat or solvent treatment. The term is used in the textile manufacturing industry to denote fabrics, such as felt, which are neither woven nor knitted (Muller & Satthoff, 2015). Nonwoven fabrics industry is heavily produced, with a one line production of several tons per day, covering a wide area of consumption and occupying a prominent place in various fields of life. (Shaker, 2012, p. 1). Nonwoven fabrics can be utilized effectively for producing dress accessories. Dress accessories are an article or set of articles of dress, as gloves, earrings, or a scarf, that adds completeness, convenience, attractiveness to one's basic outfit. (Cumming, Cunnington & Cunnington, 2010). Wool fibers are characterized with felting which is caused by the presence of fibers scales and flexibility after the formation process. Wool is the textile fiber obtained from sheep and other animals, including cashmere from goats, mohair from goats, qiviut from muskoxen, angora from rabbits, and other types of wool from camelids (Braaten, 2005). The present research handled utilizing felting, as one method of producing nonwoven fabric, in innovating nonwoven woolen dress accessories. Felt beads are easy and very inexpensive to make as a few grams of merino wool top and some soapy water are needed only. Combined with glass, metal or ceramic beads, they make beautiful jewelry and they can be made into decorations, zip pulls, hair pins and charms for phones. Research Problem: The problem of the present research problem is determined in the following question: "To what extent can natural combed wool felting be used in the production of nonwoven fabric?" Research Aims: 104

- Innovating easy- made and cost -effective dress accessories of nonwoven fabric.

- Enriching women's clothing with costeffective fine and formative values.

creative costeffective dress accessories and the establishment of small businesses, which helps solve the problem

Research Hypotheses: There are statistically significant differences between creative necklaces in achieving

There are statistically significant differences between the creative necklaces evaluation dimensions according to

Research Limitations The present research was limited to the technique of wet felting and experimentation is

Research Design A Quasi experimental- design Dependent and Independent Variables Dependent Variables: utilizing on

Dependent Variables: Nonwoven dress accessories Research Instruments: An Evaluation Checklist of the final product

Experimental Design Table (1) A Model for Utilizing Wet Felting for Producing a Necklace 1 and Tools needed for

The Implementation Phase 1-Designing a sketch for abstract linear shapes 2. Coloring the design. 3.

2 and Tools Used for Iimplementation: Grades of blue, grey and yellow woolen fibers, varied yarns, sushi mat or

Utilizing Wet felting Technique for the Production Of Nonwoven Fabrics 1- Different grades of harmonious or

2 - Innovating easy- made and cost -effective dress accessories of nonwoven fabric. - Adding new formative dimensions for nonwoven cloth when using it for making dress accessories. - Enriching women's clothing with costeffective fine and formative values. Research Significance: The present research contributes in utilizing wool felting as a new approach for producing creative costeffective dress accessories and the establishment of small businesses, which helps solve the problem of unemployment and increase family income. Research Hypotheses: There are statistically significant differences between creative necklaces in achieving elements of summative evaluation according to the jurors' views. There are statistically significant differences between the creative necklaces evaluation dimensions according to the jurors' views. Research Limitations The present research was limited to the technique of wet felting and experimentation is limited to a necklace as a separate accessory. Research Design A Quasi experimental- design Dependent and Independent Variables Dependent Variables: utilizing on woven natural wet felting combed wool fabrics technique in experimentation. Dependent Variables: Nonwoven dress accessories Research Instruments: An Evaluation Checklist of the final product of creative necklaces which was submitted to a number of specialized educational art jurors. Experimental Design Table (1) A Model for Utilizing Wet Felting for Producing a Necklace 1 and Tools needed for the Design Implementation of: Canson paper -pencil wooden color- an erasers - a transparent plastic -cutter. The Implementation Phase 1-Designing a sketch for abstract linear shapes 2. Coloring the design. 3. Putting the design on a transparent plastic and cutting it. 2 and Tools Used for Iimplementation: Grades of blue, grey and yellow woolen fibers, varied yarns, sushi mat or bubbles bags, liquid soap, hot water, rolling pin, lace fabric. Utilizing Wet felting Technique for the Production Of Nonwoven Fabrics 1- Different grades of harmonious or contrasting colors of natural wool fibers suitable for the design are chosen. 2- Wool fibers are cut with the palm and distributed in the vertical direction on the sushi mat or plastic bubbles bag. 3-The next layer of wool is distributed in the horizontal direction. 4- Repeation of fibers distribution in the opposite side of the second layer. 5- The Snipped piece of transparent plastic is put over the distributed wool. 6- Colored wool is used to fill in the snipped spaces. 7- Water and liquid soap are used with a ratio of 3: A bubble bag or a piece of lace cloth is put on the felted wool. 9- The middle of the Felted wool is pressed by hand, till it is completely felted

10- The felted wool is pressed well more than one time in more than one direction using

11- The handicraft is washed and left in air enough time for drying.

cloth was cut and fastened at the top of an anthro pomorphic felted twined woolen rope

necklace can be made from a few felt beads threaded onto a metal choker, or onto a

seed beads can be done with one continuous thread.

very warm water and a squirt of washing up soap into a bowl.

3 10- The felted wool is pressed well more than one time in more than one direction using the rolling pin for felting. 11- The handicraft is washed and left in air enough time for drying. 3 Production Phase: In the present necklace a shell like semicirclepiece of the felted cloth was cut and fastened at the top of an anthro pomorphic felted twined woolen rope and complement arybeads and at the bottom beaded pendants of the beads 3 4 A simple necklace can be made from a few felt beads threaded onto a metal choker, or onto a length of ribbon that can be fastened with either a knot, or a clasp and ring sewn to the ends. Felt beads can be embellished in many ways A hole ispoked in each felt bead with a thick darning needle. Pliers may be needed to pull the needle right through - then to thread them on to a metal choker or ribbon. To prevent the felt beads moving out of line, the stitching to attach the sequins and seed beads can be done with one continuous thread. Table (2) A Model for Utilizing Wet Felting for Producing a Beads Necklace - Put some very warm water and a squirt of washing up soap into a bowl. - Roll up one of the tufts, quite tightly, as shown Place the rolled up tuft at right angles on to the bottom of the other tuft as shown. - Roll them up together, quite tightly, starting at the bottom, until you have a rough ball shape. 3 - Holding the ball firmly, dip it into the soapy water for a few seconds. - Still holding the ball firmly between your fingers, turn your palm upwards and squirt a tiny amount of washing up soap into your palm. 106

- The photo on the left shows the ball about halfway to becoming a

give so that you can poke a hole through it.

4 Table (3) Dress Accessories: PacticalExperiementation (Necklaces)

combed wool, pink beads of different sizes.

anthropomorphism Natural dyed combed wool, beads of different colors

4 - The photo on the left shows the ball about halfway to becoming a bead. - The finished bead should be very firm but with just a little give so that you can poke a hole through it. This bracelet was made from plain, round felt beads and glass beads. 4 Table (3) Dress Accessories: PacticalExperiementation (Necklaces) Necklace(2) Flat wet felting Naturaldyed combed wool, blue beads of different size. Grades of blue, yellow Necklace(1) Flat wet felting Naturaldyed combed wool, pink beads of different sizes. Grades of pink, light grey Necklace(4) Flat wet felting, Twirling anthropomorphism Natural dyed combed wool, beads of different colors and sizes, zips Orange, grades of red Necklace(3) Flat wet felting, snipping in cloth Natural dyed combed wool, beads of different colors and sizes, zips. Yellow, brown, orange 107

Necklace(6) Flat wet felting Natural dyed combed wool fibers colored synthetic

Flat wet felting Naturaldyed combed woolfibers, colored synthetic fibers,- beads of

Naturaldyed combed woolfibers,, beads of different colors and sizes, frames.

Necklace(7) Anthropomorphicwet felting Naturaldyed combed woolfibers, colored

Dyed combed natural wool fibers, colored synthetic fibers, metal yarns Blue, grey,

5 Necklace(6) Flat wet felting Natural dyed combed wool fibers colored synthetic fibers, beads of different colors and sizes Brown, yellow, grades of blue Necklace(5) Flat wet felting Naturaldyed combed woolfibers, colored synthetic fibers,- beads of different colors and sizes Sky blue, orange, green Necklace(8) wet feltingwet felting Naturaldyed combed woolfibers,, beads of different colors and sizes, frames. Blue, grey, brown, yellow, grades of green, beige. Necklace(7) Anthropomorphicwet felting Naturaldyed combed woolfibers, colored synthetic fibers, metal yarns Yellow, brown, blue, grey, grades of orange, beige, golden. Necklace(10) Flat wet felting, pasting, needle embroidery, anthropomorphized wire Dyed combed natural wool fibers, colored synthetic fibers, metal yarns Blue, grey, brown, yellow, grades of green, orange, beige, golden. Necklace(9) anthropomorphic wet felting, Felted balls Dyed combed natural wool fibers, beads of different colors and sizes. Yellow, brown, blue, grey, grades of orange. 108

Necklace (12) Necklace (11) Flat Wet Felting, Embroidery, snipping, anthropomorphized wire

Wet Felting Dyed combed natural wool Fibers, beads of different colors and sizes Grades of

Grades of blue, yellow, orange, beige Flat Wet Felting Dyed combed natural wool fibers,

Experimentation Assessment The necklaces were juried by (15) specialized educational art

6 Necklace (12) Necklace (11) Flat Wet Felting, Embroidery, snipping, anthropomorphized wire Dyed combed natural wool fibers, beads of different colors and sizes Grades of violet Flat Wet Felting Dyed combed natural wool Fibers, beads of different colors and sizes Grades of pink and white Necklace(14) Necklace(13) Flat Wet Felting Dyed combed natural wool fibers Grades of blue, yellow, orange, beige Flat Wet Felting Dyed combed natural wool fibers, colored synthetic fibers, metal yarns Yellow, grades of orange, beige, golden Experimentation Assessment The necklaces were juried by (15) specialized educational art jurors to evaluate according to 16 items contain (Design Skill-Weaving Skill- Skill of finishing) shown in table (4). 109

7 Table (4) Final Version of the Creative Felting- based Dress Accessories Evaluation of specialized educational art jurors. Checklist Skill Items Design Skill 1- The idea of necklace is a new and innovative. 2. The subject of creative design is unique. 3- Integration and synthesis of the same or different type elements. 4. Diversity of lines (straight -curved - refractor) for high lighting elements and enriches their details. 5. Placing spaces inside the drawing for enriching the fictional idea 6. Diversity in tactile and their emphasis on the details of the new and creative shapes. Weaving Skill (Wool Felting) Skill of finishing and producing a Handicraft 7. Diversity of colors. 1- Formation using natural wool and preparation materials. 2- The availability of formative treatments, which describes some of the elements. 3- Synthesizing yarns with natural wool fibers in a creative and advanced technical way. 4-. Utilizing wet felting technique in forming creative handicrafts of yarns and fibers. 5 Verification and diversity of tactile 6 A achieving diversity in color of used fibers and materials to suit the design 1- A Handicraft can be used as an acessory1-2- Precision and quality in the implementation of a handicraft. 3- Finding new solutions for implementing and finishing a handicraft 4- A handicraft finishing quality and accuracy 3. Results, Discussion and Conclusions: Hypothesis (1): There are statistically significant differences between creative necklaces in achieving elements of summative evaluation according to the jurors' views. To investigate the first hypothesis analysis of variance of the mean scores for necklaces summative evaluation according to jurors' views as reported in Table 5. Table 5: Analysis of variance of the mean grades necklaces in achieving aspects of the summative evaluation according to the juror's views. Statistical treatments using were performed using statistical program SPSS (21). Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups Within Groups Total The results of the previous table show that the value of (P) was (7.572) which is statistically significant value at the level (0.01). This indicates the existence of differences between the necklaces on the summative evaluation (Elgendy, 2008). The researcher calculates means and standard deviations and coefficient of quality. Table (5) reports results: 110

Table (6) Means and standard deviations and coefficient of total quality in achieving aspects of summative evaluation A Necklace Mean Std. Deviation Quality Labs A Necklace (1) 70.24 2.56 93.

8 Table (6) Means and standard deviations and coefficient of total quality in achieving aspects of summative evaluation A Necklace Mean Std. Deviation Quality Labs A Necklace (1) A Necklace (2) A Necklace (3) A Necklace (4) A Necklace (5) A Necklace (6) A Necklace (7) A Necklace (8) A Necklace (9) A Necklace( 10) A Necklace (11) A Necklace (12) A Necklace (13) A Necklace (14) Figure 1: The mean scores of necklaces the summative evaluation in achieving elements of quality according to the jurors' views Table (6) and Figure (1) show that: Quality correlations of necklaces executed ranged from (82.27) lower quality coefficient of busy number (12) and between (94.27) Top quality coefficient of busy number (9). Hypothesis(2): There are statistically significant differences between the creative necklaces evaluation dimensions according to the jurors'views. To investigate this hypothesis has been analysis of variance to assess the mean score of necklaces evaluation dimensions calculated according to jurors' views as reported in Table (6). Table 7: analysis of variance to assess the mean score of necklaces evaluation dimensions according to the jurors' views Sum of Squares Df Mean Square F Sig. Between Groups Within Groups Total

The results of table (7) indicate that the value of (P) was (106.124), a statistically significant value at the level (0.

9 The results of table (7) indicate that the value of (P) was ( ), a statistically significant value at the level (0.01), which indicates the existence of differences between the necklaces evaluation dimensions in achieving aspects of summative evaluation according to the jurors' opinions. The researcher calculates means and standard deviations and the correlation coefficient of total quality as reported in table(7). Table 8: means and standard deviations and coefficient of total quality in achieving aspects of the evaluation (as a whole) Dimensions Mean Std. Deviation Quality Coeffcient design skill weaving skill finishing skill Figure (2) Total Quality Correlation Coefficient for the Necklace Mean Evaluation Scores Table (8) and Figure (2) show that: overall quality correlations for evaluating necklaces executed ranged from (88.50) lower quality coefficient was given to the design skill and the highest coefficient (96.98) was to the dimension of weaving skill. Reference 1. Shaker, Amany M. (2012) "Innovatinting A New Weaving Technique based on Modern Synthetic to be Utilized in Vield Women's Acessories" Magazine of Facultu of Formative Arts, Dimetta University. 2. Braaten, Ann W. (2005). "Wool". In Steele, Valerie. Encyclopedia of Clothing and Fashion. 3. Elgendy, H (2014). Statistics and Computer: IBM SPSS Statistics applications V21 Anglo- Egyptian Library, Cairo, 1 st edition. 4. Mona Maher Wady 2006 Investigations an developments on Aesthetic properties of nonwoven fabrics in terms of their technological analysis, Kyoto Institute Of Technology, Shibayama Kiyoshi. 5. Müller, W. W.; Saathoff, F. (2015). "Geosynthetics in Geoenvironmental Engineering". Science and Technology of Advanced. 16 (3): Cumming, Valerie; Cunnington, C. W.; Cunnington, P. E. (15 November 2010). The Dictionary of Fashion History. 12/18/

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