Information Technology (IT) in Public Administration-2. Prof. Dr. Doğan Nadi Leblebici

Transcription

1 Information Technology (IT) in Public Administration-2 Prof. Dr. Doğan Nadi Leblebici 1

2 Ottoman Empire started to be interested in the technology developed in the west at the beginning of 15th Century. Basic determinant of this interest was political and military relations of ottoman Empire with its neighbor countries. Ottoman Empire was realizing that European states were prevailing in scientific and technological developments. First technology transfer from Europe to Ottoman Empire was in the military fields such as firearms and mines used in military field. Another development was migration of a Jewish population as a result of religious pressure in Spain on Jewish population. There were highly qualified artisans or crafters, and scientists among these migrants. They eased and contributed scientific and technological knowledge of the west to the Empire. 2

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5 At the same time, Ottoman Empire employed experts called as «Taife-i Efrenciyan» who visited Europe and collected information about new scientific and technological developments, especially in military fields, to submit to Sultan. They were helping in technology transfer. They were not need to be Ottoman citizens. Ottoman Empire was selective in technology transfer. It was because Ottoman Empire thought itself superior to European in culture and moral issues. This mistake caused Ottoman Empire not to follow intellectual and scientific developments for a long time. In the 17. Century, Ottoman Empire started to lose its central power against local power elites while European States started to gain central power against local power elites. 5

6 At the same time, Ottoman Empire employed experts called as «Taife-i Efrenciyan» who visited Europe and collected information about new scientific and technological developments, especially in military fields, to submit to Sultan. They were helping in technology transfer. They were not need to be Ottoman citizens. Ottoman Empire was selective in technology transfer. It was because Ottoman Empire thought itself superior to European in culture and moral issues. This mistake caused Ottoman Empire not to follow intellectual and scientific developments for a long time. In the 17. Century, Ottoman Empire started to lose its central power against local power elites while European States started to gain central power against local power elites. 6

7 Strengthened central power of European states increased development of scientific knowledge and technology in a great extend. Economic regression of Ottoman Empire also slowed down technology transfer and production of technology. By the Crimean War in between 1854 and 1856, economic conditions of Ottoman Empire become worst and the Empire put its industrialization desires and efforts away. In this period, telegram was started to be used and become a widespread communication tool. Also railways become main transportation mean at the same period. Thus, central government again started to gain power against local administrations. 7

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9 Chronology of Technological Development in Turkey and The Purpose Behind: : Use of telegraph - for connecting empire to capitalist markets and thus creating a semicolonized state, - for connecting capital city to other cities in administrative sense, - For connecting commercial centers and harbors to European market ad thus creating a colonized state. 9

10 Chronology of Technological Development in Turkey and The Purpose Behind: : Use of telegraph in Independence War - Existing telegraph system center in İstanbul was transported to Ankara and used during the war. - Telecommunication system was nationalized. - Central government and local units was strongly connected to each other by telecommunication. 10

11 Chronology of Technological Development in Turkey and The Purpose Behind: : Use of telegraph, radio and telephone - Telephone line infrastructure was established and telecommunication infrastructure was redesigned according to administrative structure. - Radio has been used as a media for political communication. - Telecommunication policies were relatively independent but technology was still dependent. 11

12 Chronology of Technological Development in Turkey and The Purpose Behind: : Use of telegraph, radio and telephone - Economic liberalization policies was started to to be impelemented. - Telecommunication was the monopoly of government and all services were provided by government. - Economic modernization was increased as a result of integration with global capitalist system. - Technology and information policies become more dependent. 12

13 Chronology of Technological Development in Turkey and The Purpose Behind: : Use of telegraph, telephone, radio and television - Central economic planning efforts and welfare state policies emerged. - Telecommunication technology was started to be produced. - Dependency on technology and information continued. 13

14 Chronology of Technological Development in Turkey and The Purpose Behind: : Use of telephone, radio, television, internet and mobile phones. - Deregulation in economy become dominant. Public monopoly on telecommunication services was broken. Private radios and televisions were established. - Turkey has met with new communication channels as a result of internet and mobile phone technology. 14

15 Chronology of Technological Development in Turkey and The Purpose Behind: : Widespread use of telephone, radio, television, internet and mobile phones, and smart phone technology. - Turkey has met with e-government applications. E-Government portal was established and started to serve. - IT technology was started to be used widespreadly in every field of economic and social life such as commerce, education, and defence. 15

16 Technology has certain political projections in the World and in Turkey. On the one hand, it becomes a mean for control of central government over local units. On the other hand, it becomes a mean for breaking the control of central government over local units. For example, Sultan Abdulhamit II established a telegraph system in Yıldız palace to control local administrator directly. However, telegraph system had become an influential factor in 1908 rebellion against Sultan Abdulhamit II, too. 16

17 During the Independence War of Turkey, telegraph which was brought to create colonized society through a strict control was used to win the war. In the same way, it was used for economic development and administrative communication. Radio was used as a mean of political communication. Telecommunication technologies were used for economic development, social integration and for other purposes. Although certain degree of dependency continued, it can be said that dependency is gradually decrease in telecommunication area. 17