CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW

Transcription

1 CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW A. Definition of Tourism Every people have a different definition about tourism. The meaning or definition of tourism is very large. There are many experts also defining the meaning of tourism, for example Yoeti states that, In bahasa Indonesia tourism means pariwisata. Pariwisata is made from two words, pari and wisata. In English, Pari can be defined as many or go around. Meanwhile wisata, has a meaning travel, trip, or journey. So that Pariwisata can be defined as a travel or a journey that is doing so many times from the one place to another place. In English it is usually called a Tour. (Yoeti, 1996:112) According to James J. Spillane (1982:15) Tourism is a touring that has a purpose to get an enjoyment, to find a satisfaction, to know something, repair healthiness, enjoy the exercise and rest, do the task, and pilgrimage. Koen Meyers (2009:15) states that tourism is a touring which is done for temporary from the residence to the destination place and the reason is not to settled or to earn money but just for having a good time, to fulfill the curiosity, spend the leisure time or spend the off day and also another purposes. Suwantoro (1997:15) says that Tourism is a person s temporary journey process to another place outside their residence for a reason and not to do anything that can get money. For the several definitions above, we can conclude that tourism is a temporary journey which is done by someone from their residence to another place and absolutely they are not to stay forever but the purposes are to spend their free time, to know something new, to get satisfaction and also to refresh their mind. 4

2 B. Management Management is something that important in this life. Management has a big role to manage anything. The purpose of management is to manage or to organize something that is not arranged well. Management can also function to create a plan so that the plan becomes more structured well. Actually, there are several definitions about management. One of them is from The dictionary defines that management is an act or skill of controlling and making decisions about a business, department, sports team, and etc. Another one is definition of Management from Oey Liang Lee dalam Hasibuan (2007: 3). He states that management is an art and knowledge of plan organizing, preparation, direction and control of the human resources to achieve the set of goals. According to Shafritz and Russel in Yeremias (2004: 92) management is related with person that has a responsibility to drive an organization, and the process to drive the organization is using resources (such as people and machines) to reach the organizational goals. Thus, from the several definitions above, we can conclude that management is a process of managing that have been done by the resource, through the steps to reach the goal or the organization development. this case, if we pair the management and the tourism became the tourism management, it can be defined as reactions that is done to develop the tourism sector through using the human resources and the other resources, for example we can use the ideas and technology to help and improve tourism management C. Culture Definitely, there are so many cultures in every region. Every region also has a different culture. Culture is very important thing for every place. As I have said before, Culture can be an identity for a place. It can concern about customs, human lifestyle and art. There are so many experts also stated the definition of culture, for example A.L Kroeber and Clyde Cluck hohn in their 5

3 book Culture: A Critical Review of Concepts and Definition (1952), says that culture is a whole behavior patterns, either explicitly or implicitly, which gained and passed down through symbols, and eventually able to form something that is typical of human groups, including manifestations in material object. Koentjaraningrat (1996:72) defines that culture as a whole system of ideas, action, and masterpiece of human in the context of social life belongs to human beings that serve as learning. In addition, according to a website of Oxford dictionaries culture is the ideas, customs, and social behavior of a particular people or society. From those definitions, we can conclude that culture is a behavior that related to customs, lifestyle, art, law, knowledge, belief, and morals which applied by people and performed hereditarily to become a certain decision in the society and to be an absolute thing until now. D. Cultural Tourism Cultural tourism is one of several kinds of tourism. Culture is something that important in every single place. Places which have a strong culture can attract the tourist to visit that place. Automatically, it can increase the place s income. The following are some definitions of cultural tourism from some experts. According to Darmardjati (2001:31) cultural tourism is a movement or a tourism activity that is excited by tourist attractions in the form of local culture, for example: custom and tradition, religious ritual, society way of life, historical inheritance, art, vernacular craft, etc. According to Stebbin (1996:948) cultural tourism is a genre of special interest tourism based on the search for and participation in new and deep cultural experiences, whether aesthetic, intellectual, emotional, or psychological. 6

4 From several definitions above, we can conclude that cultural tourism is the movement of person to the place that has a cultural attraction, like museum or historical site to get new information and experiences. E. Globalization Today, the progress of time drove very fast. There are so many things that changed. The era is called Globalization. Globalization is something that related with time and era. Globalization is a situation of an era that has very fast advancement. Globalization can take effect in all of things. All the things can be changed and adjust with the globalization era. There are many definitions of globalization. For example, the definition of Cambridge dictionary ( that globalization is a situation in which available goods and services, or social and cultural influences, gradually become similar in all parts of the world. Stiglitz (2003) defines that globalization is the process of economic integration of countries, through the increasing flow of goods, services, capital and labor. From those two definitions above, we can conclude that globalization is process, action, and situation that can influence something, for example goods, services, social and cultural, economic, and technology became easier, simpler, and faster and have an increase progress. F. Tourism Management Tourism management is a combination between tourism and management and it creates a meaning. The meaning of tourism management is actions of planning, organizing, and controlling to determine and reach the goals that have been determined through the human resources and other resources in the field of tourism. Tourism management is very useful to introduce, develop and explore the tourism places in every city. Besides that, tourism management can help a 7

5 tourism or attractive place to make a promotion planning. The purpose of promotion planning is to attract the visitors. Therefore, if many visitors come or visit, of course it can increase their income. 8