PRACTICAL GUIDE TO USING CAUSAL LAYERED ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE FUTURES STUDIES

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1 PRACTICAL GUIDE TO USING CAUSAL LAYERED ANALYSIS IN QUALITATIVE FUTURES STUDIES Futures Studies Tackling Wicked Problems Conference 11 June 2015 Matti Minkkinen Petri Tapio

2 Reminder: the layers of CLA Litany Visible aspects System / social causes Worldview / discourse Myth / metaphor Hidden/embedded aspects

3 Starting points and aims Applying CLA to data analysis CLA is a powerful method but it can be difficult to approach Practical guides: De Simone (2004), Dzidic & Bishop (2015) CLA has many common points with qualitative social science methods Aim: map commonalities to make CLA more approachable and to find out how methods can complement each other

4 Overview of qualitative data analysis methods (Madill & Gough 2008) Discursive e.g. discourse analysis, semiotic analysis Instrumental e.g. action research Thematic e.g. grounded theory, thematic analysis Structured e.g. content analysis What is the position of CLA?

5 Process of qualitative data analysis Thematic analysis (Braun & Clarke 2006) 1. Familiarise yourself with material 2. Generate initial codes 3. Search for themes 4. Review themes 5. Define and name themes 6. Produce the report Inductive content analysis (Elo & Kyngäs 2008) 1. Select unit of analysis, make sense of data 2. Open coding 3. Coding sheets 4. Grouping 5. Categorisation 6. Abstraction 7. Model

6 Qualitative research concepts and CLA counterparts (based on Graneheim & Lundman 2004; Elo & Kyngäs 2008) Concept Definition CLA counterpart Manifest / latent content Meaning unit Condensed meaning unit What the text says / what the text talks about Words, sentences or paragraphs related to each other through content and context Shortened meaning unit without altering the meaning Litany / other layers Litany Code Label of a condensed meaning unit (Tool for CLA) Abstracting Category Describing and interpreting on a higher logical level Group of manifest content that shares a commonality Vertical movement downwards Horizontal dimension: alternative futures Theme Thread of underlying meaning Content on CLA layers - System - Worldview - Myth Conceptual model Condensed description of phenomenon CLA table

7 Using CLA in qualitative data analysis Familiarise yourself with material Condense material litany Generate initial codes Interpret codes and find themes layers Categorising: find horizontal alternatives Images of the future

Example (Forbes: Privacy Is Completely And Utterly Dead, And We Killed It, 19 August 2014) Codes Litany Shared lifestyle Information overload Privacy as possession (discourse) Value-action gap

8 Example (Forbes: Privacy Is Completely And Utterly Dead, And We Killed It, 19 August 2014) Codes Litany Shared lifestyle Information overload Privacy as possession (discourse) Value-action gap (system) Inevitable process (system) Most of us use Facebook, have iphones, use Twitter, search on Google, and use the hundreds of other tools and platforms that companies have so graciously given us access to. We subscribe to newsletters, buy things online, take quizzes, allow our apps to access third party websites, enter contests, and register for conferences. Simply loading a webpage of any kind tracks some kind of information about you. All of these companies have terms and conditions documents that pretty much none of us read. In effect everyone that uses these technologies has signed away their privacy yet we still see people saying that they want more privacy. What gives? I think we ve clearly reached a point in today s world where privacy is pretty much a lost cause. Our information is already out there and regardless of how hard we scream that we want it back or want it to be secure, it s not going to happen ever. If anything we are seeing a shift towards more openness, more transparency, and less privacy. Condensed meaning units ICTs and social media as ubiquitous in everyday life We have voluntarily given away our privacy, and it cannot be retrieved Privacy as opposite of openness (discourse) System: Lifestyle needs ICTs, which need information which decreases privacy Worldview: Privacy as opposite of openness, shared global lifestyle Myth: Privacy as a sacrificial offering

9 Conclusion: CLA and qualitative research Conceptual and coding tools Qualitative research CLA Future orientation: reframing and transformation

10 References Alvesson, M. & Sköldberg, K. (2009), Reflexive Methodology: New Vistas for Qualitative Research, SAGE, Los Angeles (Calif.). Braun, V. & Clarke, V. (2006), 'Using thematic analysis in psychology', Qualitative Research in Psychology 3(2), Dzidic, P. L. & Bishop, B. J. (2015), Applying Causal Layered Analysis in Substantive Psychology, in Sohail Inayatullah & Ivana Milojević, eds., CLA 2.0: Transformative Research in Theory and Practice, Tamkang University Press, Tamsui. Elo, S. & Kyngäs, H. (2008), 'The qualitative content analysis process', Journal of advanced nursing 62(1), Graneheim, U. & Lundman, B. (2004), 'Qualitative content analysis in nursing research: concepts, procedures and measures to achieve trustworthiness', Nurse Education Today 24(2), De Simone, S. (2004), Causal Layered Analysis: A cookbook approach, in Inayatullah, S., ed. (2004), The Causal Layered Analysis (CLA) Reader: Theory and Case Studies of an Integrative and Transformative Methodology, Tamkang University Press, Tamsui.

Deconstructing contemporary survivalism as futures knowledge

Deconstructing contemporary survivalism as futures knowledge Marjukka Parkkinen Finland Futures Research Centre, University of Turku, Finland marjukka.parkkinen@utu.fi Futures of a Complex World 12.6.2017