Information Science in International Perspective
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1 Information Science in International Perspective Peter Ingwersen Royal School of Library and Information Science Copenhagen Denmark
2 Table of Contents Emergence > 1958 Alliances & Identity Crisis Turning point Scope Research areas Information conceptions for IS Information acquisition in context Professor Peter Ingwersen 2
3 Scope for Information Science FACILITATING the EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION of DESIRED INFORMATION between HUMAN GENERATOR and HUMAN USER Belkin, 1978 Professor Peter Ingwersen 3
4 EMERGENCE 1958 Institute of Information Scientists, 1958 LABORATORY scientists (Chem., Math., Med.) INFORMATION scientists Management and Retrieval of SCIENTIFIC & TECHNICAL information Impact of IT SCIENTIFIC COMMUNICATION Professor Peter Ingwersen 4
5 Scientific Communication Lotka: : Scientific PRODUCTIVITY Zipf: : TERM FREQUENCY constants in texts 1932 leading to automatic indexing Bradford: Bibliographic distribution Always skewed distributions! Bibliographic distribution 1934 INFORMETRICS - BIBLIOMETRICS SCIENTOMETRICS WEBOMETRICS (Network analyses: Citations & Links) Derek De Solla Price - Eugene Garfield - Ranganathan( ) Librarianship: : 5 laws - Documentation: : 5 FACETS (EPMST) Bliss: : Organisation of knowledge Professor Peter Ingwersen 5
6 Bradford s Law, graphic version Cumulated articles Antal artikler kumuleret "Microgravity" No. of journals (log) Antal tidskrifter (log) Professor Peter Ingwersen 6
7 Alliances * Identity * Exageration Identity Crisis: Information Science: Discipline or disappearance (Goffman( Goffman,, 1970) Information Science: Search for identity (Debons( Debons,, 1974) The Fundamental Problem of Information Science (Brookes, 1975) Information: One label, several bottles (Fairthorne( Fairthorne,, 1975) Towards a True Information Science (Farradane( Farradane,, 1976) Library Science/Librarianship (Shera( Shera) vs. Information Science (Kochen) Alliances: Communication Theory vs. Computer Science./ Informatics Exageration: Informatology (Debons,, ) Popper s s 3. World (Brookes, ) Professor Peter Ingwersen 7
8 The Circle of Systemic/Social Contexts in Information Science actor as centre IR Interactio n Info. Objects Org. Social Interaction Interface Cognitive Actor(s) (team) Social Context IT pull IT Cultural Communication or Soc. Sc. pull Professor Peter Ingwersen 8
9 The TURNING POINT The NEW GENERATION fostered by old PIONEERs: Wersig - Neveling,, 1975 Belkin - Robertson, 1976, et al. The SCOPE of Information Science: FACILITATING the EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION of DESIRED INFORMATION between HUMAN GENERATOR and HUMAN USER Belkin, 1978 Professor Peter Ingwersen 9
10 Five CORE STUDY AREAS: Information in human, cognitive communication systems The idea of desired information The effectiveness of information & information transfer The relationship between information and generator The relationship between information & user Professor Peter Ingwersen 10
11 LIS sub-disciplines Information Retrieval research Interactive IR mainstream Lab. IR IR Evaluation methods experimental scenarios Performance & Utility measures Knowledge organization & Information architecture indexing, representation, ontology Information (Seeking) Behavioral studies Informetrics/Bibliometrics Scientometrics - Webometrics (Digital) Library Research Information Service Development Knowledge Management Role of Information / Knowledge in Society Professor Peter Ingwersen 11
12 Discussion and questions How do you regard IS? as a IT-driven computer science-related field, a social science field, a communication science-associated discipline, or something different seen in European-Anglo Anglo-American American perspective? Professor Peter Ingwersen 12
13 Some Central LIS Concepts Information & Knowledge Information need: formation & development Anomaleous State of Knowledge: ASK Work Tasks / Daily-life life tasks & interests Search Tasks (seeking/search strategies; tactics) Information Sources: Information Objects Documents - People Interaction Communication Context Relevance Professor Peter Ingwersen 13
14 Some recent developments The i-school construction (US( & beyond) Increased integration between disciplines Changed R&D; publication patterns, e.g. Laboratory IR in conference papers, i.e. less visibility in journals (WoS( >>> maps) Increased R&D: Web; media & archival/dl (IT-drive?) Difficulty for CoLIS; ; ISIC (ASIST) to attract many and good submissions Professor Peter Ingwersen 14
15 White & McCain, JASIS, 1998 Professor Peter Ingwersen 15
16 White & McCain, JASIS, 1998 MAP: Professor Peter Ingwersen 16
17 authors; 2542 LIS articles (=White/McCain, 1998). Persson, 2008 Professor Peter Ingwersen 17
18 Citation Impact 2007 (-08)( Denmark Finland Norway Sweden World Professor Peter Ingwersen
19 Simplistic general model of cognitive Information Seeking & (I)IR (Puzzle Model) Information objects Org. Interface Cognitive Actor(s) (team) Social Context IT: Engines Logics Algorithms Cultural Professor Peter Ingwersen 19
20 Information Concepts - 1 Information is Contents of Texts,, i.e word representation, index terms (Salton, 1968) generator s s meaning: information ~ meaning Information Measure,, i.e., probability of reception of signs in a message (Shannon, 49) generator s s signs (not meaning) ~ information Information: the Meaning of a message and Reduction of uncertainty (Artandi Artandi,, 73) Professor Peter Ingwersen 20
21 Information Concepts - 2 Information associated with human perception: Reduction of Uncertainty (Wersig Wersig,, ) 73) Problematic Situation State of Uncertainty Knowledge Structures (Brookes, 1978,80; Belkin, 78) Brookes Equation,, effects on an individual s s knowledge state Professor Peter Ingwersen 21
22 Information Concepts - 3 Buckland s tripartite ontology (1990): Information as THING - PROCESS - KNOWLEDGE Data - Getting informed - Informed Sign - Interpretation - Know Potential - Perception/Interpretation - Cognition Professor Peter Ingwersen 22
23 The Consolidated Information Concept The cognitive view: perception in context Two conditions must be satisfied: Information is the result of a transformation of generator s knowledge structures - by Intentionality, model of recipients states of knowledge, and in form of signs which when perceived, affects and transforms the recipient s s state of knowledge (Ingwersen, 1992) Information (equals or) goes beyond meaning Professor Peter Ingwersen 23
24 A Central Question Does information have to be NEW? Professor Peter Ingwersen 24
25 Creativity & daily-life life information acquistion Idea (presuppositions) Hypothesis / Prediction (intention/action) Test (sensory data interpretation) Falsification / Verification Information Cognition (context) Knowledge Theory.. Professor Peter Ingwersen 25
26 Model of (scientific) information acquisition from Sensory Data from nature (The Turn, (The Turn, p. 273) Remember Tycho Brahe s data set and Keppler s (& Copernicus ) use of it to falsify the pre-newton geo-centric perception of the universe! Org. Natural Objects & Phenomena 3/4 Technology 2 Scholar(s) 1 Social Context -Cognitive transformation over time -Social interaction over time -Instances ofinteractionof scientific inquiry 8 Cultural Professor Peter Ingwersen 26
27 Creativity & scientific information acquistion Theory Model Idea (presuppositions) Hypothesis / Prediction (intention) Test (data interpretation) Falsification / Verification Information Cognition Knowledge Theory.. Cognition (in context) Professor Peter Ingwersen 27
28 Thank You! Professor Peter Ingwersen 28
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