THE TECHNICAL ADVISOR TO THE SUBSEA INDUSTRY

Transcription

1 THE TECHNICAL ADVISOR TO THE SUBSEA INDUSTRY

2 02 DNV GL ACHIEVING THE POTENTIAL OF THE SUBSEA SECTOR Subsea facilities are playing an increasingly important role in the creation of cost-eficient ield developments. As a means to tackle both new and existing exploration and production challenges, today s oil and gas projects commonly involve a subsea concept. Buoyed by developments in technology and technical expertise, subsea concepts have become a safe, mature and increasingly cost-effective option for operators looking to access both existing and new resources. However, for the sector to achieve its full potential, costs, quality and technical demands need to be addressed. The leading technical advisor Backed by 150 years of experience and a global team of oil and gas experts, DNV GL works together with operators, suppliers, governments and industry associations as an independent service provider. Our heritage in offshore spans more than 50 years, offering assurance and advisory services for a range of systems and components. Whether subsea systems and components are destined for installation in shallow or deep waters, our expertise covers all phases of the asset lifecycle. Our in-depth knowledge includes that of Xmas trees and wellheads; manifolds and connection systems; risers, lowlines, umbilicals and power cables; subsea processing systems; power and transmission systems; and drilling, well and workover systems.

3 The technical advisor to the subsea industry 03 An innovation powerhouse DNV GL invests 5% of annual revenue in R&D. Supported by 18 laboratories and R&D centres around the world, our technical specialists provide technology qualiication, testing and failure investigation globally. Our goal is to enhance the industry s competence level and to contribute to more cost-eficient and safer subsea solutions. Through a series of joint industry projects (JIPs), we establish a meeting arena for leading industry players to address and ind solutions to complex technical challenges that will bring the industry forward. The results are shared through openly accessible standards and recommended practices that set the benchmark in the oil and gas industry. These include the recently launched standard for product certiication of subsea equipment and components (DNVGL-ST-0035), the new recommended practice (RP) for integrity management of subsea production systems (DNVGL-RP-0002) and the industry s most widely adopted recommended practice for qualifying new technology (DNV-RP-A203). Feasibility & concept selection Design Manufacturing Installation & commissioning Operation & maintenance Decommissioning SERVICES Technology qualiication Requaliication Veriication Product certiication Quality surveillance and inspection Noble Denton marine services Noble Denton marine services Integrity management Life extension Failure investigation and lab testing Risk management advisory Flow assurance and sand management Software Subsea systems - managing risk across the asset lifecycle

4 04 DNV GL SERVICES FOR CONCEPT SELECTION Production and processing requirements, new technologies and high risk environments are prominent factors when evaluating concepts for subsea newbuild projects. A proitable project may face disappointments in delivery and operation, unless the unexpected has been considered and quantiied. During the project strategy, feasibility and concept selection phase, we enable customers to evaluate the viability of alternative concepts, addressing key factors, such as technical risk, existing infrastructure, cost and projected revenue. Risk management advisory DNV GL s enterprise, safety, environmental and asset risk management services help customers to ensure safe, reliable and enhanced performance from the very inception of a subsea project. Backed by advanced risk-management software tools, we provide quantitative and qualitative safety studies; barrier management; environmental impact and risk assessments; and reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) analysis. Our FMECA and HAZID services, in which we combine experienced facilitators with domain experts, enable subsea operators to predict and mitigate risk by providing targeted performance forecasting. Our asset

5 The technical advisor to the subsea industry 05 benchmarking services help customers to meet their design goals effectively without compromising safety and environmental requirements, while our project risk management services give operators the guidance and conidence they need to make the right investments in new oil and gas projects. Technical advisory We offer a wide range of technical advisory services within the early phase of a subsea ield development, helping customers to predict and overcome technical hurdles as they move from concept selection, through design to realization of a project. These services typically include: Concept evaluation Value chain assessment Regulatory studies Material selection Flow assurance and sand management Leak detection strategy and selection Technical assurance We provide veriication services to customers during the feasibility and concept stage, as well as in the design, manufacturing, and installation and commissioning phases. Using the results from our technical advisory analyses, our transparent approach to veriication helps to reduce and manage risk, and to ensure a successful project outcome. Projects are developed in accordance with customers objectives, legislative requirements and industry standards. Technology qualiication Supported by technical knowledge, our systematic risk-based technology qualiication process supports companies seeking to introduce or develop new products or solutions. Our experience is backed by our industry-recognized recommended practice (RP) for the qualiication of new technology (DNV-RP-A203), as well as our testing and failure investigation capabilities. Since publishing the RP in 2001, we have been involved in qualifying more than a thousand different technologies. Our service has been designed to manage the technical, scheduling and commercial risks associated with qualifying technologies. This helps to give our customers conidence that their chosen technology will work safely and reliably in light of their speciic technical or regulatory needs.

6 06 DNV GL SERVICES FOR DESIGN AND EXECUTION Complex projects destined for challenging conditions require support during the design, construction, installation and commissioning phases, if companies are to have conidence in the safety and reliability of their future developments. Risk-based veriication services Guided by our veriication methodology (DNV-OSS-300), our specialists verify that subsea facilities have been designed, constructed and installed in accordance with project and regulatory objectives. Typically, this involves a combination of document review(s); simpliied or advanced independent analyses; audits, inspections and quality control; and witnessing tests during the design, fabrication and/or installation phase of a new project. Product certiication Product certiication and compliance is vital to prove product quality, and is often a requirement to operate in the subsea sector. We provide technical support, design reviews, fabrication and testing surveys and, where required, the relevant certiicates and reports. Our worldwide network of technical resources, located close to designers, manufacturers and fabricators, ensures eficient and cost-effective support. We have recently issued the industry s irst certiication scheme (DNVGL-SE-0045) and standard (DNVGL-ST-0035) for subsea equipment and components to drive eficiency. They have been developed to help the industry to reduce costs without sacriicing quality, innovation or safety, and to shorten lead times. Quality surveillance and inspection services Drawing on our assessments of the inherent risks, we support our customers during the fabrication and installation phase. We provide quality surveillance for subsea systems manufacturing, as well as inspection services and construction supervision for subsea installation and commissioning. Depending on the project s risk level, our attendance varies from an audit-based approach to full on-site team attendances, 24 hours a day. Technical advisory Our subsea ield development and due diligence teams work closely with customers to overcome complex technical challenges and to ensure that operations are safe and it for purpose. These activities include: Subsea, umbilicals, risers and lowlines (SURF): Our dedicated SURF services have evolved from traditional veriication, certiication and advisory services to advanced analyses, enabling our customers to safely and cost-effectively execute new subsea projects regardless of how challenging or remote the environment or geography. Material technology and testing: We help customers to ensure that the right material is selected, speciied, delivered and installed throughout the subsea value chain. From materials selection to failure investigation, our laboratory teams offer deep expertise in the properties, behaviour and failure modes of materials utilized in a subsea environment, ranging from metallic materials to elastomers and thermoplastics. Flow assurance: From the reservoir to the process facility, we provide customers with expertise on multiphase low characteristics. Our competence in the eficient management of sand, a potentially destructive by-product of operating oil and gas production systems, enables customers to safely mitigate the effects of erosion and sand deposition. This covers components and equipment, whether customers are looking to tie new satellite ields in to existing installations or long multiphase pipeline systems. Foundation analyses: DNV GL s experience in geotechnical engineering provides companies with accurate insight into asset foundation integrity (e.g. soil, sand, soft sand, clay, soft clay), allowing them to optimize project development, from early phase studies to detailed design. We provide planning and supervision services for soil investigations, in addition to developing soil design parameters. We also perform detailed analysis and evaluations for subsea structures, covering functional requirements, installation aspects, soil interaction, methods for levelling and settlement stability.

7 The technical advisor to the subsea industry 07 Technical analysis Detailed engineering analysis forms part of all of DNV GL s veriication activities. We use a range of state-of-the-art software to perform relevant technical analysis, including: Geotechnical analysis Flow, multiphase low assurance, erosion Fluid structure interaction Finite element analysis (FEA) Dynamic analysis including fatigue, vortex-induced vibration (VIV), interference Thermal stress analysis Pipe stress analysis Wellhead fatigue analysis, and drilling risers for jack-ups and loating structures Power analysis Noble Denton marine services Our Noble Denton marine services teams have been active in the offshore market for more than half a century, technically auditing the readiness of marine operations, and providing independent and impartial advice for the marine and offshore industries. During the construction and commissioning phases of a project, we support our customers by providing marine warranty services to cover land and ocean loading, lifting, securing, transportation and installation. Our experience working with a wide variety of specialized installation and support vessels enables us to deliver advisory services across subsea construction projects. We also provide extensive guidance to customers on how to execute marine operations in a safe and secure way through our offshore standards, recommended practices and guidelines for marine operations.

8 08 DNV GL SERVICES FOR ASSET OPERATIONS From operation to life extension, decommissioning and abandonment, subsea assets require operators to consider a number of technical factors. Together with the industry, DNV GL has established recommended practices that enable customers to safely and economically operate and optimize subsea assets. Backed by competences gained from joint industry projects and the development of DNV GL codes and standards, our operational phase services cover all types of subsea assets from well systems, through to riser and mooring systems. Our global network of technical specialists assists customers throughout the in-service phase of their assets, helping operators to ensure that sound operational integrity is built into the subsea system. The newly published recommended practice DNVGL-RP-0002 Integrity management of subsea production systems has been developed to provide recommendations for managing the integrity of such systems during its entire lifecycle, from conceptual design to cessation of production and ultimate plug and abandonment. Our services for the operation of subsea assets cover: Integrity management of all activities required for the control and documentation of an asset s integrity during its operational life. We also assist in the rollout and implementation of integrity management systems. Condition assessment for subsea systems and components. This includes re-analysis services, it-for-service assessments of corrosion defects, dents and cracks, analyses of chokes, manifolds and lexible risers, assessments of freespan and global buckling for pipelines, and evaluations of internal and external inspection results. Inspection monitoring, maintenance and test planning, enabling operators to prioritize maintenance activities in light of both estimated failure risk and cost effectiveness. Re-qualiication of subsea assets and/or components in light of lifetime extension, change of use, or following modiications and repairs due to damage. Technical assistance with repairs, mitigations, interventions, selection of inspection tools, decommissioning and training. Failure investigation and laboratory testing, including identifying the cause of degradation/failure, on-site support and recommendations for corrective actions. Flow assurance services, such as erosion analyses, sand management and production optimization. Data management support, covering design/fabrication/installation data, surveys and inspection results, and assessments. This enables operators to collect and organize the data needed for long-term integrity management and daily operation. Regulatory compliance support, including the interpretation of regulations and consultancy during planning and implementation. Risk assessment to support customers in managing safety, environmental and commercial risks. We apply a range of methods including HAZID, HAZOP and QRA in different levels of detail, and the output can be used as a basis for decision-making. Availability and reliability evaluations and re-evaluations of subsea systems to provide operational conidence and maximize system uptime. Dynamic positioning (DP) services, including DP failure mode and effects analyses (FMEA), proving trials, annual DP trials and upgrades. Marine operations and marine surveying services to provide continuity and effective risk management between in-service operation and the various inspections and surveys required during the operations lifecycle.

9 The technical advisor to the subsea industry 09 Life extension As offshore and subsea facilities continue operation beyond their originally intended service lives, a thorough life extension, integrity management and maintenance process becomes crucial. DNV GL assists customers with subsea condition assessment and life extension, and was responsible for developing national standards (including NORSOK Y-002 and U-009) to promote best practice in this area. Re-certiication Guided by its recommended practices, DNV-RP-E101 (Europe) and E102 (US), DNV GL re-certiies blow-out preventers (BOPs) and well-control equipment, verifying for customers that equipment condition and properties are within the speciied acceptance criteria, and speciied recognized codes and standards.

10 10 DNV GL ASSETS IN FOCUS With our depth of expertise and experience, we are well placed to understand the complexities of speciic subsea system components and how they interact. Working with our customers and partners, we develop robust solutions to continuously develop the sector. Subsea systems Our subsea specialists are leading a number of industry initiatives in order to develop greater industry standardization in subsea systems. These include: DNV GL s Certiication scheme for subsea equipment and manufacturing components (DNVGL-SE-0045) Standardization of subsea documentation (joint industry project) Steel forgings for subsea applications (joint industry project) Offshore leak detection (joint industry project) leading to an update of DNV-RP-302 Selection and use of subsea leak detection systems Design of duplex stainless steel subsea equipment exposed to cathodic protection (joint industry project) leading to an update of DNV-RP-F112 Integrity management of subsea production systems (recommended practice DNVGL-RP-0002). Flexible risers Able to withstand both vertical and horizontal movement, lexible risers are a key enabling technology for loating production units, such as FPSOs and semisubmersibles, particularly in harsh environments. However, there remain certain challenges in their operation. DNV GL has been working in close collaboration with key industry players to better understand the complex nature of lexible pipes, and to establish measures to overcome the challenges. Our in-depth knowledge covers such areas as: Fatigue Carcass capacity Polymer viscoelastic behaviour Leak rate Sand erosion Singing risers Composite armour Floating structures The speciics of loating structures directly inluence risers, umbilicals and cables connected to a loating unit. In many cases, the loating unit dictates the type and coniguration of risers and umbilicals for a ield development. DNV GL advises on all types of offshore loating units, and has issued a number of standards and recommended practices dealing with different loating concepts. This knowledge, combined with our ability to accurately model their behaviour in their projected environment, enables us to provide customers with valuable insight when it comes to planning, risk management and performance in any loating production or storage project. Our market share of close to 40% of the world s classed FPSO leet is testament to our experience with loating structures and production units. Drilling and wells We offer a number of services to assist customers in the development of drilling and well systems. These include: Wellhead fatigue and drilling risers for jack-ups and loating rigs Our experts use advanced dynamic and structural reliability analyses to measure fatigue in wellheads, drilling risers and rig systems. In addition, we are running a joint industry project (JIP) on structural well integrity to develop improved methodology for wellhead fatigue calculations and ultimate and accidental structural capacity. Workover, intervention and well control systems DNV GL s network of specialists qualiies new well control systems for workover, intervention and drilling, including managed pressure drilling (MPD). We assist customers by providing veriication services during the building phase, as well as re-certiication of well control systems during the operational phase. Well veriication Our drilling and wells teams undertake audits, integrity assessments of wells and well examination. Typically, this includes well integrity advisory, risk and QRA studies, blowout and kill simulations as well as the qualiication of new solutions for plugging and abandonment (P&A). Power and transmission DNV GL has a worldwide network of technical specialists in on- and offshore power transmission and distribution systems. We operate the world s largest high-voltage and high-power test laboratories in the Netherlands and US, and the world s largest battery test centre in New York. This enables us to offer a variety of services covering power analysis, power system optimization, battery selection and testing, equipment testing, technology qualiication,

11 The technical advisor to the subsea industry 11 veriication, technical advisory and more. Drawing on our extensive experience in subsea power transmission on power cables, as well as connectors and power equipment, we have published the following recommended practices speciically for subsea applications: DNV-RP-F401 Electrical power cables in subsea applications DNV-RP-J301 Subsea power cables in shallow water renewable energy applications DNVGL-RP-0046 Qualiication procedure for offshore high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technologies Carbon management technologies Carbon management technologies enable the oil and gas industry to remain competitive in a carbon-constrained economy, helping to manage the risk of stranded assets. DNV GL s services span the entire value chain of CO 2, from capture, conditioning and compression to transport, storage and enhanced oil recovery. Our inter-disciplinary teams cross the boundaries between upstream, downstream, process engineering, CO 2 transportation and geoscience. We also enable enhanced performance within CO 2 usage for EOR in conventional and unconventional reservoirs, and within CO 2 recycling from high-co 2 content gas ields.

12 12 DNV GL PUTTING OUR EXPERTISE TO THE TEST DNV GL operates 18 laboratories across three continents, offering a broad range of testing services. By combining advanced testing with technical expertise and industry standards we help our customers to apply technology safely, eficiently and cost effectively. Whether we are investigating the failure of inch-long valves, conducting full-scale validation tests to a load of 2,500 tons, or retrieving organisms from the Arctic seabed, we provide global insight and local expertise for safer, smarter and greener operations. Our laboratories span eight dedicated testing disciplines: Environmental services We support customers with environmental data and analysis to improve performance, aid decision-making, and support regulatory compliance. Flow testing and calibration As the transportation and processing of gas and liquids becomes more complex, we support customers with low assurance and processing, and metering and custody transfer testing services to enhance safety and manage costs. Failure investigation We investigate the failures of individual components and complete asset infrastructures to determine the root causes and prevent future occurrences. For this, we leverage more than 50 years laboratory experience. Materials qualiication and testing We help customers to improve safety and technical performance, and reduce risks and costs by enabling a better understanding of material performance. We test materials in simulated service conditions for customized itness for service assessments. We also verify material properties by conducting standardized testing according to recognized speciications or codes. Full-scale testing Seven full-scale test laboratories, and our 3,500-hectare Spadeadam Test site, help to qualify and verify technology through destructive and non-destructive tests in realistic environments. Tests are conducted using state-of-the-art instrumentation and logging equipment.

13 The technical advisor to the subsea industry 13 Shutterstock Veriication and testing of control system software Protecting operations against undesired incidents and non-productive time, DNV GL s Marine Cybernetics services enable functionality testing of control systems and secure their robustness and failure handling capability. Through our proven hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing process, we support our customers with profound insights in the design and functionality of their integrated control systems. Battery and energy storage testing Our standards-based battery testing services support customers in using battery solutions that operate correctly and safely according to speciications. High power and high voltage testing We provide accurate and conidential power and voltage testing to improve asset safety and reliability. Our high power and high voltage testing services support customers with independent testing and certiication of medium and high voltage components used in electrical infrastructures. A BROAD RANGE OF CAPABILITIES Our experts perform more than 50,000 standard mechanical tests per year We investigate 70% of onshore pipeline failures in North America We can cycle full-scale offshore components to fatigue failure facilitating equipment life extension We run the world s largest ire and explosion test site We simulate hydrocarbon single or multiphase low, and calibrate low meters of 1 40 diameter Our facilities mimic all relevant corrosive conditions such as sea water, H2S and CO2 We test power transmission and distribution equipment rated up to 1,200 kilovolts We weigh modules up to 20,000 tonnes We investigate more than 100,000 marine organisms

14 14 DNV GL SMART SOFTWARE SOLUTIONS DNV GL is a world-leading provider of software for operational eficiency and business optimization, enabling operators to secure return on asset investments and manage risks. Our software supports our service delivery by responding to a variety of business critical activities, including design and engineering, asset integrity and performance, and asset simulation and optimization. Sesam DNV GL s Sesam TM software solution is a complete strength assessment system for the engineering of ships, offshore structures and risers based on the inite element methodology. Sesam also provides a tool for progressive collapse and accident analysis of frame type structures, the Usfos module. Sesam for marine operations and SURF/pipelines Sesam Marine can be used during real-time execution of marine operations, including installation of SURF structures. Seeing the operation through realistic computer simulation offers unequalled decision support. Sesam DeepC is a tool for the mooring and riser design of offshore loating structures and incorporates state-of-the-art methods of predicting the global motion response of loating vessels. Synergi for asset integrity management DNV GL s Synergi TM software provides asset integrity solutions for pipelines, offshore structures and equipment. Helica Helica is a robust and eficient tool for cross-section analysis of lexible pipes, umbilicals and cables. The program allows for consistent short- and long-term fatigue life calculations based on stress cycles that account for stick-slip of helical layers in bending. In addition, it enables users to establish capacity curves for entire cross-sections in compliance with applicable design codes. Maros Maros TM relies on the well-established reliability, availability and maintainability (RAM) analysis methodology to predict the performance of subsea systems. The software enables analysts to incorporate their experiences into an advanced RAM model that accurately relects the failure patterns and proposed operating strategy for a speciic subsea asset. That model can then be used to support decision-making processes, ensuring maximum eficiency at minimized cost. ERBEND DNV GL s recommended practice DNV-RP-O501, on erosive wear in piping systems, gives guidelines on the assessment of erosive wear in piping systems associated with the production and transportation of oil and gas, and injection of water and gas into the reservoir. ERBEND was developed as part of the RP to estimate the erosion rates in typical pipe bends. Subsea HIL testing Hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) testing is an eficient and powerful method for testing and verifying control system software, employing sophisticated simulator technology. HIL testing by DNV GL s Marine Cybernetics team, can be performed on control systems for subsea Xmas trees, boosting systems and compressor stations. We also offer subsea control modules (SCM) testing using third party HIL technology prior to deployment to avoid unnecessary risk and downtime due to software errors after installation on the seabed.

15 The technical advisor to the subsea industry 15 INVESTING IN THE INDUSTRY S FUTURE DNV GL s focus on innovation allows us to provide the industry with a neutral ground for companies, regulators and advisory professionals to come together to develop solutions to complex subsea challenges quickly and effectively. We believe that it s important to work together to plan and collaborate for a better future. Working together with our customers, we develop industry-leading standards and best practices that provide solutions to even the most complex projects, while safeguarding life, property and the environment. Our risk-based approach to standard application and projects crosses a variety of disciplines and all phases of the asset lifecycle. We dedicate ive per cent of annual revenue to the research and development (R&D) of new technologies and solutions for our customers, and we have established thousands of initiatives for innovation and technology development. Our 170 sector-leading standards and recommended practices support and promote overall industry safety and growth, while our annual programme of 70 internal technology projects ensures that we remain at the forefront of new developments. Our approach to innovation covers many levels: The long-term perspective: Our Research and Innovation Unit focuses on long-term strategic research programmes to develop new knowledge and competence. We run joint industry projects (JIPs) to develop services, solutions, standards and new recommended practices that add value by solving industry challenges in collaboration with our customers. For example, one current JIP aims to develop and share best practice for subsea integrity management, while others seek to improve offshore leak detection; to ensure the quality of subsea material forgings; to upgrade subsea documentation and to ensure consistent installation analysis of pipelines, risers and cables. Technology development: DNV GL s Technology Leadership Programme is centred on our core technical disciplines, and is driven by our subject matter experts. The objective of the initiative is to maintain and further develop state-of-the-art technology. Recently, this has included a project to investigate the phenomena in hydrodynamics of luid structure vibrations, and to verify the models and theories currently used to perform analyses in this ield. Read more about DNV GL s joint industry projects at: dnvgl.com/oilgas-jips Extraordinary innovation projects: We conduct short-term, intense projects where our teams work full-time on speciic challenges. These extraordinary innovation projects delve into challenging industry issues, combining existing technologies with concepts that can be further matured by the industry. Previous projects have included investigations into subsea cable repair with the aim of developing technology to undertake such repairs remotely and without the need for subsea divers. Joining with the industry: DNV GL s cutting-edge portfolio of services has been developed in collaboration with expert colleagues around the world.

16 16 DNV GL WORLD-CLASS CODES Over the past 40 years, DNV GL has issued a series of internationally recognized codes in partnership with the oil and gas industry. These include services (OSS), technical standards (OS) and recommended practices (RP). DNV GL s speciications, standards and recommended practices help reduce and manage risk. By bridging cutting-edge theory with hands-on experience, our codes enable customers to beneit from our broader view of the subsea industry. DNV GL s offshore service speciications provide principles and procedures of our classiication, certiication, veriication and technical advisory services: DNV-OSS-300 Risk-based veriication DNV-OSS-301 Veriication and certiication of submarine pipelines DNV-OSS-302 Offshore riser systems DNV-OSS-306 Veriication of subsea facilities DNVGL-SE-0045 Certiication of subsea equipment and components Our offshore standards provide technical provisions and acceptance criteria for general use by the industry, as well as the technical basis for DNV GL offshore services: DNV-OS-E301 Position mooring DNV-OS-F101 Submarine pipeline systems DNV-OS-F201 Dynamic risers DNVGL-ST-0035 Subsea equipment and components DNV GL s recommended practices provide proven technology and sound engineering practice, as well as guidance for the higher level offshore service speciications and offshore standards: DNVGL-RP-0002 Integrity management of subsea production systems DNVGL-RP-0046 Qualiication procedure for offshore high-voltage direct current (HVDC) technologies DNV-RP-A203 Technology qualiication DNV-RP-B401 Cathodic protection design DNV-RP-E101 Recertiication of well control equipment (Europe) DNV-RP-E102 Recertiication of well control equipment (US) DNV-RP-E304 Damage assessment of ibre ropes for offshore mooring DNV-RP-F112 Design of duplex stainless steel subsea equipment exposed to cathodic protection DNV-RP-F113 Pipeline subsea repair DNV-RP-F201 Design of titanium risers DNV-RP-F202 Composite risers DNV-RP-F203 Riser interference DNV-RP-F204 Riser fatigue DNV-RP-F206 Riser integrity management DNV-RP-F301 Subsea separator structural design DNV-RP-F302 Selection and use of subsea leak detection systems DNV-RP-F401 Electrical power cables in subsea applications DNV-RP-H101 Risk management in marine and subsea operations DNV-RP-J301 Subsea power cables in shallow water renewable energy applications DNV-RP-O401 Safety and reliability of subsea systems DNV-RP-O501 Erosive wear in piping systems We also offer codes covering the planning and execution of marine and subsea installation operations. These codes include the VMO Standard (DNV-OS-H-series), recommended practices and the Noble Denton marine assurance and advisory guidelines: DNV-OS-H101 October 2011 Marine operations, general DNV-OS-H102 January 2012 Marine operations, design and fabrication DNV-OS-H201 April 2012 Load transfer operations DNV-OS-H202 July 2015 Sea transports DNV-OS-H203 February 2012 Transit and positioning of offshore units DNV-OS-H204 November 2013 Offshore installation operations DNV-OS-H205 April 2014 Lifting operations DNV-RP-H101 January 2003 Risk management in marine and subsea operations DNV-RP-H102 April 2004 Marine operations during removal of offshore installations DNV-RP-H103 February 2014 Modelling and analysis of marine operations 0001/ND Rev 0 22 June 2013 General guidelines for marine projects 0027/ND Rev June 2013 Guidelines for marine lifting and lowering operations 0029/ND Rev 0 22 June 2013 Guidelines for submarine pipeline installation 0030/ND Rev 5-22 June Guidelines for marine transportations 0032/ND Rev 1 22 June 2013 Guidelines for moorings All DNV GL codes are freely available at:

17 The technical advisor to the subsea industry 17 Aker Solutions

18 18 DNV GL LOCAL EXPERTISE WITH A GLOBAL PRESENCE DNV GL offers access to oil and gas industry technical experts around the world.

19 The technical advisor to the subsea industry 19 WE HAVE MULTIPLE OFFICES IN A RANGE OF KEY COUNTRIES: The Americas Brazil Canada Mexico Trinidad & Tobago United States Asia Paciic Australia Brunei China India Japan Korea Indonesia Malaysia Singapore Thailand Vietnam Europe Belgium Denmark France Germany Italy The Netherlands Norway Russia United Kingdom Middle East & Africa Algeria Angola Egypt Kazakhstan Kuwait Libya Nigeria Oman Qatar Saudi Arabia South Africa United Arab Emirates

20 DNV GL AS NO-1322 Høvik, Norway Tel: About DNV GL Driven by our purpose of safeguarding life, property and the environment, DNV GL enables organizations to advance the safety and sustainability of their business. Operating in more than 100 countries, our professionals are dedicated to helping our customers in the maritime, oil and gas, energy and other industries to make the world safer, smarter and greener. In the oil and gas industry, we enhance safety, increase reliability and manage risks in projects and operations. Our oil and gas experts offer local access to global best practice in every hydrocarbon-producing country. Driven by a curiosity for technical progress, we provide a neutral ground for collaboration; creating competence, sharing knowledge and setting industry standards. Our independent advice enables companies to make the right choices. Together with our customers, we drive the industry forward towards a safe and sustainable future. The trademark DNV GL is the property of DNV GL AS. All rights reserved. DNV GL 07/2016 Design: 16625_JD Print: 07 Oslo AS Cover photo: DNV GL