SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology
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1 SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology Forensic and Medical Bioinformatics Series editors Amit Kumar, Hyderabad, India Allam Appa Rao, Hyderabad, India
2 More information about this series at
3 Vinit Kumar Gunjan Fahimuddin Shaik C. Venkatesh M. Amarnath Computational Methods in Molecular Imaging Technologies 123
4 Vinit Kumar Gunjan Department of Computer Science and Engineering Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh India Fahimuddin Shaik Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh India C. Venkatesh Department of Electronics and Communication Engineering Annamacharya Institute of Technology & Sciences Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh India M. Amarnath Hewlett Packard Globalsoft Pvt. Ltd. Melbourne Australia ISSN X ISSN (electronic) SpringerBriefs in Applied Sciences and Technology ISSN ISSN (electronic) Forensic and Medical Bioinformatics ISBN ISBN (ebook) DOI / Library of Congress Control Number: The Author(s) 2017 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer Nature Singapore Pte Ltd. The registered company address is: 152 Beach Road, #21-01/04 Gateway East, Singapore , Singapore
5 Preface This book is basically the result of our passion toward the research of application of Image processing in medical field. This work started out as a survey and then evolved according to our interest and proclivity into a work that emphasizes the aspects of Image processing in medical applications. The major issue in people nowadays is the lack of awareness and ignorance about health issues. The topic of Imaging has become more than a technical subject these days. In our society, digital images are widely used communication medium. They have an important impact on our life. They are a compact and easy way which represents the world that surrounds us. Writing this book is for us a step toward realizing our own greater capacity for loving, peace, joy, and fulfillment of the passion toward Medical Imaging. The material in the book is written for persons at a number of levels. Much of it is introductory for an engineer, but serves to link engineering principles with living systems of human being. For that reason, it needs to be studied with some care. Molecular Imaging Technologies in diagnostic studies has evolved as a result of the significant contributions of a number of different disciplines from basic sciences, engineering, and medicine. This book is a collection of all the experimental results and analysis carried out Molecular Medical images. The experimental investigations have been carried out on MRI and CT images using State-of-art Computational Image processing techniques and also tabulated the statistical values wherever necessary. Rajampet, India Vinit Kumar Gunjan Fahimuddin Shaik C. Venkatesh M. Amarnath v
6 Acknowledgements Firstly, we acknowledge The Almighty the Beneficent, the most Gracious, and the most Merciful, who has created us and blessed us for completing this book. Perhaps the best reward for writing a book of this type is the opportunity, it affords for thanking the many people who contributed to it in one way or another. There are a lot of people to thank, and we address them in roughly chronological order. We are grateful to Dr. B. Jayabhaskar Rao, Sr. Divisional Medical Officer, S.C. Railway, and Chairman of Diabetic Care Centre, Nandalur, Andhra Pradesh for his help by providing suitable images for the book and timely suggestions which helped us to complete the book. We are grateful to The Mathworks, Inc. as we made progressive and extensive use of MATLAB program which we admire the most for its Technical excellence in programming world. And also would like to thank Dr. Matthew J. McAuliffe from the Center for Information Technology at the National Institutes of Health for his software MIPAV which is a user-friendly one throughout the work. We also like to extend our thanks to all our students especially, who contributed greatly to this work with solving problems in simulation of results. Last but not the least we would like to thank our family. To them we dedicate this work. vii
7 Contents 1 Introduction Introduction to Medical Imaging Medical Imaging Overview Molecular Imaging and Its Modalities Medical Image Reconstruction Types of Image Reconstruction Artifacts Correction in MRI Images Existing Methods Disadvantages of Ultra-echo Time Imaging (UTE) Disadvantages of Sweep Imaging with Fourier Transform Disadvantages of Water- and Fat-suppressed Proton Projection MRI Disadvantages of ZTE Imaging Without Excitation Profile Implemented Method Process Diagram Model as an Inverse Problem NUFFT Operator Features of NUFFT Non-uniform FFT Algorithm Quadratic Phase-Modulated RF Pulse Excitation Hard RF Phase Modulation Excitation Profile Measurement Pointwise Encoding Time Reduction with Radial Acquisition (PETRA) Iterative Partial K-Space Reconstruction Processing of Project Flow Diagram ix
8 x Contents 3 Spiral Cone-Beam CT Reconstruction CT Reconstruction Using the Medical Phantom Image Assessment of Image Quality of the CT Medical Phantom Image Before Reconstruction Assesment of the Image Quality of Cone-Beam Phantom After Image Reconstruction CT Reconstruction of the Hand Section of the Human Body Assesment of the Image Quality of CT Hand Section Before Reconstruction Assesment of the Image Quality of Cone-Beam CT Hand Section After Reconstruction CT Reconstruction of the Head Section of the Human Body Assesment of the Image Quality of the CT Head Section Before Reconstruction Assesment of the Image Quality of the Cone-Beam CT Head Section After Reconstruction Quantization of the Artifacts Assessment of Image Resolution and Noise Quantization of the Artifacts Visual Quality Improvement of CT Image Reconstruction with Quantitative Measures Existing System Background Criterion for Filtering Edge Information Proposed Algorithms Model Specification Boundary-Edge Correspondence Local Intensity Clustering Property Energy Formulation Multiphase Level Set Formulation Block Diagram Back Projection Filtered Back Projection (FBP) Reconstruction Discrete Direct Back Projection Data Acquisition Iterative Reconstruction Algorithm Histogram Processing Bias Field Experimental Findings Assesment of the Image Statistics of Before Image Reconstruction of CT Knee Bone... 68
9 Contents xi Assesment of the Image Statistics of After Image Reconstruction of CT Knee Bone Computational Efficiency Comparison Bibliography... 75
10 About the Authors Dr. Vinit Kumar Gunjan holds a Ph.D. degree in Computer Science and is an Associate Professor at Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Rajampet, Andhra Pradesh, India. He is Principal Investigator for a project funded by Science Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. He also serves as the Chariman for IEEE Young Professionals and has served as Secretary of IEEE Computer Society of Hyderabad Chapter. He worked with Tata Consultancy Services and SET, Sharda University, Noida, before joining AITS. Vinit is member of several IEEE Societies, ACM, ACCS, IE, and others. He has several National and International Publications to his credit. Fahimuddin Shaik holds a Ph.D. degree in Electronics and Communication Engineering and is with Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences (an Autonomous Institute), Rajampet, A.P., India, working as an Associate Professor in Department of ECE. He is BOS Member of the Department and also held a position as the Academic Council Member of the Institute. His research interests include Signal Processing, Time Series Analysis, and Biomedical Image Processing. He is Co-Principal Investigator for a project funded by Science Engineering Research Board, Department of Science and Technology, Government of India. He chaired a Session at IEEE International Conference (ICMET-2010) held in Singapore on September 11, He has authored books by titles Medical Imaging in Diabetes and Image Processing in Diabetic Related Causes. He is a member of professional bodies such as IEEE, BMESI, ISTE, IACSIT, IAENG. C. Venkatesh is with Annamacharya Institute of Technology and Sciences (an Autonomous Institute), Rajampet, A.P., India, working as Assistant Professor in Department of ECE. He received B.Tech. in Electronics and Communication Engineering from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Hyderabad and M.Tech. (Embedded Systems) from Jawaharlal Nehru Technological University, Ananthapuramu. He is a member of professional bodies such as IEEE, IE, ISTE, xiii
11 xiv About the Authors IACSIT, IAENG. His research interests include Biomedical Image Processing, Embedded Systems, and Signal Processing. M. Amarnath is with Hewlett Packard Global soft Pvt. Ltd. Australia, as a Technology Consultant. He is on deputation with Singtel Optus Pvt. Ltd. He is an ITIL Foundation in IT Service Management certified practitioner focused on comprehensive IT service Management and continuous service improvement. He pursued Bachelor of Technology from Sri Venkateswara University, Tirupati, India. He is expertise as Software Engineer, Solution Designer, Technical Architect, and Application Support Engineer.
12 Abstract This book is a collection of all the experimental results and analysis carried out Molecular Medical images. The experimental investigations have been carried out on MRI and CT images using State-of-art Computational Image processing techniques and also tabulated the statistical values wherever necessary. This book is intended to explain how the Image processing methods are used to improve the quality of Medical images for easy analysis in a very simple way. It contains Research which is useful to Research Scholars, Engineers, Medical Doctors, and Bioinformatics researchers. xv
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