References [1] Sander, K. F. and Reed, G. A. L. (1978) Transmission and Propagation ofelectromagnetic Waves, Cambridge University Press, Chapter 2. This book provides basic knowledge of electromagnetic waves and subsequently applies the theory to line, waveguide and radio systems. It contains good sections on plane waves and energy flow in the electromagnetic field. [2] Baden Fuller, A. J. (1979) Microwaves, Pergamon, 2nd edn, Chapter 3. The author has given an introduction to microwave theory suitable as a textbook for undergraduates. The book covers electromagnetic fields, plane waves, transmission lines, waveguides, ferrite media and plasmas and includes a descriptive treatment of microwave components and measurements. [3] Ramo, S., Whinnery, J. R. and Van Duzer, T. (1967) Fields and Waves in Communication Electronics, Wiley, Chapter 4. This text, which has a chapter dealing with Maxwell's equations. gives an excellent introduction to the theory of electromagnetic wave propagation. [4] Cullen, A. L. (1965) Waveguides, Electronics and Power, 11, 382, November. The author refers to calculation of attenuation of higher-order modes in rectangular waveguides. He points out that the assumption that fields are of the same form as in a loss-free guide is very good for the TE. o mode but not for any other mode. The higher-order modes in a guide with no attenuation are quite different from the modes in a lossy guide, however small the loss may be, and so attenuation constants calculated on the assumption that the modes are the same have no validity. [5] Kuhn, S. (1946) Calculation of attenuation in waveguides, Journal of the lee, 3 (IlIA), 663-78. Kuhn furnishes tables and curves giving (a) field equations for rectangular and circular waveguides and (b) attenuation constants of wave modes. The text explains the derivation of the tables and curves.
References 341 [6] Staniforth, 1. A. (1972) Microwave Transmission, English University Press. Written as an introduction to microwave transmission, the book describes transmission lines, rectangular and circular waveguides, striplines and other forms of waveguide. The propagation and reflection of plane waves and transmission through the atmosphere are also examined and there is an introduction to microwave circuit analysis including scattering. [7] Cheng, O.K. (1990) Field and Wave Electromagnetics, Addison-Wesley, 2nd edn. This clearly written and well-illustrated book includes Maxwell's equations, plane electromagnetic waves, and theory and applications of transmission lines, as well as waveguides, cavity resonators, antennas and radiating systems. [8] Collin, R. E. (1966) Foundationsfor Microwave Engineering, McGraw Hill. A comprehensive text covering the fundamentals of microwave engineering designed for senior-level undergraduates and students starting Masters courses. It includes electromagnetic theory, transmission lines, waveguides, resonators, circuit theory for waveguiding systems, impedance transformation and matching. Analysis of cylindrical cavity resonators is given on pp. 326-29. [9] Benson, F. A. (1969) (ed.), Millimetre and Submillimetre Waves, Iliffe. A vast amount of literature has been published on special methods of generating, transmitting and detecting radiations of millimetre and submillimetre wavelengths and with the development of associated measuring techniques and components. This book collates most of the information available at the time of its publication and presents it in a comprehensive and orderly manner. A team of 23 authors contributed to the volume. [10] Hayt, W. H. (1981) Engineering Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hill, 4th edn. Maxwell's equations are used as the central theme here. Several applications of these equations are described including wave motion, skin effect, transmission line phenomena and the resonant cavity. A brief treatment of radiation and antennas is also given. [11] Neff, H. P. (1981) Basic Electromagnetic Fields, Harper & Row. A useful book with chapters on Maxwell's equations, uniform plane wave propagation, transmission lines, the Smith chart, waveguides and cavities, and radiation. (12] Edwards, T. C. (1981) Foundations for Microstrip Circuit Design, Wiley. A sound fundamental approach to the understanding of the microstrip medium and the accurate design of microwave and digital circuits using this medium is provided. The main emphasis throughout is on techniques suitable for fast computer-aided design. There are chapters on discontinuities in microstrip and parallel-coupled microstrip lines and directional couplers. Measurement techniques are treated quite extensively.
342 References [13] Gupta, K. C, Garg, R. and Chadha, R. (1981) Computer-aided Design ofmicrowave Circuits, Artech House. The book provides a detailed exposition of the concepts and techniques in the computer-aided analysis and design of microwave circuits. It includes representation of microwave networks by scattering and other parameters, waveguides, striplines, microstrip, slot lines, coupled striplines and coupled microstrip lines and coaxial lines, as well as discontinuities in coaxial lines, waveguides, microstrip and striplines. [14] Roddy, D. (1986) Microwave Technology, Prentice-Hall. A comprehensive text with emphasis given to applications rather than theory. Sufficient theoretical background is included where this appears to be helpful. In its 15 chapters it has good sections on transmission lines, scattering parameters, the Smith chart, waveguides, stripline and microstrip. [15] Fusco, V. F. (1987) Microwave Circuits-Analysis and Computer-aided Design, Prentice-Hall. This text provides an introduction to the techniques of lumped and distributed circuitry applied in the microwave and UHF frequency bands. It is sufficiently detailed to allow both the analysis and synthesis of simple and complex microwave circuits. Manual design is emphasized and is complemented by a suite of 30 computer programs. Three of the five chapters are devoted to transmission line properties, types and circuits, and there is a good discussion of impedance matching structures and techniques. [16] Hammerstadt, E. O. (1975) Equations for microstrip circuit design, Proceedings of the fifth European Microwave Conference, Microwave Exhibitions & Publishers, pp 268-72. The equations presented in this paper are some of the most widely used as they are sufficiently accurate for the majority of engineering applications. [17] Cohn, S. B. (1955) Problems in strip transmission lines, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, MIT-3, 119-26, March. A review of characteristic-impedance formulae for shielded-strip transmission lines is given by Cohn. From these formulae a set of approximate relationships for the attenuation and Q of a dielectric-field shielded-strip line is derived. [18] Wheeler, H. A. (1965) Transmission line properties of parallel strips separated by dielectric sheets, IEEE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, MIT 13, 172-85, March. This is a widely quoted paper on stripline which gives an insight into the use of conformal transformations in dealing with transmission line problems. [19] Howe, H. (1974) Stripline Circuit Design, Artech House. This book, which is invaluable for those involved in stripline design, gives design formulae and general curves for characteristic impedance. It has an extensive bibliography.
References 343 [20] Liboff, R. L. and Dalman, G. C. (1985) Transmission Lines, Waveguides and Smith Charts, Collier Macmillan. The authors include some electromagnetic theory, give a strong emphasis to transmission lines and waveguides and provide instruction on the theory and application of the Smith chart. [21] Marcuvitz, N. (1986) Waveguide Handbook, Peter Peregrinus. This book was first published by the McGraw-Hili Company in 1951. The 'out-of-print' status for many years was a cause for comment by interested students and microwave researchers. The new printing has provided an opportunity to correct some errors. The book presents the earliest features in the formulation of microwave field problems as microwave network problems. It covers well transmission lines, waveguides and resonant cavities and presents theory and numerical data. [22] Malitson, I. H. (1965) Journal of the Optical Society of America, 55, 1205. [23] Fleming, 1. W. (1978) Electronics Letters, 14, 326. [24] Marcuse, D. (1972) Light Transmission Optics, Van Nostrand Reinhold. The treatment presented here is an analytical one, emphasizing mathematical techniques used to solve guided wave problems. Optical fibres and dielectric waveguides are dealt with thoroughly in Chapter 8. [25] Cherin, A. H. (1985) An Introduction to Optical Fibres, McGraw-Hill. The analysis and technology of optical fibres and fibre components are covered at a senior undergraduate/graduate level. The book provides a well-structured detailed analysis of the propagation properties of dielectric slab waveguides, and single and multimode fibres. Each chapter contains a well thought out reference list which details other background textbooks and a nice balance of general interest and specialist papers. [26] Gowar,1. (1984) Optical Communication Systems, Prentice-Hall. Gower provides a comprehensive review of optical communications to a postgraduate level, although only a basic knowledge of electromagnetic theory and semiconductor properties is assumed. Topics in the fields, waves and transmission line area covered include propagation in optical fibres, fibre manufacture and assessment and both unguided and fibre optical communication systems. A feature of the book is its coverage of the information required for optical communication systems design. [27] Smith, P. H. (1939) Transmission-line Calculator, Electronics, 12, 29-31, January. There had long been a need for a simple means for evaluating the impedance, current and voltage at any chosen point along radio frequency transmission lines in terms of specific values of the several transmission line parameters without recourse to lengthy computations. This led Smith to develop the special calculator for solving many ordinary transmission line problems which is described in the paper.
344 References [28] Smith, P. H., An improved transmission line calculator, Electronics, 19, 130-3, 318, 320, 322, 324, 325. The paper describes an extension of the calculator described in Ref. 27. New parameters have been added and accuracy improved. [29] Smith, P. H. (1969) Electronic Applications of the Smith Chart in Waveguide, Circuit and Component Analysis, McGraw-Hili. The student, laboratory technician and engineer are provided here with a comprehensive and practical source on Smith charts and their related overlays. The book describes the mechanics of these charts in relation to guided-wave and circuit theory and, with examples, their practical uses in waveguide, circuit and component applications. It also treats the construction of boundaries, loci and forbidden regions which reveal overall capabilities and limitations of proposed circuits and guided-wave structures. [30] Kraus, J. D. (1985) Electromagnetics, McGraw-Hili, 3rd edn. Kraus presents the basic elements of electromagnetic theory for an introductory course. He includes transmission lines, waveguides, plane waves, resonators and antennas with. examples of many of the latest innovations such as fibre optics. Many of the problems are adapted for solution with computers. Sample solutions in both BASIC and FORTRAN are given. [31] Reich, H. J., Ording, P. F., Krauss, H. L. and Skalnik, J. G. (1953) Microwave Theory and Techniques, Van Nostrand. A well-known textbook with excellent treatments of transmission lines, impedance matching, waveguides, antennas, resonators and measurements. [32] Altman, J.L. (1964) Microwave Circuits, Van Nostrand. A comprehensive and coherent presentation of the basic concepts in the field of microwave circuits. The concepts of scattering matrix, broadbanding, polarization and directivity are applied to such microwave devices as magic tees, hybrids, couplers, attenuators, phase shifters, polarizers, cavities, filters and loaded lines. The method of presentation is largely mathematical. [33] Southworth, G. C. (1950) Principles and Applications of Waveguide Transmission, Van Nostrand. A wealth of information is contained in this book including chapters on the principles of transmission lines, the nature of electromagnetic waves, waveguide theory and waveguide components. [34] Slater, J. C. (1942) Microwave Transmission, McGraw-Hili. This book, which became a classic during the Second World War, can still be highly recommended. It starts with a discussion of transmission line theory based on lumped two-port networks. Maxwell's equations are used to analyse various rectangular waveguide and general transmission line problems. Plane waves, radiation from antennas and coupling of coaxial lines and waveguides are also treated.
References 345 [35] Cohn, S. B. (1955) Optimum design of stepped transmission-line transformers, IRE Transactions on Microwave Theory and Techniques, MTT-3, 16-21, April. Cohn describes the optimum stepped transmission line structure for matching two unequal characteristic impedances. For any specified bandwidth the steps are designed to yield a Chebyshev-type (or equal-ripple) reflection coefficient response. Design method and technique for eliminating discontinuity capacitance effects are given. [36] Blackband, W. T. and Brown, D. R. (1946) The two-point method of measuring characteristic impedance and attenuation of cables at 3000 Mc/s, Journal of the lee, 93 (IlIA), 1383. A rapid method of measuring the characteristic impedance and attenuation coefficient of cables is described. It was found suitable for testing cables in the 10 cm wavelength band for uniformity of characteristic impedance. [37] Helszajn,1. (1990) Synthesis oflumped Element, Distributed and Planar Filters, McGraw-Hill. The first part of this text is an introduction to the synthesis of one and two-port reactance functions and filter networks. The second part emphasizes synthesis of distributed circuits and design of planar microwave circuits. The introductory chapter deals with the scattering matrix and the final chapter is devoted to TEM and quasi-tem transmission lines. [38] Bailey, A. E. (1988) (ed.), Microwave Measurements, Peter Peregrinus, (first published in 1985 with a supplementary volume published in 1987). This series of contributions contains the lecture notes for the lee Vacation School on Microwave Measurements held at Canterbury in 1985. Another School was held in 1987 for which the supplementary volume was produced containing corrections for the original as well as some additional material. The book includes transmission lines, scattering coefficients, reflections and matching, measurements of power, attenuation and noise, detectors and antenna measurements. [39] Biggar, H. P. (1951) Applications of matrices to four-terminal network problems, Electronic Engineering, 23, 307-9, August. This paper is an example of a publication which presents matrix conversion tables giving the relationships between the [Al, [Ar I, [Zl, [fl, [Hl and [Hr 1 matrices. It also gives a table showing the fundamental matrix equations for any combination of twin linear networks. [40] Reza, F. M. and Seely, S. (1959) Modern Network Analysis, McGraw Hill, pp. 181-8. This text, designed to provide undergraduates with a broad understanding of network analysis, has a good chapter on two-port networks giving matrix interrelations among two-port parameters.
346 References [41] Tropper, A. M. (1962) Matrix Theory for Electrical Engineering Students, Harrop, Chapter 4. Trooper gives a good introduction to matrix theory and its application to network problems and includes matrix equations for interconnected four-terminal networks. [42] Hlawiczka, P. (1965) Matrix Algebra for Electronic Engineers, Iliffe, Chapter 3. The subject matter of this book has been chosen to provide a basic course in matrix methods for students of electronic engineering and for practising engineers who have not had the opportunity of studying the subject before. Chapter 3 deals with equations of linear two-port networks. [43] Nodelman, H. M. and Smith, F. W. (1956) Mathematicsfor Electronics with Applications, McGraw-Hill, Chapter 8. This book, with its emphasis on application rather than on mathematical theory, is the result of the authors' many years of experience in the teaching of mathematics to students of electronic engineering and in engineering practice. It has good sections on network solutions by determinants and matrices. [44] Mason, S. 1. (1953) Feedback theory: some properties of signal flow graphs, Proceedings of the IRE, 41 (9), 1144-56, September. This paper is based on a thesis by Mason which deals with some of the basic ideas of /low graphs and the application to electronics. [45] Mason, S. 1. (1956) Feedback theory: further properties of signal flow graphs, Proceedings of the IRE, 44 (7), 920-6, July. A new method or /low graph reduction called the loop rule is presented and proved. [46] Mason, S. J. and Zimmermann, H. J. (1960) Electronic Circuits, Signals and Systems, Wiley. Matrix, topological and signal /low graph methods or circuit and system analysis are presented. In one chapter the necessary background or /low graph theory and technique is built up and the methods are applied to electronic circuit and system problems in the following chapters. [47] Lorens, C. S. (1964) Flowgraphs, McGraw-Hill. A number of /low graph techniques useful in the modelling and analysis of linear systems are given. l1iustrative examples have been selected for their simplicity and for their importance in describing systems that are especially suited for representation by /low graphs. There are sections on Mason's loop rule and scattering waves. [48] Montgomery C. G., Dicke, R. H. and Purcell, E. M. (1965) Principles ofmicrowave Circuits, McGraw-Hill, 1948; Dover edition, p. 147. This book, originally published as Volume 8 in the MIT Radiation Laboratory Series, is devoted to an exposition of the impedance concept and to the equivalent circuits of microwave devices. It emphasizes the underlying principles of these equivalent circuits and the results that may be obtained by their use. It includes good chapters on
References 347 electromagnetic waves, waveguides, general microwave network theorems, waveguide circuit elements, resonant cavities and waveguide functions. [49] Kraus, 1. D. (1950) Antennas, McGraw-Hill. Kraus presents the basic theory of antennas with emphasis on their engineering applications. An effort has been made to give a unified treatment of antennas from the electromagnetic theory point of view. The principles given are basic and are applied to antennas for all frequencies. The book deals with point sources, the antenna as an aperture, linear loop and helical antennas, the biconical antenna and the cylindrical antenna. The self and mutual impedances of antennas and the theory of arrays of linear antennas are taken up. There are sections on reflector-type antennas, slot and hom antennas, lens antennas, long-wire antennas and many other topics. There is a final chapter on methods and techniques of antenna measurements and a discussion of wave polarization. [50] Collin, R. E. (1985) Antennas and Radiowave Propagation, McGraw Hill. This book provides a thorough introduction to the principles of antennas and propagation at a senior undergraduate/graduate level. A feature of the text is the strong emphasis placed on communications aspects. The coverage of fundamental principles is excellent with Chapter 4 on aperture antennas being especially recommended. This chapter gives a clear introduction to planar aperture theory and in particular the application of field equivalence principles to aperture radiation. [51] Wait, 1. R. (1986) Introduction to Antennas and Propagation, Peter Peregrinus. The early part of this book gives a concise introduction to electromagnetic fields at an undergraduate level. Reflection and refraction, electromagnetic fields produced by current distributions and guided waves are each described in separate chapters. Chapter 6 on guided waves includes an interesting section on VLF radio transmission in an earth-ionosphere waveguide. [52] Silver, S. (ed.), (1984) Microwave Antenna Theory and Design, Peter Peregrinus, (first published in 1949 by McGraw-Hill). Although originally published over 40 years ago, this book remains essential foundation reading for those working in the microwave antenna field. The text provides a systematic treatment of basic principles and techniques and develops fully the electromagnetic and physical optics methods used as the basis of design. From this base, attention is drawn to the approximations often made in theoretical design and how these affect the applicability of the results. [53] Lawson, 1. D. Some methods for determining the power gain of microwave aerials. (1948) Journal ofthe lee, 95 (III), 205-9. [54] Roberts, S. and von Hippel, A. (1946) A new method for measuring dielectric constant and loss in the range of centimeter waves, Journal of Applied Physics, 17,610-16. This paper is concerned with the well-known 'hollow-pipe' method now referred to as the Roberts-von Hippel technique. It gives a mathematical theory of the method, a description of the authors' apparatus and some results.
348 References [55] Jackson, W. (1945) High Frequency Transmission Lines, Methuen Monograph. This is an old but valuable book. It gives a concise treatment of transmission lines at high frequencies including some applications, the propagation characteristics of lines, the behaviour of terminated lines, resonant lines and impedance transformation. The formulae for the attenuation and characteristic impedance of a coaxial line are given on p. 50 and p. 46 respectively. [56] Sander, K. F. (1987) Microwave Components and Systems, Addison Wesley, p. 13. After initial surveys of wave propagation on transmission lines and waveguides and in free space, chapters of this book are devoted to the various components involved in a microwave system: antennas, power sources, waveguide components, amplifiers and receivers. Methods of measurement at microwave frequencies are also considered.
Index Addition rule for flow graphs 166 Admittance circle 140 Admittance matrix 158, 159, 180 A matrix, see Transfer matrix Anechoic chamber 209 Antenna 184-7, 191-2,202,216-17 aperture 185, 198-201, 216, 220 array 185, 194-6,200,213-15,219 directional characteristics 192-3 directive gain 193, 198 far-field region 190-1, 194, 200-1, 209-12,215-16 folded dipole 196 half-wave dipole 188, 196-7,212-13, 215,219 Hertzian dipole 188-93, 197-9,212-13, 218 horn 198,200-1,210--11 input impedance 208, 219 measurements 208 near-field region 190-2 phase centre 195, 209 polar diagram 215, 219 power gain 193, 208-9, 215, 218 power radiated by 191,212-14 properties 190 radiation intensity 192, 193 radiation pattern 194, 196,208-11, 215-16,219 radiation resistance 191-2, 198, 213, 218 receiving 197 small current loop 212, 218 wire 185, 188 Vagi 196,214 Aperture, effective 197-8,216-17 Arrays, antenna 185, 194-6, 213-15, 219 Asymmetry factor 105 Attenuation coaxial line 117, 140--1 parallel-plate line 118 strip transmission line 113-14 waveguide 59-62, 66, 76-9, Ill, 183 Attenuation constant 7, 34, 37, 40, 43, 45-7,60-1,66,74,79, 112-13, 116-17, 183 Bandwidth-length product, see Bit-rate length product Binomial directional coupler 149 multiple "quarter-wave impedance transformer 136-7, 144, 149 Bit-rate length product 108, lis Blackband and Brown two-point method 141 Boundary conditions 9, 19, 51, 53, 55-6, 67, 102, 108-9 Branch 164-6 Branch gain, see Transmittance Breakdown 75, III Brewster angle 24, 28-9 Cartesian grid form of circle diagram 140
350 Index Cascade connection of two-port networks 153, 160--2, 174-5 Cavity resonator 50, 66 coaxial Ill, 117 cubical 78, 82 cylindrical 72-3, 78, 82 dominant mode 68-9 field components 67-8, 70 Q-factor 69, 70, 72-3, 78, 82, 117 rectangular 66--70, 72, 80, 82 resonant frequency 68-9, 72, 78, 82, 117 Chain node 166 Characteristic impedance 33, 37, 40, 42-3, 45-6, 49, 77, 79, 85-6, 88, 90-1,95,97,97-9, 100, 110-13, 117, 119, 132, 140-1, 143, 148 Charge density 4 Chebyshev impedance transformer 136, 148 Circulator 180 Coaxial cable, see Coaxial line Coaxial line 83-6, 110--12, 116, 140, 147, 181 characteristic impedance 85-6, 110, 117,140--1 cut-off frequency 86 high-order modes 86 Conductivity 4, 8 Conductor, good 8, 27 Confinement factor 105 Conservation of charge 4 Constitutive equations 4, 52 Critical angle 22, 208 Critical frequency 55, 63-4, 76--7, 79, 86, 102, 109, 205, 207 Critical wavelength 55, 57, 65, 74, 77, 102, 110 Current density 4 Cut-off, frequency, see Critical frequency Cut-off, wavelength, see Critical wavelength Decoupling theorem 311 Density charge 4 current 4 Depth of penetration 9, 27 Dielectric imperfect 8 interfaces, multiple 19 Dielectric-rod guide 83 Dielectric waveguide 100--1, 103, 105, 119, 120 TE waves propagating along 103, 119 TM waves propagating along 101-2, 119 Dipole half-wave 188, 196--7,212-13,215,219 Hertzian 188-92, 193, 198-9,212-13, 218 folded 196 Directional coupler 149, 180 Directive gain 193, 198 Directivity 193, 212, 216 Dispersion 107, 109, 111-12, 121 intermodal 109, 116 material 107, 116 Displacement 4 Distortionless transmission line 40 Double-stub matching 133, 135, 142, 147 Effective aperture 197-8,216--17 Electric displacement 4 Electron density in ionized medium 207 Electromagnetic theory 3 Electromagnetic waves boundary conditions for 9, 19,51, 53, 55-6, 67, 102, 108, 109 power flow in 9, 25-7, 30 Energy density of plane wave 28, 30 Fault on transmission line 48 Field strength electric 4, 30, 110 magnetic 4, 30 Flow graph, see Signal flow graph Flux density, magnetic 4 Fresnel equations 24 Friis formula 201-2, 209 Gain antenna 193, 209, 215-18 determination of from signal flow graph 166, 168 directive 193, 198
Index 351 General flow graph equation 168-9, 177-9 Groove guide 83, Group velocity 38, 76 Guide wavelength 55, 57, 64, 74, 77, 79 Half-wavelength line 39, 46 Hertzian dipole 188-193, 197-9,212-13, 218 H-guide 83 H matrix 158, 159 Horn antenna 198, 200--1, 21~11 Huygen's principle 199 Hybrid modes 109 Image line 83 Impedance antenna input 208, 219 intrinsic 7 matching 122, 131, 133, 135, 137-8, 141-4,147-8 matrix 158-9, 180 network input 163 network output 163 of free space 4, 26, 119 transformation 122, 136-7 transmission-line input 35, 39,41, 44-5,47-8, Ill, 140, 144-6, 175 wave 7, 2~1, 26-7, 58, 74, 76 waveguide 58, 74, 76 Index of refraction 22, 28 Interference between direct and reflected waves 202 Intermodal dispersion 109, 116 Intrinsic impedance 7, 27-9 Ion density in ionosphere 206 Ionosphere 205-7, 217-18, 220 Isolator 181 Isotropic radiator 198, 214-15, 219 Junction reciprocal 155-7, 172-3, 180 waveguide 154-6, 172-3 Loading coils 40, 42 Lorentz condition 186,212,218 Lorentz gauge, see Lorentz condition Loss Ill, 121 Loss angle 8 Magic T 173 Magnetic vector potential 25, 26, 185, 188,211-12,218 Mason's non-touching loop rule, see General flow graph equation Matching 34, 114, 122, 131, 133, 135-7, 141-4, 147-8, 172, 180 Material dispersion factor 107, 116 Matrices in analysis of passive networks 162 Matrix equations for interconnected networks 159 Matrix forms of network equations 157 Maxwell's equations 3-5, 25-6, 50-2, 62,65,90, 109, 111-12, 185 general solutions of for nonconducting medium 5 Measurements, antenna 208 Microstrip 94-7, 114, 119, 183 characteristic impedance 95-7, 114 effective relative permittivity 94-7, 114, 119 Microwave networks 150 Mode index 105 Mode of propagation 54 degenerate 68 dominant 57, 61,64,68, 77, 79 higher-order, in coaxial line 86 hybrid 109 TEM 84, 86, 89, 93, 98, III transverse electric (TE) 54, 56 transverse magnetic (TM) 54, 56 Monomode fibre 109 Multiple dielectric interfaces 19,28-9,30 Multiple quarter-wave impedance transformer 136-7 Multiplication rule for flow graphs 166 Networks 150 cascade connections of two-port 153, 1~2, 174-5 four-terminal, see two-port networks interconnected 159-60 matrices in analysis of 162 T 161 two-port 157-9
352 Index Node 164-6 chain 166 Normalized mode index 105 Normalized slab-waveguide parameters 105 Normalized thickness or frequency 105, 109 Numerical aperture 109 Obstacles in waveguides 179 Optical fibre 105-7, 110, 121 monomode 109 multi-mode 109-10, 116 step-index 105-6, 108 Parallel-plate transmission line 89, 90, 92-3, 112-13, 118, 148 field components 92-3 TE waves propagating along 93 TM waves propagating along 92 Pattern multiplication 195 Permeability 4 of free space 4 relative 4, 30 Permittivity 4, 37 effective of ionized region 207 effective relative 94-7, 183 of free space 4 relative 4, 30 Phase centre 195, 209 Phase constant 35,40-2,45, 79, 118 Phase velocity 7, 22, 27-8, 38, 45, 76, 79,94,207-8 Plane of incidence 13, 15 Plane wave 6--9, 26--30 energy density 28, 30 in a conducting medium 8 incident normally on a dielectric boundary 16,27,29,30 incident normally on a perfectly conducting boundary 10, 12 incident obliquely on a perfectly conducting boundary 13, 29 incident obliquely on interface between dielectric media 21, 28 velocity (speed) 28 Polarization 13 circular 29 parallel 15, 24, 28-9, 202 perpendicular 13,23,28-9,202 Power flow along coaxial line 111-12 along waveguide 58, 79 in electromagnetic wave 9, 25-7, 30 Power gain of antenna 193,208-9, 215, 218 Power radiated by antenna 191,204, 212-14 Poynting theorem 9, 191 Poynting vector 9, 28-30, 50,58-60,112, 192, 196 Profile height parameter 105 Propagation 201-2, 207 Propagation constant 6, 7, 32, 46, 63-4, 102, 113, 118 Q-factor 51 of cavity resonator 69, 70, 72-3, 78, 82, 111,117 Quality factor, see Q-factor Quarter-wavelength line 39 Quarter-wave transformer 132, 136, 143-4, 148 Radar cross-section 205, 217 equation 205 Radiation intensity 192-3 modes 102 pattern 194, 196,208-11,215-16,219 resistance 191-2, 198, 213, 218 Radiator, non-isotropic 192 Radome 143 Ray theory 115 Reciprocal junction 155-7, 172-3, 180 Reciprocal network 158 Reciprocity 152, 159, 180, 197,209 theorem 158 Reflection coefficient 17, 18, 21, 28-9, 34,43, 119, 129, 136, 138-9, 141, 144-5,149,152,174,181,183 Refraction in ionosphere 205, 217-18 Refractive index 106,207-8,217-18 Relative permeability 4 Relative permittivity 4
Index 353 effective 94-7, 114 Resistance, surface 26 Resonator cavity 50, 66 coaxial 111, 117 cubical 78, 82 cylindrical 72-3, 78, 82 dominant mode of 68-9 field components of 67-8, 70 Q-factor 69-70, 72, 78, 82, 117 rectangular 66-70, 72, 80, 82 resonant frequency of 68-9, 72-3, 78,82, 117 Retarded potential 187,212 Roberts-von Hippel technique 252 Scalar potential 25, 212, 218 Scattering coefficients, see Scattering parameters Scattering matrix 151-2, 154, 156, 172-4, 179-80 Scattering parameters 150-1, 154-7, 171-5, 179-82 Scattering transmission coefficients 152, 181 Self-loop 165, 167 Self-transmittance 165 Signal flow graph 164-70, 177, 179, 181-2 determination of gain from 166, 168-89 for four-port device 179 for three-port device 179 general equation 168-9, 177-9 Single-stub matching 133, 141-3, 147 Skin depth 9, 27 Skip distance 208 Sky-wave 205, 217 Slab waveguide 100, 104-5, 114-15, 119 asymmetry factor 105 confinement factor 105 mode (or effective) index 105 normalized mode index 105 normalized parameters 105 normalized thickness or frequency 105 Smith chart 123-4, 127-31, 133-4, 139, 140-1, 144-8 Snell's law of reflection 14, 22-4 of refraction 22-4 S parameters, see Scattering parameters Standing wave 34, 44 Step-index optical fibre 105-6, 108, 115 Stripline 98-100 characteristic impedance 98-100 Stub line 132-3, 135, 141, 147 Surface resistance 26-7 Symmetry 156-7, 172, 180 Tapered transmission line 137-9, 149 TEM mode of propagation 84, 86, 89, 93,98,111-13,117,216 TE mode 54, 64, 66-9, 72-3, 75-82, 86, 94, 101, 104-5, 109, 113-15, 118-19, 172 TE waves 56-8,64-5,92-4, 112, 119 TM mode 54, 56,65,67-9, 72-3, 77-9, 81-2, 94, 101, 104-5, 109, 113, 120 TM waves 55, 57-8, 63, 65, 92-4, 102, 112, 119 T parameters, see Scattering transmission coefficients Transfer matrix for length of loss-free line 143, 175 for networks in cascade 159-60, 162 for T network 161-2 of two-port network 157, 164, 176 Transformer scattering parameters of ideal 173 Transmission coefficient 17, 18, 28-9, 40-1,44-8,152,174,181,183 Transmission line 31, 36-7,42-3, 140, 142, 176, 180 characteristic impedance 33, 37, 40, 42-3,45-6,49 correctly terminated 34 distortionless 40 equations 31 solutions of for high frequencies 37 fault 48 finite 35, 39 group velocity 38 half-wavelength 39, 46 infinite 33-4, input impedance 35-6,41,44-5,47-9, 140, 144-6, 175
354 Index loading coils 40, 42 open-circuited 35, 37, 39, 46-7 phase velocity 38, 45 primary constants 32, 40, 42 propagation constant 32, 46 qaurter-wavelength 39, III, 114 secondary constants 38 selectivity of reactance of 42 short-circuited 35, 37, 39, 41, 44-7, III, 113, 118, 140, 145 tapered 137-9 theory 31 velocity of propagation 37, 40, 42, 44, 46,49 Transmission matrix 153-4 Transmittance 164-7, 177-8, 182 Transverse electric mode, see TE mode Transverse magnetic mode, see TM mode Triplate, see Stripline Triple-stub tuner 135, 148 Trough guide 83 Tuner, three-screw 148 Twin-wire line, see Two-wire line Two-wire line 86-8, 112, 118, 143 characteristic impedance 88, 118 Unitary condition 154, 180 Velocity group 38, 76 of light 4 of propagation 37, 40, 42, 44, 46, 49, 90-1, 112 phase 7, 22, 27-8, 45, 76, 79, 94, 207-8 Voltage reflection coefficient 34 Voltage-standing-wave ratio, see VSWR VSWR 34,41,44, 113, 117, 129, 131, 140-2, 144-5, 147-8 Waveguide attenuation 59, 66, 74, 76-9 circular 50, 62, 65-6, 77-8, 81 dielectric 100 dominant mode 57, 61, 64, 77, 79 evanescent wave 79 field components 56, 65, 80, 82 impedance 58, 74, 76, 79 junction 154, 156, 172-3 obstacles 179 power flow along 58, 75, 79 rectangular 50-I, 53-4, 56-7, 61, 66, 74-82 slab 100, 104-5 surface current density at walls of 80 Wave impedance 7, 20-1, 26-7, 58, 74, 76, 79, 80 Wavelength 7,27,28,35,40-1,44,46, 94,112,114 critical 55, 57, 65 free-space 7 guide 55, 57, 64, 79 Wavelength constant, see Phase constant Vagi antenna 196,214 Y matrix, see Admittance matrix Y parameters 158, 171 Z matrix, see Impedance matrix Z parameters 158, 171