APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS: EARLY TRANSMISSION LINES APPROACH
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1 APPLIED ELECTROMAGNETICS: EARLY TRANSMISSION LINES APPROACH STUART M. WENTWORTH Auburn University IICENTBN Nlfll 1807; WILEY 2 OO 7 ; Ttt^TlLtftiTTu
2 CONTENTS CHAPTER1 Introduction Summary Problems Electromagnetic Fields 2 Electric Fields 3 Magnetic Fields 4 Field Linkage 4 The Electromagnetic Spectrum Wireless Communications 6 Dealing with Units 8 Working with MATLAB 10 MATLAB Programs 15 Wave Fundamentals 19 Phasors CHAPTER 2 Transmission Lines Distributed-Parameter Model 32 Coaxial Cable 34 Telegraphist's Equations 37 Time-Harmonic Waves on Transmission Lines 39 Characteristic Impedance 42 Lossless Line 43 Power Transmission 45 Terminated T-Lines 48 Voltage Standing Wave Ratio 50 Input Impedance 51 Complex Loads 53 Special Terminations The Complete Circuit The Smith Chart Smith Chart Derivation 62 Using the Smith Chart 69 Impedance Measurement 73 Impedance Matching 76 Quarter-Wave Transformer 78 Matching with the Smith Chart 79 Admittance of Shunt Stubs 81 Shunt Stub Matching Transients 87 Pulse Response 91 Practical Application: Schottky-Diode Terminations 95 Reactive Loads 96 Time-Domain Reflectometry Dispersion 101 Summary 107 Problems 108 CHAPTER 3 Electrostatics Vectors in the Cartesian Coordinate System Coulomb's Law 122 Electric Field Intensity 124 Field Lines The Spherical Coordinate System Line Charges and the Cylindrical Coordinate System 129 Infinite Length Line of Charge 133 Ring of Charge Surface and Volume Charge 139 Volume Charge 145 Practical Application: Laser Printer Electric Flux Density Gauss's Law and Applications 153 Coaxial Cable Divergence and the Point Form of Gauss's Law Electric Potential 166 Gradient Conductors and Ohm's Law 176 Current and Current Density 178 Joule's Law Dielectrics 182 Practical Application: Electret Microphone Boundary Conditions Boundary Value Problems 190 XIII
3 Xiv CONTENTS 3.14 Capacitance 194 Electrostatic Potential Energy 198 Practical Application: Electrolytic Capacitors 199 Summary 200 Problems 202 CHAPTER 4 Magnetostatics Magnetic Fields and Cross Product 209 Oersted's Experiment Biot-Savart's Law 214 Solenoid 221 Surface and Volume Current Densities Ampere's Circuital Law Curl and the Point Form of Ampere's Circuital Law 234 Stoke's Theorem Magnetic Flux Density Magnetic Forces 240 Force on a Current Element 241 Magnetic Torque and Moment 246 Practical Application: Loudspeakers Magnetic Materials Boundary Conditions Inductance and Magnetic Energy 261 Mutual Inductance 264 Magnetic Energy Magnetic Circuits 269 Electromagnets 273 Practical Application: Maglev 276 Summary 278 Problems 280 CHAPTER 5 Dynamic Fields Current Continuity and Relaxation Time Faraday's Law and Transformer EMF 288 Transformer EMF 290 Transformers 293 Point Form of Faraday's Law Faraday's Law and Motional EMF 296 Generators Displacement Current Maxwell's Equations Lossless TEM Waves Time-Harmonic Fields and Phasors 312 Summary 315 Problems 316 CHAPTER 6 Plane Waves General Wave Equations 321 Time-Harmonic Wave Equations 322 Propagating Fields Relation Propagation in Lossless, Charge-Free Media Propagation in Dielectrics 330 Low-Loss Dielectrics 332 Loss Tangent Propagation in Conductors 335 Current in Conductors The Poynting Theorem and Power Transmission 342 UPW Power Transmission Polarization 347 Practical Application: Liquid Crystal Displays Reflection and Transmission at Normal Incidence 353 General Case 353 Standing Waves Reflection and Transmission at Oblique Incidence 359 TE Polarization 360 TM Polarization 366 Summary 368 Problems 370 CHAPTER 7 Waveguides Rectangular Waveguide Fundamentals Wave Propagation 377 Waveguide Impedance 381 Practical Application: Microwave Ovens Waveguide Field Equations 385 TM Mode 388 TE Mode Dielectric Waveguide 398 TE Mode 401 TM Mode 403 Field Equations Optical Fiber 407 Numerical Aperture 410 Signal Degradation 411 Attenuation 412 Graded-Index Fiber
4 CONTENTS XV 7.5 Fiber-Optic Communication Systems 413 Optical Sources 414 Optical Detectors 416 Repeaters and Optical Amplifiers 417 Connections Optical Link Design 419 Power Budget 419 Rise-Time Budget 420 Summary 423 Suggested References 424 Problems 424 CHAPTER8 Antennas General Properties 428 Radiated Power 428 Radiation Patterns 429 Directivity 431 Impedance and Efficiency 436 A Commercial Antenna Electrically Short Antennas 438 Vector Magnetic Potential 438 The Hertzian Dipole 441 The Small Loop Antenna Dipole Antennas 447 Derivation of Fields 448 Antenna Properties 451 Half-Wave Dipole Monopole Antennas 462 Image Theory 462 Antenna Properties 463 Practical Considerations Antenna Arrays 467 Pair of Hertzian Dipoles 469 N-Element Linear Array 473 Parasitic Arrays The Friis Transmission Equation 476 Polarization Efficiency 476 Receiver Matching Radar 484 Doppler Frequency Shift Antennas for Wireless Communications 487 Parabolic Reflectors 488 Patch Antennas 489 Slot Antennas 490 Folded Dipole Antennas 491 Summary 492 Suggested References 494 Problems 494 CHAPTER 9 Electromagnetic Interference Interference Sources 500 Lightning 500 Electrostatic Discharge 500 Power Disturbance Sources 501 Radio Transmitters Passive Circuit Elements 503 Conductors 503 Resistors 506 Inductors 510 Capacitors Digital Signals Grounds 519 Bond Wires 521 Signal Grounds 521 Loop Area Shields 524 Shielded Cable Filters 531 Reflective Filters 531 Ferrite Chokes 537 Summary 538 Suggested References 539 Problems 540 CHAPTER 10 Microwave Engineering Microstrip 543 Attenuation 549 Other Planar T-Lines Lumped-Element Matching Networks Scattering Parameters 557 Reciprocal Networks 562 Lossless Networks 563 Return Loss and Insertion Loss 564 Shift in Reference Plane 565 The Vector Network Analyzer Couplers and Dividers 568 Circulators 568 Three-Port Dividers 570 Couplers Filters 576 Simple Filters 579 Multisection Filters 581 High-Pass Filters 586 Bandpass Filters 588
5 XVi CONTENTS 10.6 Amplifiers 592 Designing Matching Networks 596 Balanced Amplifiers Receiver Design 602 Oscillators 602 Mixers 603 Microwave CAD 605 Practical Application: Radio Frequency Identification 606 Summary 607 Suggested References 608 Problems 609 APPENDIX A Vector Relations 614 APPENDIX B Coordinate System Transformations 617 APPENDIX C Complex Numbers 621 APPENDIX D Integrals, Conversions, and Constants 623 APPENDIX E Material Properties 625 APPENDIX F Common MATLAB Math Functions 627 APPENDIX G Answers to Selected Problems 628 INDEX 650
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