Optical Fibers p. 1 Basic Concepts p. 1 Step-Index Fibers p. 2 Graded-Index Fibers p. 4 Design and Fabrication p. 6 Silica Fibers p.

Transcription

1 Preface p. xiii Optical Fibers p. 1 Basic Concepts p. 1 Step-Index Fibers p. 2 Graded-Index Fibers p. 4 Design and Fabrication p. 6 Silica Fibers p. 6 Plastic Optical Fibers p. 9 Microstructure Optical Fibers p. 11 Cables and Connectors p. 12 Fiber Modes p. 13 Maxwell's Equations p. 13 Modes of Step-Index Fibers p. 15 Properties of Single-Mode Fibers p. 18 Fiber Losses p. 22 Loss Spectra of Silica Fibers p. 23 Loss Spectra of Plastic Fibers p. 24 Rayleigh Scattering p. 25 Waveguide Imperfections p. 26 Fiber Dispersion p. 27 Group-Velocity Dispersion p. 27 Material Dispersion p. 28 Waveguide Dispersion p. 30 Polarization-Mode Dispersion p. 32 Pulse-Propagation Equation p. 34 Fiber Nonlinearities p. 36 Self-Phase Modulation p. 36 Cross-Phase Modulation p. 38 Four-Wave Mixing p. 39 Stimulated Brillouin Scattering p. 40 Stimulated Raman Scattering p. 42 Problems p. 44 References p. 46 Passive Fiber Components p. 49 Directional Couplers p. 49 Coupled-Mode Equations p. 50 Power-Transfer Characteristics p. 52 Transfer Matrix of a Coupler p. 53 Supermodes of a Coupler p. 54 Effects of Fiber Dispersion p. 55 Fiber Gratings p. 56

2 Bragg Diffraction p. 57 Photosensitivity p. 58 Fabrication Techniques p. 59 Grating Characteristics p. 62 Grating as an Optical Filter p. 67 Nonuniform Gratings p. 69 Fiber Interferometers p. 71 Fiber-Ring Resonators p. 72 Fabry-Perot Resonators p. 74 Sagnac Interferometers p. 76 Mach-Zehnder Interferometers p. 81 Michelson Interferometers p. 84 Isolators and Circulators p. 85 Faraday Effect p. 85 Optical Isolators p. 86 Optical Circulators p. 87 Problems p. 88 References p. 89 Active Fiber Components p. 93 Doped-Fiber Amplifiers p. 93 Pumping and Amplifier Gain p. 94 Gain Spectrum p. 96 Simple Theory p. 97 Amplifier Noise p. 100 Amplifier Design p. 102 Raman Amplifiers p. 105 Raman Gain and Bandwidth p. 105 Single-Pump Raman Amplification p. 107 Multiple-Pump Raman Amplification p. 109 Performance Limiting Factors p. 112 Parametric Amplifiers p. 118 FWM Interaction p. 118 Single-Pump Parametric Amplifiers p. 120 Dual-Pump Parametric Amplifiers p. 123 Performance Limiting Factors p. 125 Fiber Lasers p. 128 Cavity Design p. 128 Continuously Operating Fiber Lasers p. 130 Mode-Locked Fiber Lasers p. 132 Problems p. 136 References p. 137

3 Planar Waveguides p. 142 Basic Concepts p. 142 Modes of Planar Waveguides p. 143 TE and TM Modes of Symmetric Waveguides p. 145 TE and TM Modes of Asymmetric Waveguides p. 147 Rectangular Waveguides p. 149 Modes of Rectangular Waveguides p. 149 Design of Rectangular Waveguides p. 150 Materials and Waveguide Fabrication p. 152 Semiconductor Waveguides p. 152 Electro-Optic Waveguides p. 156 Silica Waveguides p. 158 Silicon-on-Insulator Technology p. 162 Polymer Waveguides p. 164 Simple Passive Components p. 165 Y Junctions p. 165 Four-Port Couplers p. 166 Grating-Assisted Directional Couplers p. 167 Advanced Passive Components p. 168 Mach-Zehnder Switches and Filters p. 168 Multimode Interference Couplers p. 170 Star Couplers p. 171 Arrayed-Waveguide Gratings p. 173 Problems p. 175 References p. 177 Semiconductor Lasers and Amplifiers p. 179 Basic Concepts p. 179 Optical Gain p. 180 Feedback and Laser Threshold p. 182 Longitudinal Modes p. 183 Laser Structures p. 184 Control of Longitudinal Modes p. 186 Distributed Feedback Lasers p. 186 Coupled-Cavity Semiconductor Lasers p. 188 Tunable Semiconductor Lasers p. 190 Vertical-Cavity Surface-Emitting Lasers p. 191 Laser Characteristics p. 192 CW Characteristics p. 193 Small-Signal Modulation p. 196 Large-Signal Modulation p. 198 Relative Intensity Noise p. 200

4 Spectral Linewidth p. 202 Light-Emitting Diodes p. 204 CW Characteristics p. 204 Modulation Response p. 207 LED Structures p. 208 Semiconductor Optical Amplifiers p. 209 Amplifier Design p. 210 Amplifier Characteristics p. 212 Practical Issues p. 213 SOA as a Nonlinear Device p. 215 Problems p. 218 References p. 219 Optical Modulators p. 223 Physics Behind Modulators p. 223 Modulation Schemes p. 224 Electroabsorption p. 225 Electrorefraction p. 227 Photoelastic Effect p. 229 Lithium Niobate Modulators p. 231 Phase and Amplitude Modulation p. 231 Temporal Response p. 233 Modulator Design p. 235 Polymer-Based Modulators p. 237 Device Fabrication p. 238 Device Performance p. 241 Electroabsorption Modulators p. 242 Temporal Response p. 242 Design and Performance p. 244 Integration with Lasers p. 246 Problems p. 250 References p. 251 Photodetectors p. 253 Basic Concepts p. 253 Responsivity and Quantum Efficiency p. 253 Rise Time and Bandwidth p. 256 Reverse-Biased p-n Junctions p. 257 p-n Photodiodes p. 257 p-i-n Photodiodes p. 259 Advanced Designs p. 260 Avalanche Photodiodes p. 262 Impact Ionization p. 262

5 APD Gain p. 263 APD Bandwidth p. 265 Advanced APD Designs p. 269 MSM Photodetectors p. 271 Integrated Optical Receivers p. 274 Front End p. 274 Linear Channel p. 275 Decision Circuit p. 277 Optoelectronic Integration p. 278 Problems p. 282 References p. 282 WDM Components p. 287 Optical Filters p. 287 Fabry-Perot Filters p. 289 Mach-Zehnder Filters p. 293 Bragg-Grating Filters p. 296 Acousto-Optic Filters p. 300 Multiplexers and Demultiplexers p. 303 Grating-Based Demultiplexers p. 303 Filter-Based Demultiplexers p. 305 Waveguide-Grating Demultiplexers p. 307 Optical Add-Drop Multiplexers p. 309 Directional Couplers with Gratings p. 309 Mach-Zehnder Interferometer with Gratings p. 311 Optical Circulator with Gratings p. 312 Microring Resonators p. 314 Tunable Add-Drop Multiplexers p. 316 WDM Transmitters and Receivers p. 317 Optoelectronic Integrated Circuits p. 318 Fiber-Laser Transmitters p. 321 Spectrally Sliced WDM Transmitters p. 322 Problems p. 325 References p. 326 Optical Switching p. 334 Switching Technologies p. 334 Electro-Optic Switches p. 335 Thermo-Optic Switches p. 338 Micro-Mechanical Switches p. 340 Liquid-Crystal Switches p. 342 Bubble Switches p. 343 Wavelength-Domain Routers p. 344

6 Wavelength Converters p. 346 Semiconductor-Based Devices p. 347 Fiber-Based Devices p. 351 Optical Cross-Connects p. 354 Wavelength-Selective Cross-Connect p. 355 Wavelength-Interchanging Cross-Connect p. 358 Problems p. 361 References p. 362 Time-Domain Switching p. 366 Nonlinear Switching Schemes p. 366 Optical Bistability p. 367 Cross-Phase Modulation p. 370 Four-Wave Mixing p. 373 Optical Flip-Flops p. 375 Semiconductor Lasers and Amplifiers p. 375 Passive Semiconductor Waveguides p. 378 Ultrafast Interferometric Switches p. 380 Sagnac-Loop Switches p. 381 Mach-Zehnder Switches p. 383 Polarization-Discriminating Switches p. 386 Lithium-Niobate Switches p. 388 Applications p. 389 Time-Domain Demultiplexing p. 390 Optical-Clock Recovery p. 396 Packet-Switched Networks p. 397 Problems p. 400 References p. 401 System of Units p. 406 Software Package p. 408 Acronyms p. 410 Index p. 413 Table of Contents provided by Blackwell's Book Services and R.R. Bowker. Used with permission.